COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

Prof. Oscar Reyes – Universidad Industrial de Santander

DISCLAIMER
This presentation is meant for educational purposes only.
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LESSON 11
OSI MODEL: Open Systems Interconnection
Model
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OSI Model
• It is a conceptual model that characterizes and standardizes
the internal functions of a communication system by
partitioning it into abstraction layers.
• The model groups communication functions into seven
logical layers. A layer serves the layer above it and is
served by the layer below it.
• Two instances at one layer are connected by a horizontal
connection on that layer.
Source: en.wikipedia.org
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OSI Model - History

• In the late 1970s, two projects began independently to define a unifying standard for the
architecture of networking systems. One was administered by the ISO, and the other by the CCITT.
• In 1983, they were merged to form a standard called The Basic Reference Model for Open Systems
Interconnection, or shortly the Open Systems Interconnection Reference Model, the OSI
Reference Model, or even just the OSI Model.
• It was published in 1984 by both the ISO, as standard ISO 7498, and the ITU-T as standard X.200.

• OSI had two major components: an abstract model of networking, called the Basic Reference
Model or seven-layer model, and a set of specific protocols.
• In this model, a networking system was divided into layers. Within each layer, one or more entities
implement its functionality. Each entity interacted directly only with the layer immediately beneath it,
and provided facilities for use by the layer above it.

Source : en.wikipedia.org
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Layer Data unit Function Examples

High-level APIs to access the network services, including resource
7. Application HTTP, FTP, SMTP
sharing, remote file access, directory services and virtual terminals
Translation of data between a networking service and an application;
6. Presentation including character encoding, data compression and AFP, LPP
Data encryption/decryption
Host Managing communication sessions, i.e. continuous exchange of
layers 5. Session ASP, H.245,
information in the form of multiple back-and-forth transmissions
NetBIOS, RPC
between two nodes

Reliable transmission of data segments between points on a

4. Transport Segments TCP, UDP, L2TP
network, including segmentation, acknowledgement and multiplexing

Structuring and managing a multi-node network, including

IPv4, IPv6, IPsec,
3. Network Packet/Datagram addressing, routing and traffic control, deciding which physical path
AppleTalk, ICMP
the data takes.
Media
layers 2. Data link Reliable transmission of data frames between two nodes connected
Bit/Frame PPP, IEEE 802.2
by a physical layer
Transmission and reception of raw bit streams over a physical
1. Physical Bit DSL, USB
medium

Source : en.wikipedia.org
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Source: www.networkworld.com/
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Source: http://haymanezzeldin.blogspot.com/2008/02/scanning-basics.html
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From: http://fiberbit.com.tw
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Exercise
Suppose there is a Cooperative in San Vicente de Chucurí which regularly sells fruits to a
Market in Bucaramanga. The fruits must be picked up in the Cooperative and shipped to the
Market in Bucaramanga. This process, as seen by the Cooperative, is divided in seven events,
as an analogy of the seven layers of OSI model. Identify the layers.
Layer •7. Provider and costumer agree about how and when the shipment must be done, as
well as about the payment.
Layer 6.
Layer •5. Trucks transports the shipment.
• The provider negociates the products and decides the shipment of the fruits.
Layer •4. The transportation is settled. An acknowledge from the costumer is received, that
he is expecting the shipment.
Layer •3. The shipment is sorted to be delivered and a confirmation is expected. In case of
an error, the shipment must be returned.
Layer •2. The transportation company chooses the best route. The shipment is labeled
according to the destination.
Layer •1. The fruits are stored in a proper box (format), to have an optimal shipment.
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Exercise (solution)
• Layer 7: Application. The provider negociates the products and decides the
shipment of the fruits.
• Layer 6: Presentation. The fruits are stored in a proper box (format), to have
an optimal shipment.
• Layer 5: Session. Provider and costumer agree about how and when the
shipment must be done, as well as about the payment.
• Layer 4: Transport. The transportation is settled. An acknowledge from the
costumer is received, that he is expecting the shipment.
• Layer 3: Network. The transportation company chooses the best route. The
shipment is labeled according to the destination.
• Layer 2: Link. The shipment is sorted to be delivered and a confirmation is
expected. In case of an error, the shipment must be returned.
• Layer 1: Physical. Trucks transports the shipment.