Cal

ulus I Questions

1. Whi h of the following are saying something more or less true? Can any of the others be orre ted?
Are there any he ks you have to make when using them?
(a) ln(x + y ) = ln x: ln y
(b) exp(x + y ) = exp(x): exp(y )
( ) os(x + y ) = os x os y + sin x sin y
(d) sin(x y ) = sin x os y os x sin y
n+1
(e) 1 + x + x2 + : : : + xn = 1 1x x (where x 2 R and n  0 is an integer)
(f) 1 + 2 + : : : + n = n(n2 1) (where n  1 is an integer).
[Notes : ln x = loge x, the `natural' logarithm of x; for pra ti al purposes, exp x is the same thing as ex ;
in this ourse, the arguments of trigonometri fun tions are to be read in radians unless otherwise stated.℄
[AA℄

2. Whi h of the following are true?

(a)  = 3:142 (e)  > 3:142
(b)   3:142 (f) if a  b and  d then a +  b + d
( )   3:142 (g) if a  b and  d then a d  b
(d)  < 3:142 (h) if a < b and < d then a +  b + d.
[AB℄

3. One of the following makes no proper sense. Whi h is it? Evaluate ea h of the others in de imal form
as a urately as seems to you reasonable, giving an estimate of the error (if any) in the answer you give.
(a) ln 3 + ln 31 (d) ln sin 4 (g) (exp 2)3
(b) sin( 7) (e) ln tan 2 (h) os 23
( ) sin 3 os 4 + sin 4 os 3 (f) exp(23 ) (i) tan 3 .
[AC℄

4. Whi h of the following are true for all real numbers a, b; : : : ? For those whi h are sometimes false,
give examples of numbers for whi h they don't work.
(a) If a  b and < d then a + < b + d.
(b) If a  b and  d then a  bd.
( ) If a2  b2 and 2  d2 then a2 2  b2 d2 .
(d) If a < b < 0 then 1b  a1 .
(e) If a < b < 0 and 0 < < d then ad < b .
(f) If a2 < b2 then a  b. [AD℄

Typeset by AMS -TEX

1
2

5. On the following diagram,

(a) identify whi h of the points A, B; : : : ; F orrespond to w + z , wz , w z , wz , wz
1
;
(b) identify whi h of the points A; : : : ; F has smallest modulus and whi h has greatest;
( ) say whi h of the formulae
arg(wz ) = arg w + arg z , arg( wz ) = arg w arg z , arg( wz ) = arg z arg w
(if any) are true.

.C
.w .B .A
.D 1
.
.E .z F
[BA℄
w
6. Find w + z , w z , wz and z
in the form a + bi where w = 2 3i, z = 5 + i. [BB℄

7. On an Argand diagram plot z , z , z, iz where z = 2 + i. [BC℄

8. Cal ulate the following, giving answers in the form a p
+ bi:


3
(a) p2
1+i 2 2 3i
(b) 4+5i 2+3i
( ) 4 5i (d) 2 + i 23 .
1
[BD℄

9. Find the moduli and arguments, orre t to two de imal pla es, of the following:
(a) 3 + 4i (b) 3 + 4i ( ) j 3 + 4ij (d) 3+41

i
(remember: radians!) [BE℄
10. Whi h of the following are true for all w, z 2 C ? When the answer is `no', give examples of parti ular
w, z for whi h the formula makes sense, but is false.
(a) Re(w + z ) = Re(w) + Re(z ) (d) jwz j = jwjjz j
(b) I m(wz ) = I m(w) I m(z ) (e) jzj = jz j
( ) arg(w + z ) = arg(w) + arg(z ) (f) arg(z ) = arg z .
[BF℄
11. (a) Find the two omplex square roots of 2i, expressing them in the form a + bi.
(b) Find all the omplex numbers z su h that (1 2i )z 2 + 2z + 1 = 0, expressing them in the form a + bi.
[BG℄
12. Des ribe the following sets in geometri terms:
(a) fz : z 2 C ; z = z g ( ) fz : z 2 C ; jz + ij = jz 1jg
(b) fz : z 2 C ; z = z g
1
(d) fz : z 2 C ; jz 1j = 1g.
[BH℄
13. Solve the following equations for the omplex number z . In ea h ase give the real part, the imaginary
part, the modulus and the argument of ea h solution in de imal form orre t to two de imal pla es, and
sket h the solutions on an Argand diagram:
(a) z 3 = 1 (b) z 4 = 4 ( ) z 5 = 2 + i
[CA℄
 3

14. Solve the equation z 3 = 1 for the omplex number z . Give the real part, the imaginary part, the
modulus and the argument of ea h solution in de imal form orre t to two de imal pla es, and sket h the
solutions on an Argand diagram.
[CAA℄

15. Solve the equation z 4 = 4 for the omplex number z . Give the real part, the imaginary part, the
modulus and the argument of ea h solution in de imal form orre t to two de imal pla es, and sket h the
solutions on an Argand diagram.
[CAB℄

16. Solve the equation z 5 = 2 + i for the omplex number z . Give the real part, the imaginary part, the
modulus and the argument of ea h solution in de imal form orre t to two de imal pla es, and sket h the
solutions on an Argand diagram.
[CAC℄

17. As question 14 for

(a) z 5 = 2 i (b) z 6 + 2z 3 + 2 = 0
[CB℄

18. Find formulae for the derivatives with respe t to x of the following:
sinh x
(a) 12 x 41 sin 2x (i) tanh x = osh
p
x
(b) os x2 (j) ln(x + x2 1)
( ) tan x x (k) 21 ln( 11+xx )
(d) exp 2x sin 3x (l) x = exp( ln x)
(e) exp( x1 ) (m) x = exp(x ln )
(f) x ln x x (n) ln(jxj)
(g) osh x = 21 (exp(x) + exp( x)) (o) ln(j os xj)
x
(h) sinh x = 21 (exp(x) exp( x)) j os xj )
(p) ln( 1+sin
[CC℄

19. Find formulaepfor the derivatives withprespe t to x of the following:

(a) ln(x x2 1) q x + x + 1)
( ) ln( 2

(b) ln(j sin xj) (d) x 1.1

[CD℄

20. Ea h of the following formulae may be used to dene a real fun tion f . Draw up a table, on one
sheet of paper, with seven rows and six olumns, showing in ea h ase
(i) the natural domain dom f of the fun tion;
(ii) the points where it takes the value 0;
(iii) its stationary points;
(iv) its lo al maxima;
(v) its global minima;
(vi) its set of values ff (x) : x 2 dom f g.
(a) jx2 1j (b) jxxj ( ) x ln x (d) exp( 21 x2 )
(e) x21 1 (f) tanh x (g) sin x + os x.
(Hint for (g): express sin x + os x as r os(x + ).) [DA℄
4

21. Ea h of the following formulae may be used to dene a real fun tion f . For ea h formula state
(i) the natural domain dom f of the fun tion;
(ii) the points where it takes the value 0;
(iii) its stationary points;
(iv) its lo al maxima;
(v) its global minima;
(vi) its set of values ff (x) : x 2 dom f g.
(a) jx2 1j (b) jxxj [DAA℄

22. As question 21, with the fun tions

(a) x21 1 (b) tanh x ( ) sin x + os x.
(Hint for ( ): express sin x + os x as r os(x + ).) [DAB℄
23. As question 21, with the fun tions
(a) x ln x (b) exp( 21 x2 ). [DAC℄
24. Give rough sket hes of the fun tions in questions 21 to 23. [DB℄
25. As question 20 with
(a) x4 2x2 + 1 (b) x ln x ( ) ln sin x (d) ln j os xj
(e) xex (f) sinh x (g) osh x (h) lnxx
[DC℄
26. As question 21 with
(a) x4 2x2 + 1 (b) x ln x. [DCA℄
27. As question 21 with
(a) ln sin x (b) ln j os xj. [DCB℄
28. As question 21 with
(a) xex (b) sinh x. [DCC℄
29. As question 21 with
(a) osh x (b) lnxx . [DCD℄

30. Sket h ea h of the following fun tions (dened on p

R):
(a) sin x os x (b) sin 10x + sin 11x ( ) sin x + sin( 2x)
[DD℄
31. For ea h of the following pairs of fun tions f and g , des ribe
(i) the domain and set of values of the omposition f Æg ;
(ii) the domain and set of values of the omposition g Æf ;
(iii) the set of values of the quotient f=g .
(a) dom f = R, f (x) = sin x; dom g = R n f0g, g (x)p= 1=x.
(b) dom f = R, f (x) = x2 ; dom g = [0; 1[, g (x) = x. p
( ) dom f = R n f0g, f (x) = x1 1; dom g = [0; 1[, g (x) = x. [EA℄
32. For the following fun tions f and g , des ribe
(i) the domain and set of values of the omposition f Æg ;
(ii) the domain and set of values of the omposition g Æf ;
(iii) the set of values of the quotient f=g .
dom f = R, f (x) = sin x; dom g = R n f0g, g (x) = 1=x.
[EAA℄
 5

33. As question 32, with

dom f = R, f (x) = x2 ; dom g = [0; 1[, g (x) = x.
p
[EAB℄

34. As question 32, with

dom f = R n f0g, f (x) = x1 1; dom g = [0; 1[, g (x) = x.
p
[EAC℄

35. As question 31, with

(a) dom f = ℄0; 1[, f (x) = ln x; dom g = R, g (x) = exp(x), where  2 R.
(Do the answers depend on the value of ?)
(b) dom f = fx : os x 6= 0g, f (x) = tan x; dom g = R n f0g, g (x) = ln jxj.
( ) dom f = R, f (x) = os x; dom g = [ 1; 1℄, g (x) = ar os x.
(I write ar os x for what your al ulators probably all os 1 x.)
[EB℄

36. As question 32, with

dom f = ℄0; 1[, f (x) = ln x; dom g = R, g (x) = exp(x),
where  2 R. (Do the answers depend on the value of ?) [EBA℄

37. As question 32, with

dom f = fx : os x 6= 0g, f (x) = tan x; dom g = R n f0g, g (x) = ln jxj.
[EBB℄

38. As question 32, with

dom f = R, f (x) = os x; dom g = [ 1; 1℄, g (x) = ar os x.
(I write ar os x for what your al ulators probably all os 1 x.) [EBC℄

39. Give the following limits:

(a) limx!1 jx2 1j (b) limx#0 x ln x ( ) limx" 1 x21 1
(d) limx!1 x4 2x2 + 1 (e) limx" ln sin x (f) limx!1 sinh x
(g) limx!1 lnxx
[EC℄

40. Find the following limits:

(a) limx!1 jx2 1j (b) limx#0 x ln x ( ) limx" 1
1

x2 1
:
[ECA℄

41. Find the following limits:

(a) limx!1 x4 2x2 + 1 (b) limx" ln sin x.
[ECB℄

42. Find the following limits:

x
(a) limx!1 sinh x (b) limx!1 ln

x
:
[ECC℄
6

43. Find the following limits:

(a) limx! 1 jx2 1j (b) limx!1 jxxj ( ) limx! 1 jxxj
(d) limx!1 exp( 21 x2 ) (e) limx# 1 x21 1 (f) limx!1 x21 1
(g) limx!1 tanh x (h) limx#0 x ln x (i) limx!1 x ln x
(j) limx! 2 ln j os xj (k) limx! 1 xex (l) limx! 1 osh x
x
(m) limx#0 ln

x
[ED℄

44. Find the following limits (allowing 1); when no limit exists, say so plainly.
(a) limx! 4 (x + 3)143 (b) limx!0 x1 ( ) limx!0 j x1 j
(d) limx!0 x12
p
(e) limx!0 x (f) limx!1 sin x
(g) limx!1 os2 x (h) limx!1 sin2 x (i) limx!1 os2 x + sin2 x
3=2 2 3
(j) limx!0 jxjx (k) limx!2 xx 24 (l) limx! 2 xx2 +84
(m) limx# 2 tan x (n) limx! 1 ar tan x .
[FA℄

45. Find the following limits (allowing 1); when no limit exists, say so plainly.
(a) limx! 4 (x + 3)143 (b) limx!0 j x1 j ( ) limx!1 sin x
2
(d) limx!1 os2 x + sin2 x (e) limx!2 xx 4

2
(f) limx# 2 tan x .
[FAA℄

46. Find the following limits (allowing 1); when no limit exists, say so plainly.
(a) limx!0 x1 (b) limx!0 x12 ( ) limx!0 x
p
3=2
(d) limx!1 os2 x (e) limx!1 sin2 x (f) limx!0 jxjx
x3 +8
(g) limx! 2
x2 4
(h) limx! 1 ar tan x .
[FAB℄

47. As question 44, with

(a) limx! 1 x1 sin x (b) limx!1 x ( ) limx#1 11+xx
p
(d) limx#0 x 2 (e) limx!1 8x3 exp( x) sin x (f) limx! 1 x10 exp( x2 )
(g) limx!1 osh2 x (h) limx!1 sinh2 x (i) limx!1 osh x + sinh x
(j) limx!1 osh x sinh x (k) limx!1 osh2 x sinh2 x (l) limx!1 ( 1 )x .
[FB℄

48. Find the following limits (allowing 1); when no limit exists, say so plainly.
p
(a) limx#1 11+xx (b) limx#0 x 2 ( ) limx!1 8x3 exp( x) sin x
(d) limx!1 ( 1 )x .
[FBA℄

49. Find the following limits (allowing 1); when no limit exists, say so plainly.
(a) limx! 1 x1 sin x (b) limx!1 x
( ) limx! 1 x10 exp( x2 ) (d) limx!1 osh2 x
(e) limx!1 sinh2 x (f) limx!1 osh x + sinh x
(g) limx!1 osh x sinh x (h) limx!1 osh2 x sinh2 x .
[FBB℄
 7

50. As question 44, with

4 3 x2 7 4 3 +2x2 4 3 +2x2
(a) limx!1 x18x3x +2
12x 99
(b) limx!0 x18x3x x
7
( ) limx! 1 x18x3x x
7

p
12 99 12 99

(d) limx!1 ln x tanh x (e) limx#0 ln x + x (f) limx#0 x lnexx +1

2
(g) limx!1 xx2 +11 + tanh x (h) limx!1 x + e x (i) limx! 1 xe x
x
(j) limx!0 sin

x3
.
[FC℄

51. Find the following limits (allowing 1); when no limit exists, say so plainly.
4 3 x2 7 2
(a) limx! 1 x18x3x +2
12x 99
(b) limx#0 x lnexx +1 ( ) limx!1 xx2 +11 + tanh x
x
(d) limx!0 sin

x3
.
[FCA℄

52. Find the following limits (allowing 1); when no limit exists, say so plainly.
4 3 x2 7 x4 x3 +2x2 7
(a) limx!1 x18x3x +2 (b) lim x ! 18x3 12x 99
(d) limx!1 ln x tanh x
p
0
12x 99

(e) limx#0 ln x + x (h) limx!1 x + e x (i) limx! 1 xe x .

[FCB℄

53. As question 44, with

(a) limx!1 exp x x10 (b) limx! 1 x + e x ( ) limx!1 ln x + sin x
(d) limx!1 e x j sin
sin x

xj
(e) limx! 1 tanh x
+ x2 (f) limx!1 x ln x
p
(g) limx#0 x ln x (h) limx#0 e x ln x
x
(i) limx!1 e x ln x
x
(j) limx!1 x3 2ex2 +x .
[FD℄

54. Find the following limits (allowing 1); when no limit exists, say so plainly.
(a) limx!1 exp x x10 (b) limx!1 ln x + sin x ( ) limx!1 e x j sin
sin x

xj
x ex
(d) limx! 1 tanh x
+ x2 (e) limx!1 x3 2x2 +x
.
[FDA℄

55. Find the following limits (allowing 1); when no limit exists,
p say so plainly.
(a) limx! 1 x + e x (b) limx!1 x ln x ( ) limx#0 x ln x
(d) limx#0 e x ln x (e) limx!1 e x ln x .
[FDB℄

56. As question 44, with

sin x
(a)limx# j sin xj
(b) limx!0 exp( x12 ) ( ) limx!1 ln(x + sin x)
q
(d) limx! 1 exp( x1 ) (e) limx!1 sin x (f) limx"0 sinh x1
x
(g) limx" sin x ln(sin x) (h) limx"0 exp( x1 ) (i) limx#0 x ln1 x
2
(j) limx!0 ln( 2 sin
x
x
) (k) limx#0 xx (l) limx!1 xx e x =2
2
(m) limx!2 ln( xx 4

2
) (n) limx!0 j ln(e1=x x)j .
[FE℄
8

57. Find the following limits (allowing 1); when no limit exists, say so plainly.
x
(a) limx!0 exp( x12 ) (b) limx"0 exp( x1 ) ( ) limx!0 ln( 2 sin
x
)
2
(d) limx#0 xx (e) limx!1 xx e x =2 (f) limx!0 j ln(e1=x x)j .
[FEA℄

58. Find the following limits (allowing 1); when no limit exists, say so plainly.
sin x
(a)limx# j sin xj
(b) limx!1 ln(x + sin x) ( ) limx! 1 exp( x1 )
q
(d) limx!1 sin x (e) limx"0 sinh x1 (f) limx" sin x ln(sin x)
x
2
(g) limx#0 x ln x
1
(h) limx!2 ln( xx 4

2
).
[FEB℄

59. Find the following limits (allowing 1); when no limit exists, say so plainly.
(a) limx!0 x1 ln(1 + x) (b) limx!1 x ln(1 + x1 ) ( ) limx!1 (1 + x1 )x
(d) limx!1 (1 + x )x (e) limx!0 sin

x
x
(f) limx!0 sin 5

3 x
x

x
(g) limx!0 ( sin1 x 1

x
) (h) limx!0 ( sin12 x x2
1
) (i) limx!0 e x 1
(j) limx!0 ( ex1 1 1

x
)
x2
(k) limx!0 x x2
x
ln(1+ )
(l) limx!0 2x
x x
sin
p x2
(m) limx!0 ln(1+ )
2
sin x
(n) limx!3 x23x3x9+7 (o) limx# 3
x+3
9

pa x
pa x x3 +x 2
(p) limx!0 +

x
where a > 0 (q) limx! 1+ os
2
tan x
(r) limx!1 x2 2x+1
.
[GA℄

60. Find the following limits (allowing 1); when no limit exists, say so plainly.
(a) limx!0 x1 ln(1 + x) (b) limx!1 x ln(1 + x1 ) ( ) limx!1 (1 + x1 )x
(d) limx!1 (1 + x )x (e) limx!0 sin 5

3x
x
.
[GAA℄

61. Find the following limits (allowing 1); when no limit exists, say so plainly.
x
(a) limx!0 e x 1 (b) limx!0 ( ex1 1 x1 ) ( ) limx!0 x sin
ln(1+x)
2x
3
(d) limx!3 x23x3x9+7 (e) limx!1 xx2 +2xx+1
2
.
[GAB℄

62. Find the following limits (allowing 1); when no limit exists, say so plainly.
(a) limx!0 sinx x (b) limx!0 ( sin1 x x1 ) ( ) limx!0 ( sin12 x x12 )
(d) limx!0 x ln(1+ )

x2
x
.
[GAC℄

63. Find the following limits (allowing 1

p9 );x2when no limit p
exists, p
say so plainly.
x2 a+x a
(a) limx!0 sin2 x (b) limx# 3 x+3 ( ) limx!0 x
where a > 0
x
2 .
(d) limx! 1+ os
tan x

[GAD℄
 9

64. Whi h of the following fun tions are inje tive (= one-to-one)? For those whi h are, give the domains
of their inverses, and formulaepfor the inverse fun tions when you an.
(a) dom f = [0; 1[, f (x) = x.
(b) dom f = R, f (x) = x3 .
( ) dom f = R, f (x) = x6 .
(d) dom f = R, f (x) = x3 x.
(e) dom f = R, f (x) = x3 + x.
(f) dom f = R, f (x) = osh x.
(g) dom f = ℄0; 1[, f (x) = (ln x)2 .
(h) dom f = ℄0; 1[, f (x) = (ln x)2 .
(i) dom f = R, f (x) = sinh x.
(j) dom f = ℄ 1; 0℄, f (x) = sinh x2 .
(k) dom f = R, f (x) = osh(exp x).
(l) dom f = R, f (x) = tanh x.
(m) dom f = R, f (x) = x + os x.
(n) dom f = R, f (x) = tanh(sin x).
(o) dom f = R, f (x) = sin(tanh x). [GB℄
65. Whi h of the following fun tions are inje tive (= one-to-one)? For those whi h are, give the domains
of their inverses, and formulae for the inverse fun tions when you an.
(a) dom f = R, f (x) = x3 x.
(b) dom f = R, f (x) = x3 + x.
( ) dom f = ℄0; 1[, f (x) = (ln x)2 .
(d) dom f = R, f (x) = sinh x.
(e) dom f = ℄ 1; 0℄, f (x) = (sinh x)2 .
[GBA℄
66. Whi h of the following fun tions are inje tive (= one-to-one)? For those whi h are, give the domains
of their inverses, and formulaepfor the inverse fun tions when you an.
(a) dom f = [0; 1[, f (x) = x.
(b) dom f = R, f (x) = x3 .
( ) dom f = R, f (x) = x6 .
(d) dom f = R, f (x) = osh x.
(e) dom f = ℄0; 1[, f (x) = (ln x)2 .
(f) dom f = R, f (x) = osh(exp x).
(g) dom f = R, f (x) = tanh x.
(h) dom f = R, f (x) = x + os x.
(i) dom f = R, f (x) = tanh(sin x).
(j) dom f = R, f (x) = sin(tanh x). [GBD℄
67. For ea h of the following formulae, what is the natural domain on whi h it denes a real fun tion?
Is it inje tive?pIf so, what is the domain of its inverse, and an you give a formula for the inverse fun tion?
(a) ln(x + px2 1).
(b) ln(x x2 1). [GC℄
p
68. For the formula ln(x + x2 1), what is the natural domain on whi h it denes a real fun tion? Is
it inje tive? If so, what is the domain of its inverse, and an you give a formula for the inverse fun tion?
[GCA℄
p
69. For the formula ln(x x2 1), what is the natural domain on whi h it denes a real fun tion? Is
it inje tive? If so, what is the domain of its inverse, and an you give a formula for the inverse fun tion?
[GCB℄
70. Find a solution of the equation x ln x = 1, orre t to two de imal pla es. Justify your answer by
al ulating x ln x for two values of x, one just above and one just below the answer you present. [HA℄
10

71. Find the following limits (allowing 1); when no limit exists, say so plainly.
2 2
(a)limx!1 x1 (ln x)2 limx#0 x xln x limx!1 x xln x

72. Find the following limits (allowing 1); when no limit exists, say so plainly.
2 2
(a)limx!1 x1 (ln x)2 limx#0 x xln x limx!1 x xln x

73. Find a solution of the equation x2 = sin x1 , orre t to two de imal pla es. Justify your answer by
al ulating f (x) = x2 sin x1 for two values of x, one just above and one just below the answer you present.
[HB℄
74. Suppose we know that f is a dierentiable real fun tion, dened (at least) on [ 1; 1℄, and that its
derivative f 0 is ontinuous. Suppose we know that f ( 1) = 1, f (0) = 0 and f (1) = 2. What an we say
about the set of values of f 0 ? Give reasons for your answer. [HC℄
75. Suppose we know that f is a dierentiable real fun tion, dened (at least) on [1; 3℄, and that its
derivative f 0 is ontinuous. Suppose we know that f (1) = 1, f (2) = 2 and f (3) = 3. What an we say about
the set of values of f 0 (x)=2x? Justify your answer. [HD℄
76. Suppose we know that f is a twi e-dierentiable real fun tion, dened (at least) on [0; 2℄, and that
f (0) = 1, f (1) = 0 and f (2) = 2. Show that there is some x 2 ℄0; 2[ su h that f 00 (x) > 23 . [HE℄
77. Consider the formula ar os x. (i) What is the natural domain to take when using this formula to
dene a real fun tion f ? (ii) What is the set of values of f ? (iii) What is the domain of the derivative f 0 of
f ? (iv) Find a formula for f 0 (x). (v) Sket h the fun tion f . (vi) What is the domain of the fun tion f Æ os?
(vii) Sket h f Æ os. [HF℄
78. Suppose that we know that f is a ontinuous fun tion with domain [0; 1℄ (exa tly) whi h is dieren-
tiable at every point of ℄0; 1[, and that (i) f (0) = 1, f (1) = 2 (ii) 1  f 0 (x)  2 for every x 2 ℄0; 1[. What
an we dedu e about the set of values of f ? [HG℄
79. Find the following limits; when no limit exists, say so plainly.
(a) limn!1 12 (1 ( 1)n ) (b) limn!1 32nn2 +2
1
(1 ( 1)n )
n
( ) limn!1 xn! where x 2 R (d) limn!1 sin(n + n1 ).
(In part ( ), does the answer depend on the value of x?) [IAA℄
80. Find the following limits; when no limit exists, say so plainly.
n n
(a) limn!1 n+1 (b) limn!1 nn!
p
( ) limn!1 n x where x 2 R.
(In part ( ), does the answer depend on the value of x?) [IAB℄
81. Find formulae for the following sums, and their limits as n ! 1; if no limit exists, say so plainly.
P P
(a) nr=0 2r 1 (b) nr=1 52 4 r .
[IBAA℄
Pn x
r
82. As question 81, with r=0
2

3
. (Does the answer depend on the value of x?) [IBAB℄

83. As question 81, with

P Pn Pn
(a) nr=1 r(r1+1) (hint: partial fra tions) (b) r=1 r(r 1) ( ) r=0 ( 1)
r
Pn r
(d) r=1 r2 (r+1)2 .
2 +1

[IBB℄
 11

P1
84. For ea h of the following series r=::: xr ,
 
(i) nd limr!1  xxr+1 , if it exists;
r
(ii) if the limit exists and is equal to 1, nd (if you an) an  su h that limr!1 jr xr j exists and is
neither 0 nor 1;
(iii) say whether the series is absolutely
p summable. p
P1 r P1 ( 5 1)r
( ) 1
P r P1 sin r
(a) r=0 2r (b) r=0 r2 +1 r=2 r2 2r+1 (d) r=1 r2
(e) 1
P
r=1 pr(r+1) .
1

(In part (d), does the answer depend on ?) [ICA℄

85. As question 84, with

2
(a) 1 (b) 1
P P P1 P1 (r !)
r=1 rpr ( ) r=1 sin( r ) (d)
1 1 1
r=0 r(r+2) r=0 (2r)!
P1 r P1 r2 r! P1 r
(e) r=0
(
p100)
(f) r=0 2 (g) r=0
2
.
r! r!
[ICB℄

86. As question 84, with

(a) 1
P P1 1 P1 P1
r=2 ln r (b) r=1 r ( ) r=1 p (d) r=1 (1 os r1 ).
1 (1+ r ) 1
r r!
[ID℄

87. Find the radii of onvergen e of the following power series.

r 2 +r +1 r
(a) 1 (b) 1 ( ) 1
P P P r
r r r
r=0 ( 1) x r=0 r+2 x r=0 pr2 +1 x
2

P1 r P1 r xr P1 r r r
(d) r=0 r!x (e) r=0 3 (f) x r=0 r!

(g) 1
P r! r P1 P1
r=0 rr x (h) r=0 2r x2r (i) r=0 3
r x3r
P1
p r P1 P1
(j) r=0
(1

r2 2
5)
x2r (k) r
r=0 x os r (l) r
r=0 (r!)2 x
(2 )! r

(m) 1
P
r=0 xrr !(2r )!
(3r )!

(In part (k), does the answer depend on ?) [JA℄

88. Find the rst three non-zero terms in the Ma laurin series of ea h of the following fun tions.
(a) ln(1 x) (b) 1 1x2 ( ) ar tan 21 x
(d) tan x (e) sin x2 (f) sin x os x
sinh 3x
(g) p (h) exp(x + x2 ) (i) osh(x + 1)
(j) 1 x2
(hint for part(d) : tan0 (x) = 1 + tan2 x; nd expressions for tan00 (x), et ., in terms of t = tan x and
u = tan0 (x).)
[JB℄

89. For ea h of the following fun tions f , nd the rst three non-zero terms in its Taylor series entered
at the given point x0 :
(a) f (x) = sin x, x0 = 1 (b) f (x) = ln x, x0 = 1
( ) f (x) = x1 , x0 = 1 (d) f (x) = x3 x, x0 = 1.
[JC℄
12

90. Find the sums of the following series:

(a) 1 (b) 1
P 1 P 2
r
r=1 r(r+2) r=0 r!
( ) P1
P P1
r1=0 ( 1) x for jxj < 1 (d) P1 r=0 x os r for jxj < 1
r r r
(e) Pr=1 rx r 1
for jxj < 1 (f) Pr=0 (r + 1)xr for jxj < 1
1
(g) r=0 rx for jxj < 1 (h) 1 r=0 (r + 1)(r + 2)x for jxj < 1.
r r
(Hints : for (a), use partial fra tions; for (d), x os r = Re((xei )r ); for (e), dierentiate 1
r P r
r=0 x .) [JDA℄

91. Find the sums of the following series:

(a) 1 (b) 1
P P
r=0 r x for jxj < 1
2 r r
r=0 2r
P1 r P1
( ) r=0
( 100)

(2 )!r
(d) r 2r
r=0 ( 1) x for jxj < 1
P1 r P1
(e) r=0
(

2 +1r
1)
x2r+1 for jxj < 1 (f) 1
r=0 2r+1 x r for jxj < 1
2 +1

(g) 1 (h) 1
P P r
r=0 4r+1 x for jxj < 1 xr for jxj < 1
1 4r ( 1)
r=0 2r+1
(Hint : for (e), dierentiate the series given.) [JDB℄

92. How many people do you need to invite to a party in order that there should be a 95% han e that
two of them have the same birthday? (You are not allowed to invite twins.) [KA℄

93. Suppose two pawns are pla ed on a hessboard at random. What is the probability that you will
be able to over the remaining 62 squares by a set of 31 dominoes, ea h domino o upying two adja ent
squares? [KB℄

94. Find the oeÆ ients of the Ma laurin series for tan x up to and in luding the oeÆ ient of x10 . What
do you observe? Can you explain it? [KC℄

95. In the ountry of Xanadu, the authorities are mu h on erned to keep the population from growing,
and if possible to redu e it. On the other hand, daughters are espe ially valued. A law is therefore passed
that women may have as many hildren as they wish up to and in luding their rst daughter, but must then
stop. What proportion of the hildren in Xanadu will be girls? [KD℄

96. In the four-door Monty Hall game, you are presented with four identi al doors. Behind one of them
is a prize. You have to hoose one of the doors (without opening it). The master of eremonies (who knows
where the prize is) then opens one of the other doors, not the one with the prize behind it, and invites you
to hoose again; you are permitted to stay with your rst hoi e if you wish. The MC then opens a se ond
door (again, not the one you have urrently hosen, and not the one with the prize) and this time invites
you to open one of the two remaining doors; you win the prize if it is behind the door you open.
What should you do to get the best han e of winning, and what is your han e of the prize? [KE℄

97. What is the largest number of regions into whi h the plane an be divided by four straight lines?
[KF℄

98. In the diagram

Q
C B

O A P

OABC is a square of unit side and the line P Q has length . What are the lengths OP , OQ? [KG℄
 13

99. In Erewhonese, nouns and verbs play mu h the same roles as they do in English or Greek or Chinese,
but there are no words for `a' or `the' in their English meanings, and prepositions like `on' and quantiers
like `some' are indi ated by in exions, that is, variations in the form of the noun ae ted. Pronouns like `he'
are ommonly omitted. Moreover, the rules for ordering words in a senten e, while perfe tly straightforward,
are dierent from most other languages.
Here are seven senten es in Erewhonese:
(a) tetrozor hup- has la- han.
(b) dingesor la- ha bap.
( ) sesnazor hup- has laf.
(d) sqensesor la- ha mutan.
(e) tetrosor hupi.
(f) e lisor la- ha hup- haf.
(g) dingezor muta la'q hup- han.
These senten es may be translated into English as the following, but in a dierent order.
(1) A farmer steps on a dog.
(2) A dog and a ow bite a dentist.
(3) Some dentists take some ows.
(4) A farmer sues some dentists.
(5) A farmer takes a bite of bread.
(6) He hurts some teeth.
(7) Some dentists hurt a farmer.
Whi h Erewhonese senten e mat hes ea h English senten e? [KI℄