University of Jazan Academic Year: 1431-1432

Engineering College Class: level 8

Mechanical department course: Heat Transfer

SHEET 4

Problem 1
A sphere of carbon steel (0.5%) with a diameter of 1 cm and initial temperature of 100 oC is
exposed for 2 minutes to the atmosphere of temperature 10 oC. The heat transfer coefficient
between the spherical surface and surrounding air flow is 20W/(m2.K).
(a) Calculate the Biot number h.R0/ and the Fourier number .t/R02, and using the chart
to demonstrate that the cooling of the steel ball is described adequately by the lumped
capacitance model.
(b) Calculate the temperature of steel ball at the end of 2 minutes of exposure to the
atmosphere.
(c) For the same point in time, estimate the order of magnitude of the temperature
difference between the center and the surface of the steel ball. (Hint: Write that the
scale of the convection heat flux at the surface is the same as the scale of the radial
conduction heat flux through the ball).

Problem2
A dozen approximately spherical apples, 10 cm in diameter are taken from 30 oC environment
and laid out on a rank in a refrigerator at 5 oC. They physical properties of apples are
approximately: k = 0,603 W/(mK),  = 997.6 kg/m3 , Cp = 4180 J/(kg.K), and h is
approximately 6 W/(m2k) as a result of natural convection.
What will be the temperature of the center of the apples after 1hr?
How long will it take to bring the center to 10 oC? How much heat will the refrigerator will
have to carry away to get the centers to 10 oC.

Problem 3
Consider a 1.6-cm-thick plate of carbon steel at the initial temperature T= 15oC. The heat
transfer coefficient is assumed constant and equal to h=10 4 W/(m2 .K). The properties of
carbon steel are approximated by the constant  = 40W/(m.K), and  = 0.1cm2 /s. Calculate
the time t when the temperature in the midplane of the steel plate drops to TC =100oC.
Determine also the corresponding temperature in a plane situated 0.2 cm under one of the
cooled surfaces. For the same time interval t, calculate the heat transfer released by the plate,
as a fraction of total heat transfer that would be released in the limit t.

Problem 4
Hot tea of temperature 70°C is poured into a porcelain cup whose wall is initially at the
temperature Ti=25°C. Assume that the surface of the porcelain wall instantly assumes the tea
temperature T=70°C. The thickness of the porcelain wall is 6mm. Estimate the time that
passes until the wall temperature rises to 30°C at a point situated at 2mm under the wetted
surface. Show that during this short time the conduction process may be modeled according to
the semi-infinite medium with fixed side temperature treated in Fig.1.
T
6mm
0
x

Ti=25oC
0
T=70 C

Fig.1