Bose–Einstein, Fermi-Dirac and Maxwell- Boltzman distribution:

Fermi–Dirac statistics apply to fermions (particles that obey the Pauli Exclusion

Principle)
Bose–Einstein statistics apply to bosons. ...
Both Fermi–Dirac and Bose–Einstein become Maxwell–Boltzmann statistics at high
temperature or at low concentration.
There are three statistics:

Particles which are regulated by Maxwell-Boltzmann Statistics have to be

distinguishable each other and one energy state can be occupied by two or more
particles. Distinguishable means that if we have 2 particles, let say A and B, also
two states, 1 and 2, and we put A to state 1 and B to state 2, it will be different with
the distribution A to state 2 and B to state 1. It means that A and B are distinct.

Particles which are regulated by Bose-Einstein Statistics have to be

indistinguishable each other and one energy state can be occupied by two or more
particles. So instead of saying it as particle A or B, we call it as just “particle” since
they are the same thing.

Particles which are regulated by Fermi-Dirac Statistics have to be

indistinguishable each other and one energy state can be occupied by only one
particle. So we have to fill it to another state when a state has just been occupied by
another particle.
Fermi Dirac Distribution Function
 The Fermi-Dirac distribution function, also called Fermi function,
provides the probability of occupancy of energy levels by Fermions. Fermions
are half-integer spin particles, which obey the Pauli exclusion principle. The Pauli
exclusion principle postulates that only one Fermion can occupy a single
quantum state.

The probability that the available energy state ‘E’ will be occupied by an electron
at absolute temperature T under conditions of thermal equilibrium is given by
the Fermi-Dirac function. From quantum physics, the Fermi-Dirac Distribution
Expression is

Where k is the Boltzmann constant in OK, T is the temperature in 0K and EF is the

Fermi energy level in eV.KB= 1.38X10-23 J/K
The Fermi level represents the energy state with a 50% probability of being filled if
no forbidden band exists, .i.e., if E = EF then f(E)=1/2 for any value of temperature
Fermi-Dirac distribution only gives the probability of occupancy of the state at a given
energy level but doesn’t provide any information about the number of states available
at that energy level.
Fermi Dirac Distribution and Energy Band Diagram

                              
f(E) Vs (E-EF) plot
 The above plot shows the behavior of Fermi level at various temperature
ranges T= 00K, T= 3000K, T= 25000K. At T=0K, the curve has step-like
characteristics.
 At T = 00K, the total number of energy levels occupied by electrons can be
known by using the Fermi-Dirac Function. For a given energy level E > EF,
the exponential term in the Fermi-Dirac function becomes 0 and  Which
means that the probability of finding the occupied energy level of energy
greater than EF is zero.
  For a given energy level E < EF the value of which means that all the energy
levels with energy are less than that of Fermi level EF will be occupied at T =
00K.  This indicates that the Fermi energy level is the maximum energy an
electron can have at absolute zero temperature.
 For temperature greater than absolute temperature and E = EF, then
independent of the value of temperature.
 For temperature greater than absolute temperature and E < EF, then the
exponential will be negative. f(E) starts at 0.5 and tends to increase towards
1 as E decreases.
 For temperature greater than absolute temperature and E > EF, the
exponential will be positive and increases with E. f(E) starts from 0.5 and
tends to decrease towards 0 as E increases.
 Fermi Dirac Distribution Boltzmann Approximation

 Maxwell- Boltzmann distribution is the commonly used Fermi Dirac

distribution approximation.

Fermi-Dirac Distribution is given by

By using Maxwell– Boltzmann approximation the above equation is reduced

to

When the difference between the carrier’s energy and Fermi level is large
compared to, the term 1 in the denominator can be neglected.  For the
application of Fermi-Dirac distribution, the electron must follow Pauli’s
exclusive principle, which is important at high doping. But Maxwell-Boltzmann
distribution neglects this principle, thus Maxwell-Boltzmann approximation is
limited to lowly doped cases.

 Fermi Dirac and Bose-Einstein Statistics

 Fermi-Dirac statistics is the branch of quantum statistics, that describes the

distribution of particles in energy states that contains identical particles obeying
 Pauli-Exclusion Principle. Since F-D statistics is applied to particles with half-
integer spin, these are called fermions.
 A system consisting of thermodynamically at equilibrium and  identical particles,
in the single- particle state I, the average number of fermions is given by F-D

distribution as
 where is the single-particle state I, the total chemical potential is denoted
by, kB is the Boltzmann constant whereas T is the absolute temperature.
 Bose-Einstein statistics is the opposite of F-D Statistics. This is applied to particles
with full integer spin or no spin, called Bosons. These particles don’t obey the Pauli
Exclusion Principle, which means that the same quantum configuration can be
filled with more than one boson.
 F-D statistics and Bore-Einstein statistics are applied when the quantum effect is
important and the particles are indistinguishable.

Fermi Dirac Distribution Problem

In a solid consider the energy level lying 0.11eV below the Fermi level. Find the
probability of this level not being occupied by the electron?

This is all about Fermi Dirac Distribution. From the above information finally, we
can conclude that Macroscopic properties of a system can be computed using a
Fermi-Dirac function. It is used to know Fermi energy at both zero and finite
 temperature cases. Let’s answer a question without any calculations, based on our
understanding of Fermi-Dirac distribution.
Fermi Dirac Distribution Expression

Mathematically the probability of finding an electron in the energy state E at the

temperature T is expressed as

Where,

is the Boltzmann constant

T is the absolute temperature
Ef is the Fermi level or the Fermi energy
Now, let us try to understand the meaning of Fermi level. In order to accomplish this,
put

in equation (1). By doing so, we get,

This means the Fermi level is the level at which one can expect the electron to be
present exactly 50% of the time.