FUEL AND COMBUSTION

❖ Objectives

1. In presence of ________ gas is the fuel burnt to generate energy in form of heat [1]
2. Which are the main constituents of fuel from given options? [1]
a) Carbon and Nitrogen
b) Oxygen and Hydrogen
c) Carbon and Hydrogen
d) Helium and Oxygen
3. On what basis is the coal classified? [1]
a) Period of formation
b) Depending on capacity to burn
c) Region/area where is it formed
d) Physical and chemical composition
4. Fuels are classified as primary and secondary fuel based on the __________ [1]
a) Capacity to burn
b) Availability
c) State
d) Occurrence
5. Which fuel is partially carbonized and is considered as primary stage in coal formation? [1]
a) Coal bitumen
b) Anthracite
c) Peat
d) Lignite
6. Which fuel is commonly available in both caking and Non-caking forms? [1]
a) Lignite
b) Bituminous coal
c) Peat
d) Anthracite
7. Which is the correct advantage of solid fuels out of given option? [1]
a) They have low ignition temperature
b) They produce small amount of smoke
c) They have higher calorific value
d) They do not form any clinker
8. Choose the proper disadvantage of solid fuels out of given option? [1]
a) They produce lot of smoke
b) They have low ignition temperature
c) They are high in production cost
d) They cannot be easily transported
9. Which is the artificial liquid fuel obtained by fermentation process? [1]
a) Fuel oil
b) Alcohol
c) Distillate
d) Kerosene
10. Which among the following fuels need excess amount of air for complete combustion? [1]
a) Natural fuels
b) Liquid fuels
c) Gaseous fuels
d) Artificial solid fuels
11. Which fuels are either natural or artificial fuels? [1]
 a) Gaseous fuels
b) Solid fuels
c) Liquid fuels
d) Nuclear fuels
12. Which gaseous fuel is found dissolved in petroleum under earth’s surface in oil and gas bearing [1]
areas?
a) Natural gas
b) Coal gas
c) Mond gas
d) Producer gas
13. The process of burning fuels in presence of oxygen is called _________ [1]
a) Induction
b) Ignition
c) Condensation
d) Combustion
14. What is necessary for complete combustion of fuels? [1]
a) There should be no water content in the fuel
b) Sufficient amount of air is required
c) High quantity of fuel
d) Open space to burn easily
15. The amount of heat liberated by complete combustion of unit quantity of fuel is known as [1]
________
a) Agitation
b) Combustion
c) Calorific value
d) Thermogenesis
16. What is the significance of calorific value? [1]
a) Helps in deciding which fuel is good
b) Helps in locating fuel
c) Helps in deciding ignition temperature
d) Helps in deciding fire point
17. Which gas has the highest calorific value among given option? [1]
a) Oxygen
b) Helium
c) Hydrogen
d) Nitrogen
18. What accounts for the presence of water in the exhaust leaving as vapor? [1]
a) Gross calorific value
b) Flash point value
c) Ignition temperature value
d) Net calorific value
19. Which is the common method to relate higher calorific value to lower calorific value? [1]
a) HCV = LCV + HV (nH2O, out / nfuel, in)
b) LCV = HCV + HV (nH2O, out / nfuel, in)
c) HCV = LCV + HV (nfuel, in/ nH2O, out)
d) LCV = HCV + HV (nfuel, in/ nH2O, out)
20. Based on what basis are fuels compared? [1]
a) Fire point value
b) High calorific value
c) Flash point value
d) Low calorific value
21. Which formula is used to determine higher calorific value of fuel? [1]
a) Rayleigh’s formula
b) Lamme’s equation
c) Dulongs’s formula
d) Cauchy’s formula
22. What is amount of minimum air required per kg of liquid fuel for complete combustion using [1]
carbon, oxygen, hydrogen and sulfur?
a) 1/23 [8/3 C + 8(H- (O/8)) + S]
b) 1/100 [8/3 C + 8(H- (O/8)) + S]
c) 1/100 [8/3 C + 8(H – (0/8))]
d) 1/23 [8/3 C + 8(H – (0/8))]
23. What is minimum amount of air required per m3 of gaseous fuel for complete combustion? [1]
a) 1/21 [(H2/2) + (CO/2) + 2CH4 + 3C2H4] m3/m3 of fuel
b) 1/100 [(H2/2) + (CO/2) + 2CH4 + 3C2H4] m3/m3 of fuel
c) 1/21 [(H2/2) + (CO/2) + 3C2H4] m3/m3 of fuel
d) 1/100 [(H2/2) + (CO/2) + 3C2H4] m3/m3 of fuel

❖ Theory Questions
1. How fuels are classified. Give one example for each. [6]
2. Define calorific value. Explain higher & lower calorific value. [6]
3. Explain proximate analysis. Give its significance. [6]
4. Explain ultimate analysis. Give its significance. [6]
5. Explain the following (i) Compressed natural gas (CNG) (ii) Liquid petroleum gas. [6]
(LPG) Compressed Natural Gas: (CNG)
6. Write down the characteristics of a good fuel [6]
7. Compare solid fuels and Liquid fuels [6]
8. Compare solid and gaseous fuels [6]
9. Compare gaseous and liquid fuels [6]
10. Define: Excess air; Deficient air also write the equation for the same. [4]

❖ Numericals
1. A producer gas analyses 50% nitrogen, 25% CO, 18% hydrogen, 6% carbon dioxide and 1% [6]
oxygen. Calculate the net calorific power in Kcal/m3
2. Calculate the gross and net calorific value of a coal which analyses: C 74 % , H 6%, N1%,O 9 % [6]
, S 0.8%, moisture 2.2% and ash 8%.
3. The ultimate analysis of a coal (moist basis in %): C 69.8, H 4.6, N 1.4, O 8.5, S 2.5, H2O 4.5 [6]
and ash 8.7. The gross calorific value, moist basis, is 29920 KJ/Kg. Calculate, by means of the
Dulong formula, the gross calorific value, moist basis, of the coal.
4. The ultimate analysis of bituminous coal (dry basis %) is: C 77, H 5.8, N 1.7, O 4.8, S 2.5 and [6]
ash 9. The moisture content is 5%. The gross calorific power is 7650 Kcal/Kg on dry basis.
Calculate a)Gross calorific value, moist basis b)Net calorific value, dry basis c)Net calorific
value, moist basis d)Gross calorific value, dry basis using Dulong’s formula.
5. Determine the theoretical mass of air required for the complete combustion of 1 kg of coal [6]
whose analysis by mass is given as under:
Carbon — 83%, hydrogen – 5%; oxygen – 2%;
Sulphur – 0.2%; remainder being incombustible.
6. The percentage composition by mass of a sample of coal is C = 90, H2 = 3.5, O2 = 3.0, N2 = 1.0, [6]
S = 0.5, the remaining being ash. Estimate the minimum mass of air required for the complete
combustion of 1 kg of this fuel and the composition of dry products of composition, by volume,
if 50% excess air is supplied.
7. A coal sample gave the following analysis by weight, Carbon 85 per cent, Hydrogen 6 per cent, [6]
Oxygen 6 per cent, the remainder being incombustible. Determine minimum weight of air
required per kg of coal for chemically correct composition.
8. The percentage composition of sample of liquid fuel by weight is, C = 84.8 per cent, and H2 = [6]
15.2 per cent. Calculate (i) the weight of air needed for the combustion of 1 kg of fuel ; (ii) the
volumetric composition of the products of combustion if 15 per cent excess air is supplied.
9. Percentage volumetric analysis of a sample of flue gases of a coal fired boiler gave CO2 = 10.4 ; [6]
CO = 0.2 ; O2= 7.8 and N2= 81.6 (by difference). Gravemetric percentage analysis of coal was
C = 78, H2 = 6, O2= 3 and incombustible = 13. Estimate : i) Weight of dry flue gases per kg of
fuel ii) Weight of excess air per kg of fuel.
10. The following is the ultimate analysis of a sample of petrol by weight: Carbon = 85 percent ; [6]
Hydrogen = 15 percent. Calculate the ratio of air to petrol consumption by weight if the
volumetric analysis of the dry exhaust gas is: CO2= 11.5 percent; CO = 1.2 percent ; O2= 0.9
per cent ; N2 = 86 per cent. Also find percentage excess air.
11. A sample of fuel has the following percentage composition : Carbon = 86 per cent ; Hydrogen = [6]
8 per cent ; Sulphur= 3 per cent ; Oxygen = 2 per cent ; Ash = 1 per cent. For an air-fuel ratio of
12 : 1, calculate : (i) Mixture strength as a percentage rich or weak. (ii) Volumetric analysis of
the dry products of combustion
12. A particular coal has the following ultimate analysis on a dry basis, percent by mass: [6]

Component Percent by mass

Sulfur 0.6
Hydrogen 5.7
Carbon 79.2
Oxygen 10.0
Nitrogen 1.5
Ash 3.0

This coal is to be burned with 30% excess air. Calculate the air-fuel ratio on a mass basis.