Data Communication

• Transfer of information from one place to

another
COMMUNICATION MODEL

MEDIUM
SENDER RECEIVER

SENDER sends a MESSAGE to a

RECEIVER over a MEDIUM
 MEDIA

• Transmission media is commonly classified

as
• BOUNDED or GUIDED or WIRE BASED

• And
• UNBOUNDED or UNGUIDED or WIRELESS.
 Guided Media

In Bounded or Guided media

such as Cable systems. The
signal travels inside a physical
conductor.
 Unguided Media

In Unbounded or Unguided media

such as Wire less systems. The
signal is usually transmitted
through air.
 Computer Network

• Computer network establishes

when two or more computers are
physically as well as logically
connected with each other for data
or resource sharing.
 Components of a Network
• Physical connection
• Logical connection
• Data sharing
• Resource sharing
Components of Physical Connection
• Network Topology
• Network Card (LAN Card)
• Physical Address (MAC Address)
• Cables
• Connectors
• Repeaters
• HUB
• Switch
 TOPOLOGY

The physical arrangement or

layout of a Network is called
TOPOLOGY.
TYPES OF NETWORK TOPOLOGIES

• BUS or LINEAR TOPOLOGY

• STAR TOPOLOGY

• RING or TOKEN TOPOLOGY

BUS or LINEAR TOPOLOGY
 BUS Topology
• A bus topology connects each computer
(node) to a single segment trunk.
• The signal travels from one end of the bus
to the other.
• A terminator is required at each end to
absorb the signal so it does not reflect back
across the bus.
• In a bus topology, signals are broadcast to
all stations.
STAR TOPOLOGY
 STAR TOPOLOGY

• All of the stations in a star topology are connected

to a central unit called a hub.
The hub offers a common connection for all
stations on the network.
Each station has its own direct cable connection to
the hub. In most cases, this means more cable is
required than for a bus topology. However, this
makes adding or moving computers a relatively easy
task; simply plug them into a cable outlet on the
wall
RING TOPOLOGY
 RING TOPOLOGY

A ring topology consists of a set of

stations connected serially by cable. In
other words, it’s a circle or ring of
computers. There are no terminated ends
to the cable; the signal travels around the
circle in a clockwise direction.
NETWORK INTERFACE CARD (NIC)

A Network Interface Card (NIC), also called a

Network Adapter, is used to connect a computer to
the cabling used in a local area network (LAN).
Function of NETWORK INTERFACE CARD (NIC)
• The primary function of a NIC is to allow the
computer to communicate on the network
• It does this by transmitting/receiving and
controlling traffic with other computers or
devices on the network
• When transmitting, the NIC place data on
the wire in the form of an electrical signal.
• The process is reversed on the receiving end.
The NIC translates the electrical signal it
receives off the wire into bits that can be
read by the computer
 MAC ADDRESS
• Each network interface card (NIC) has a unique
‘MAC address’ ‘physical address,’ assigned to it
• 48 Bit Address (6 bytes memory consumed to store)
• Based on Hexadecimal (0--9,A,B,C,D,E,F)
• Permanent address
• Syntax:
» YY-YY-YY-YY-YY-YY
» 00 - 12- 34 - AB-9D-EF
Vendor code Serial No.

24 bits 24 bits
 CABLE MEDIA

Cable is the medium through which information

usually moves from one network device to
another. There are several types of cable which
are commonly used in networking.
 TYPES OF CABLES

1. Coaxial Cable
2. Twisted Pair Cable (UTP/STP)
3. Fiber Optic Cable
Major difference is the data transfer rate in all cables
CO-AXIAL Cable
Types or Standards of CO-AXIAL Cable
The two types of coaxial cabling are:
• Thinnet (10 base 2)
• Thicknet (10 base 5)
• 10 mean data transfer rate supported in mbps.
Maximum data send/receive speed is 10mbps.
• BASE tells the nature of cable (Baseband, signal
send/receive at same frequency)
• 2 or 5 mean distance cover (attenuation rate)
•2 = 185 meter
• 5 = 500 meter
 Connectors used with Coaxial cable

• BNC Connector
• T- Connector
• End Terminator
BNC cable connector
BNC T connector
END connector
TWISTED PAIR
CABLE OVERVIEW
 TWISTED PAIR

It consists of two insulated copper wires that

are twisted together. It can be classified in
two categories.
1.STP (Shielded Twisted Pair)
2.UTP (Unshielded Twisted Pair)
UTP

STP

Shielding
 UTP
(Unshielded Twisted Pair)

UTP’s 100BaseT specification is

widely used in LAN. It has a
maximum cable length of 100 meters
(328 feet) and consists of 2 or 4
twisted wire pairs.
 STP
(Shielded Twisted Pair)
STP is same as UTP but it is
covered with a shield for
resistance. It is more reliable
and faster also for longer
distances.
 RJ-45 CONNECTOR

The RJ-45 Connector

 UTP Implementation

• Straight Through
• Cross over
• Roll over
UTP Implementation Straight-through

Straight-through Cable:
Use to connect different devices

8 1
1 8

1 8 1 8

w g w b w o w br w g w b w o w br
g o b br g o b br

Wires on cable ends

are in same order
UTP Implementation Crossover
Crossover Cable
Use to connect Same devices

8 1
1 8

8 1 8 1

br w g w b w o w br
w ww w b o g
br b g o g br o b

Some wires on cable

ends are crossed
FIBER OPTIC
CABLE OVERVIEW
 FIBER OPTIC
Fiber-optic cable uses optical rather than
electrical pulses to transmit signals.
Optical fiber (core) Glass cladding

Fiber-optic connector
Protective outer sheath
Kevlar (jacket)
 FEATURES

• It provides fast transmission speeds over long

distances.
• Cable length of 2 kilometers or more
• Not affected by electrical interference
• It ensures secure and reliable data transmission.
• It is expensive
 REPEATER
• Attenuation refers to the degradation of
signal strength (amplitude) that occurs in
transmissions over long distances.
Shortening the transmission distance or
using repeaters can help solve this problem
Weakened signal
Repeater

Regenerated signal
 Hub & Switch
• A Hub/Switch is a central device used on star
network topology that repeats or amplifies signals,
allowing the network to be expanded with
additional stations.