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Ch.1 INTRODUCTION TO
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
1.1 Definitions and Terminology
A differential equation is an equation that contains
derivatives
𝑦′, 𝑦′′, 𝑦′′′ . . . .
Example:
𝑦 ′′ + 2𝑦′ + 𝑦 = 0
Examples
How fast does a disease spread?
How fast does a population change?
How fast is a water tanks filled?
involve rates of change, that is, derivatives.
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The main goal
How do you solve such an equation for the unknown function
𝑦 = 𝜑(𝑥)?
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Classification of differential equations
by type, order, and linearity
CLASSIFICATION BY TYPE
Example:
Example:
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Notations to be familiar with
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CLASSIFICATION BY LINEARITY
is linear when:
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Examples
Linear
Nonlinear
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Solution
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Interval of Definition
The solution of an ordinary differential equation is a function
and its domain (= interval where the function is defined).
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Example 1: Continued
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Definition
The trivial solution
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EXAMPLE 3: Function versus Solution
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𝑦 = is a function whose domain is (−∞ , 0)∪(0, ∞)
𝑥
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The function 𝑦 = over the domain (−∞ , 0)∪(0, ∞)
𝑥
is a solution to the equation: 𝑥𝑦 ′ + 𝑦 = 0
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EXAMPLE 4: Verification of an Implicit
Solution
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FAMILIES OF SOLUTIONS
( general solution )
When solving a first-order differential equation 𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦,𝑦′) = 0,
the solution might contain a single arbitrary constant or parameter c.
A solution containing an arbitrary constant (𝐺(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑐) = 0) represents
a set of solutions called a one-parameter family of solutions.
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A linear combination of all solutions is also a solution 23
for the LINEAR differential equation
EXERCISES
Consider
Q 1 -Q 14 , Q 27 -Q 36
Quizzes will be based on the given exercises.
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