Torque on Current Loop

a
Consider rectangular current loop
Forces in left, right branches = 0
Forces in top/bottom branches cancel b
No net force! (true for any shape)
b B
But there is a net torque!
Bottom side up, top side down (RHR) a
Rotates around horizontal axis Plane normal is B here
Fd iBa b iBab iBA
= NiA “magnetic moment” (N turns)
True for any shape!!
Direction of given by RHR

PHY2054: Chapter 19 21
General Treatment of Magnetic Moment, Torque
= NiA is magnetic moment (with N turns)
Direction of given by RHR

Torque depends on angle between and B

B sin
PHY2054: Chapter 19 22
 Torque Example
A 3-turn circular loop of radius 3 cm carries 5A current in
a B field of 2.5 T. Loop is tilted 30 to B field.

30

2
3i r 2 3 5 3.14 0.03 0.0339 A m 2
B sin 30 0.0339 2.5 0.5 0.042 N m
Rotation always in direction to align with B field

PHY2054: Chapter 19 23
Trajectory in a Constant Magnetic Field
A charge q enters B field with velocity v perpendicular to
B. What path will q follow?
Force is always velocity and B
Path will be a circle. F is the centripetal force needed to keep the
charge in its circular orbit. Let’s calculate radius R

x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
B
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
v
x x x x x x x x x x x x vx x
v F F F q

R
PHY2054: Chapter 19 24
Circular Motion of Positive Particle
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x v
B
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x F q
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x

mv 2 mv
qvB R
R qB
PHY2054: Chapter 19 25
 Cosmic Ray Example
Protons with energy 1 MeV move earth B field of 0.5
Gauss or B = 5 10-5 T. Find radius & frequency of orbit.

K 1 mv 2 v
2K K 106 1.6 10 19
=1.6 10 13
J
2 m 27
m 1.67 10 kg

mv 2mK R 2900 m
R
eB eB

1 v v eB
f f 760 Hz
T 2 R 2 mv / eB 2 m

Frequency is independent of v!
PHY2054: Chapter 19 26
 Helical Motion in B Field
Velocity of particle has 2 components
v v v (parallel to B and perp. to B) v| |
Only v = v sin contributes to circular motion
v | | = v cos is unchanged v
v
So the particle moves in a helical path B
v | | is the constant velocity along the B field
v is the velocity around the circle

mv
R
qB

PHY2054: Chapter 19 27
Helical Motion in Earth’s B Field

PHY2054: Chapter 19 28
 Magnetic Field and Work
Magnetic force is always perpendicular to velocity
Therefore B field does no work!
Why? Because K F x F v t 0
Consequences
Kinetic energy does not change
Speed does not change
Only direction changes
Particle moves in a circle (if v B)

PHY2054: Chapter 19 29
 Magnetic Force
Two particles of the same charge enter a magnetic field
with the same speed. Which one has the bigger mass?
A
B
x x x x x x x x x x x x
Both masses are equal
x x x x x x x x x x x x
Cannot tell without more info
x x x x x x x x x x x x
x x x x x x x x x x x x
mv x x x x x x x x x x x x
R x x x x x x x x x x x x
qB
A B
Bigger mass means
bigger radius

PHY2054: Chapter 19 30
Mass Spectrometer

PHY2054: Chapter 19 31
 Mass Spectrometer Operation
Positive ions first enter a “velocity selector” where E B
and values are adjusted to allow only undeflected particles
to enter mass spectrometer.
Balance forces in selector “select” v

qE qvB
v E/B 2

Spectrometer: Determine mass 1

from v and measured radius r

m1v
r1
qB
m2v
r2
qB
PHY2054: Chapter 19 32
 Mass Spectrometer Example
A beam of deuterons travels right at v = 5 x 105 m/s
What value of B would make deuterons go undeflected through a
region where E = 100,000 V/m pointing up vertically?
eE evB
B E / v 105 / 5 105 0.2T
If the electric field is suddenly turned off, what is the radius and
frequency of the circular orbit of the deuterons?
27
mv 2
mv 3.34 10 5 105
2
evB R 5.2 10 m
R eB 19
1.6 10 0.2

1 v 5 105
f 1.5 106 Hz
T 2 R 2
6.28 5.2 10

PHY2054: Chapter 19 33