Energies: Phase-Locked Loop Research of Grid-Connected Inverter Based On Impedance Analysis

energies
Article
Phase-Locked Loop Research of Grid-Connected
Inverter Based on Impedance Analysis
Yuxia Jiang, Yonggang Li, Yanjun Tian * and Luo Wang
State Key Laboratory of Alternate Electrical Power System with Renewable Energy Sources,
North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071003, Hebei, China; 1172101014@ncepu.edu.cn (Y.J.);
51350586@ncepu.edu.cn (Y.L.); 1162101038@ncepu.edu.cn (L.W.)
* Correspondence: yti@ncepu.edu.cn; Tel.: +86-152-3299-5211

Received: 4 October 2018; Accepted: 5 November 2018; Published: 8 November 2018
Abstract: In order to improve the phenomenon that a traditional phase-locked loop based on
a double second-order generalized integrator (DSOGI-PLL) cannot track signal amplitude and
phase accurately when the input signal contains DC components and high-order harmonics,
the structure of a second-order generalized integrator-quadrature signals generator (SOGI-QSG) is
modified. The paper establishes the impedance model considering the DSOGI-PLL structure of the
inductor-capacitor-inductor-type (LCL-type) inverter grid-connected system adopting current control
measured from the grid terminal in alternating current side, introducing voltage feedback control to
enhance the stability of the system. Meanwhile, analyzing the influence of parameters on impedance
according to the impedance model established preferable design parameters. The improvement in
SOGI-QSG structure is good for PLL to lock the grid voltage phase more accurately and the retrofitting
in control strategy based on the impedance is able to uplift the inverter output impedance phase
which is conducive to system stability by increasing the phase margin of the system. The simulation
in Matlab/Simulink is carried out to verify the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy.
Keywords: LCL-type grid-connected inverter; DSOGI-PLL; impedance analysis; system stability
1. Introduction
The grid is a complex dynamic system originally. For controlling the current and grid voltage to
obtain synchronization, it is indispensable to detect the variation of phase and frequency with grid
voltage accurately and quickly. In addition, the explosive development of renewable energy, that is,
wind and solar, results in the proportion of power electronic equipment in traditional power grid
increasing gradually, such as grid-connected inverters, reactive compensators and other equipment,
which brings a lot of new problems to the grid [1–3], as well as increasing the difficulty to lock phase
for phase-locked loop (PLL). There are two main schemes to realize the phase-locking, one based
on PLL [4,5] that the paper focuses on and another without PLL [6,7] for the purpose of frequency
tracking and phase locking of the gird. PLL is used to implement synchronization between the control
loop and the grid system, however, a large amount of penetration of distributed generation systems in
the grid will inevitably give rise to the grid system stability problem. Therefore, it is fairly necessary
to research the phase-locked loop in order to ensure the system does not lose stability because of the
phase synchronous problem.
In view of the PLL as an indispensable part of grid-connected system, scholars have always
insisted on researching it to improve the performance of PLL. Synchronous reference frame-phase
locked loop (SRF-PLL) is a common phase-locked way [8,9] due to simple control mode and fast
response speed. However, if the conditions of voltage unbalance and high-order harmonics resulting
from grid fault appear, SRF-PLL will have a larger error in phase locking. In light of decoupled double
Energies 2018, 11, 3077; doi:10.3390/en11113077 www.mdpi.com/journal/energies

Energies 2018, 11, 3077 2 of 21
synchronous reference frame-PLL (DDSRF-PLL) [10] utilizing the decoupling network to eliminate
the double harmonics caused by the negative sequence component, a good result of phase lock is
obtained [11–13]. However, the method has a large amount of computation and slow dynamic response.
Besides, the low pass filter will generate delay to some extent that may affect the real-time performance
of the control. Whereas the second-order generalized integrator-PLL (DSOGI-PLL) can effectively
deal with the inaccurate phase-locking problem of DDSRF-PLL under an unbalanced grid voltage
fault. However, the phase-locked information cannot be accurately obtained under the condition of
DC voltage and high harmonics included in the grid voltage. In [14] Xie et al. compare systematically
the seven advanced phase locking method based on the second-order generalized integrator (SOGI)
in the inhibition capacity of DC bias, including the cascade SOGI, modified SOGI, αβ-frame delayed
signal cancellation (DSC), complex coefficient filter, in-loop dq-frame DSC, notch filter and moving
average filter-based SOGI-PLL. However, the paper only considers the phase synchronization capacity
of the PLL under DC bias without considering other conditions, such as three-phase unbalance of
grid voltage; Jin et al. in [15] proposes an adaptive filter based on SOGI to extract the positive and
negative sequence of three-phase grid voltage, aiming at the tracking error generated by traditional
PLL under harmonic distortion and grid asymmetry. However, the paper cannot explain detailed
analysis on the PLL model. In allusion to the phenomenon that the traditional DSOGI-PLL cannot lock
phase precisely when the DC components and high order harmonics are contained in the grid voltage,
the paper proposes the improved second-order generalized integrator-quadrature signals generator
(SOGI-QSG) structure. The SOGI-QSG is a significant part of the DSOGI-PLL. The grid voltage is
transformed by Clark transform to be the input signal of the SOGI-QSG. The SOGI-QSG output signal
is mutually orthogonal signals. Processing positive sequence q-axis signal can realize phase lock
after the positive and negative sequence separation about SOGI-QSG output signals. The asymmetric
three-phase voltage can be decomposed into positive sequence, negative sequence and zero sequence
components by symmetrical component method. To extract the positive sequence component of
the grid voltage signal, the phase offset signal of the original signal is necessary, that is, two phase
orthogonal signals. It is important for DSOGI-PLL to analyze the SOGI-QSG characteristics and
improve the SOGI-QSG structure.
The research on the stability of grid-connected LCL-type inverters is often based on the impedance
model, which greatly simplifies the analysis complexity. Simultaneously, impedance stability criterion
can be directly employed to evaluate the grid-connected system stability. Liu et al. in [16] proposes
the control strategy of optimization delay aiming to solving the problem that the control path
calculation delay is not conductive to the system stability under the current control mode of LCL-type
grid-connected inverter. The strategy is effective to improve the system stability. In [17] Schiesser et al.
proposes a simplified proportion multi-resonant (PMR) current controller tuning strategy considering
grid-connected stability which effectively improves the current harmonic distortion, aiming to solve
the problem of low frequency harmonics caused by the grid voltage distortion or the non-linear
characteristics of current loop in the grid-connected voltage source inverter (VSI). Xin et al. in [18]
puts forward the inverter-side current feedback (ICF) without additional sensors to control the system
harmonic, aiming to solving the problem that grid-connected current of LCL-type grid-connected
inverter is vulnerable to the grid harmonic distortion. However, this method needs to use the resonant
controller and additional compensation loop at the same time. Wen et al. in [19] set up the small signal
impedance model of three-phase grid-connected inverter considering feedback control and DDSRF-PLL
in d-q coordinate. Based on the impedance, the influence of PLL, current loop and power loop on the
inverter is discussed, and the influence of bandwidth in PLL on the system stability also is analyzed.
The paper only establishes and analyzes the impedance model of an L-type grid-connected inverter
based on small signal method without other simulation about control strategies. Zeng et al. in [20]
propose a novel impedance control strategy to reshape the output impedance of the PV grid-connected
inverter in order to suppress the harmonic resonance phenomenon in the PV grid-connected system.
For the aforementioned acumen, in [21] Chen et al. studies the interaction between PV inverter and grid
Energies 2018, 11, 3077 3 of 21
Energies 2018, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 3 of 22
analysis.
based Active
on the impedance
impedance control
analysis. strategy
Active based on
impedance voltage
control feedforward
strategy based onisvoltage
proposed, so that the
feedforward is
grid-connected
proposed, so thatinverter has better control
the grid-connected robustness
inverter under
has better different
control dynamic
robustness girddifferent
under conditions. In [22]
dynamic
Wu et
gird al. deduces
conditions. In the
[22]stability
Wu et al. criterion
deduces ofthe
a grid-connected
stability criterion inverter system considering
of a grid-connected PLLsystem
inverter under
different grid
considering PLLconditions, taking agrid
under different single-phase
conditions,LCL-type
taking a grid-connected inverter grid-connected
single-phase LCL-type as an example.
Meanwhile,
inverter as an the influenceMeanwhile,
example. of PLL on the thestability
influence of of
single-phase
PLL on theLCL-type grid-connected
stability of single-phase inverter
LCL-type is
also analyzed in detail, and the method of PLL parameter design based on
grid-connected inverter is also analyzed in detail, and the method of PLL parameter design based on thethe requirement of phase
angle margin
requirement is proposed.
of phase For improving
angle margin is proposed. theForstability
improving of LCL-type
the stabilitygrid-connected inverter, the
of LCL-type grid-connected
output impedance model of LCL-type grid-connected inverter considering
inverter, the output impedance model of LCL-type grid-connected inverter considering DSOGI-PLL DSOGI-PLL structure is
structure is established. Meanwhile, the system phase margin at the impedance intersection israised
established. Meanwhile, the system phase margin at the impedance intersection is raised byby
introducingcompensated
introducing compensatedgrid-connected
grid-connectedvoltage voltageintointothe
the current
current loop,
loop, thereby
thereby enhancing
enhancing the the system
system
stability. The paper conducts research on the basis of three-phase LCL-type
stability. The paper conducts research on the basis of three-phase LCL-type grid-connected inverter grid-connected inverter
under the
under the grid-connected
grid-connectedcurrent currentcontrol
controlmode.mode.AimingAiming at the phenomenon
at the phenomenon thatthat
the traditional
the traditionalPLL
cannot
PLL realize
cannot precise
realize synchronization
precise synchronization in in
thethegird
girdfault,
fault,thetheimproved
improved SOGI-QSG
SOGI-QSG structure
structure is is
presented, which can realize precise phase-locking in the grid fault, such as
presented, which can realize precise phase-locking in the grid fault, such as the unbalanced grid, DC the unbalanced grid, DC
components and
components and harmonic
harmonic included
included in in the
the grid
grid voltage.
voltage. Meanwhile,
Meanwhile, the the voltage
voltage feedback
feedback control
control
strategy is introduced to raise the system stability based on impedance analysis.
strategy is introduced to raise the system stability based on impedance analysis. Firstly, an improved Firstly, an improved
DSOGI-PLL is
DSOGI-PLL is proposed
proposed to tosolve
solvethetheproblem
problemthat thatthe original
the original DSOGI-PLL
DSOGI-PLL cannot
cannotaccurately
accuratelylocklock
the
phase
the when
phase whenthe the
DC DC component
component included.
included.Then, the output
Then, impedance
the output mathematical
impedance mathematical modelmodel
of LCL-of
type grid-connected inverter considering PLL is established and the
LCL-type grid-connected inverter considering PLL is established and the stability of grid-connected stability of grid-connected
inverter is
inverter is analyzed
analyzed basedbased onon the
the cascade
cascade stability
stability criterion
criterion ofof impedance
impedance [23,24].
[23,24]. At At last,
last, the
the design
design
parameters of improved SOGI-QSG structure and control strategy are
parameters of improved SOGI-QSG structure and control strategy are displayed, which is verified displayed, which is verified by
simulation. Simulation results show that the accuracy of improved PLL
by simulation. Simulation results show that the accuracy of improved PLL output frequency and the output frequency and the
voltage and
voltage and current
currentcharacteristics
characteristicsof ofgrid-connection
grid-connectionare areimproved
improvedeffectively.
effectively.
2. Impedance
2. Impedance Model
Model
Figure11isisthe
Figure the equivalent
equivalent circuit
circuit of LCL-type
of LCL-type inverter
inverter grid-connected
grid-connected system.system. The inverter
The inverter adopts
adopts
grid sidegrid side current
current closed
closed loop loop mode.
control control mode.
Inverter Grid
I g ( s)
Z g ( s)
I (s) Zinv ( s ) E (s)
Figure 1. Equivalent
Figure 1. Equivalent circuit
circuit of
of grid-connection
grid-connection system.
system.
Where ZZinv
Where (s) is the equivalent output impedance of the inverter AC terminal; Z (s) is the
inv(s) is the equivalent output impedance of the inverter AC terminal; Zgg(s) is the
equivalent impedance
equivalent impedance of ofthe
thegrid; I(s)is is
grid;I(s) thethe equivalent
equivalent current
current source
source of inverter;
of the the inverter; E(s)
E(s) is theisideal
the
ideal grid voltage
grid voltage source.
source. Equation
Equation (1) is (1)
theisexpression
the expression of current
of grid Ig(s). Ig (s).
grid current
h ih i −1
−−11 −−11 −1
Ig (Is)( s=) = I(Is()s− E ( s ) Z ( s ) Z ( s ) Z ( s ) + E  (1)
 ) − E ( s ) Zinv inv ( s ) + E 
inv ( s )   Z g ( s ) Zinv (1)
g
g
where E denotes identity matrix.

where E denotes identity matrix.
In order to ensure the system stability under the conditions of impedance variation, the following
In order to ensure the system stability under the conditions of impedance variation, the
two terms must be satisfied [25]: (1) when the grid impedance is equal to zero, the system is stable;
following two terms must be satisfied [25]: (1) −when the grid impedance is equal to zero, the system
and (2) when the grid impedance exists, Zg (s)Zinv1 (s) needs
−1 to satisfy the impedance stability criterion.
is stable; and (2) when the grid impedance exists, Zg(s)Zinv(s) needs to satisfy the impedance stability
According to the Equation (1), the whole grid-connected system will be stable if the above terms
criterion. According to the Equation (1), the whole grid-connected system will be stable if the above
can be satisfied at the same time. Then, the inverter output impedance and grid impedance are
terms can be satisfied at the same time. Then, the inverter output impedance and grid impedance are
modeled respectively.
modeled respectively.
Energies 2018, 11, 3077 4 of 21
2.1.
2.1. Grid
Grid Connected
Connected Inverter
Inverter Model
Model
A
A LCL-type
LCL-type grid-connected inverter can
grid-connected inverter can availably
availably suppress the high-order
suppress the harmonics of
high-order harmonics of the
the grid
grid
current, while the
current, while the grid
grid inductance
inductance can
can also
also play
play aa role in suppressing
role in the impulse
suppressing the impulse current.
current. Figure
Figure 22 is
is
the grid-connected inverter topology which contains a LCL-type filter.
the grid-connected inverter topology which contains a LCL-type filter.
I dc p
S1 S3 S5
L1 r1 L2 r2 Lg rg
iA ia ea
ua ib
U dc ub iB
iC ic
eb
ec
uc
iaf ibf icf
S2 S4 S6 u PCC
Rd
n
DC/AC C
Figure 2. Grid-connected inverter topology structure.
Where U
Where Udc and IIdc
dc and represent DC
dc represent DC link
link voltage
voltage andand current respectively; LL11,, rr11 represent
current respectively; represent the
the
machine-side filter
machine-side filter inductance
inductance andand inductance
inductance parasitic
parasitic resistance respectively; LL22,, rr22 represent
resistance respectively; represent the
the
grid-side filter
grid-side filterinductance
inductance andand
inductance
inductance parasitic resistance
parasitic respectively;
resistance Rd represents
respectively; the damping
Rd represents the
resistance; C is the filter capacitance;
damping resistance; C is the filter capacitance;L ,
g g r represent the equivalent inductance and
Lg, rg represent the equivalent inductance and resistance of
electric wires
resistance respectively;
of electric and ei (I = a,b,c)
wires respectively; andrepresents the
ei (I = a,b,c) ideal three-phase
represents the ideal grid voltage.grid voltage.
three-phase
Equation (2) is the state-space equation of grid-connected
Equation (2) is the state-space equation of grid-connected inverter in three-phase inverter in three-phase
stationary
stationary coordinates.
coordinates.
 
  ua  i A
          
u a  i  i 
A i   i  i a  i   u i a  u ga
d  A   A a a ga

 d  d d i +r   i 
 ub  = L1 dt


u =i BL1  + iBr1 + r1i BiB ++LL ib +b r2 ib +2  u  +  u gb 
    
     
2 dt 
     gbb

b 2

dt dt

  uc  iC  ic ic  ic   u gcic

iC   CiC

 uc i u gc
 

 

 u afc  i i a
  uafc  i
A
A ia


d
C dt  ub f c  = d  i B  −  ib  (2)
 C u = i −
 iCbfc   B  ic b  i (2)
dt

u
c f c   u  i  i  


 cfcu  C   c 

u af c

     

a f c i a i a u ga
  


d
 ubf c  +  uuafc   u=  d  i ia + r2ia  ib uga+  u gb 

Rd C dt afc L
     
d  b f c   2 dt d b 

   


ucf c Rd C uubfc + ubfc = L2 ic ib + r2 ib i+c  ugb 

u gc
dt c f c   dt    

  ucfc   ucfc   i   i   ugc 
      c   c   
where ui , ugi (I = a,b,c) represent the three-phase voltage at the machine side and the grid side
where ui, ugi ii(I(I== a,b,c)
respectively; A,B,C), ii (I = a,b,c)
represent therepresent
three-phase the three-phase
voltage at the current machine at thesidemachine sidegrid
and the and grid
side
side respectively; and
respectively; ii (I = A,B,C), u (I = a,b,c) represents the capacitor terminal
ifc ii (I = a,b,c) represent the three-phase current at the machine side and grid voltage.
The main circuit
side respectively; and small
uifc (I =signal
a,b,c) simplified
represents model is shown
the capacitor as Equation
terminal voltage. (3) obtained by analyzing
Equation (2) with
The main Laplace
circuit smalltransform
signal simplified and the small modelsignal is shown analysis method. (3) obtained by analyzing
as Equation
Equation
" # (2) with"Laplace # transform " and # the small " signal
# analysis " method.
# " # " #
îd û gd dˆd Dd û gd dˆd Dd
= − B −1 A + B−1 Udc + B −1 ûdc = Gg0 + GgI + B −1
ûdc (3)
îq û gq dˆq
 dˆd  Dq  dˆd 
û gq dˆq Dq
iˆd  −1
 ˆ
u gd  −1 −1  Dd   ˆ
u gd  −1  Dd 
  = − B A   + B U dc   + B   uˆdc = Gg ′   + GgI   + B   uˆdc (3)
 ˆˆq 
i  ˆ
u   dˆ  D  ˆ
u
andduty ratio small   dˆ   Dq on d-q axis in
 
where îi û gidi (i = d, q) representgq  q voltage
current,  q gq  signal
 perturbation
q
grid side respectively; Di (I = d,q) represents duty ratio in steady state on d-q axis; ûdc represents the DC
link voltage
where 、dî (i =signal
iî、uˆgismall d , q) represent
perturbation; Gg’ represents
current, voltage and theduty
grid-connected
ratio smallinverter output admittance;
signal perturbation on d-q
and G represents the duty ratio to the grid side current transfer function.
axis in grid side respectively; Di (I = d,q) represents duty ratio in steady state on d-q axis; uˆdc
gI
Equations (4) and (5) denote the expressions of A and B respectively.
represents the DC link voltage small signal perturbation; Gg’ represents the grid-connected inverter
output admittance; " and GgI represents the #" duty ratio to the #" grid side current transfer
#−1function.
0L
−ω the sC −of 0C 0
Equations (4) sL1 +
and (5)r1denote 1 expressions ωA and B d C + 1 −ω Rd C
sRrespectively.
A= +I (4)
ω 0 L1 sL1 + r1 ω0 C sC ω 0 Rd C sRd C + 1
−1
 sL + r −ω ′L1   sC −ω ′C   sRd C + 1 −ω ′Rd C 
A=  1 1 +I
sL1 + r1  ω′C sC   ω ′Rd C sRd C + 1
(4)
 ω ′L1
 sL + r −ω ′L1   sL1 + r1 −ω ′L1   sC −ω ′C 

Energies 2018, 11, 3077 B= 1 1 + * 5 of 21
 ω ′L1 sL1 + r1   ω ′L1 sL1 + r1  ω ′C sC 
−1 (5)
"  sRd C + 1 −ω#′Rd C"  sL2 + r2 −ω ′L 2   sL2 + r2 −ω ′L0 2  #
#"
sL1 + r1 −ω 0 L1 sL + r − 0L + sC − C
ω ′R C sR C++ 1 1 0ω ′L21 sL2 + r21  ω ′L02 sL2 + r2  ∗
ω ω
B=
ω 0 L1  sLd1 + r1 d ω L1 sL1 + r1 ωC sC
" # −1 " # " # (5)
where ω′ is the PLLsRdoutput
C + 1 angular 0
−ω Rd C frequency. sL2 + r2 −ω L2 0 sL2 + r2 −ω 0 L2
0 R grid +
The derivationωof d C smallsRd Csignal
+ 1 model ω is0 L similar
2 sLto 2+ ω 0 L2 inverter.
ther2grid-connected sL2 + rEquation
2 (6)
is the grid state-space equation in three-phase stationary coordinates.
where ω 0 is the PLL output angular frequency.
The derivation of grid small signal model is similar to the grid-connected inverter. Equation (6) is
uga  ia  ia   ea 
  d   coordinates.
ib + rg ib  +  eb 
the grid state-space equation in three-phase stationary
 ugb  = Lg (6)
dt      

u ga  ugc  i a ic   ic ia  ec  ea
   
d
u = L i + r g  ib  +  eb  (6)
      
 gb  g  b 
dt
The following Equation (7) u gcshowing the grid ic small signal ic modeleis c received by transforming the
Equation (6) with park transformation and small signal analysis method.
The following Equation (7) showing the grid small signal model is received by transforming the
Equation (6) with park transformation
uˆ and small signal
′ analysis
 ˆ  method.
 gd   sLg + rg −ω Lg  id
ˆ  ed 
# " =  ′    + # " (7)
uˆ gq  sL  gω+Lrgg −sLωg0 L
+ rg  iˆq î  eˆq  ê
" #" #
û gd
= g   d
+ d
(7)
û gq ω0 Lg sL g + r g îq êq
where eî (i = d , q ) represent grid voltage small signal perturbation on d-q axis.
where êi (i = d, q) represent grid voltage small signal perturbation on d-q axis.
2.2. Phase-Locked Loop Model
2.2. Phase-Locked Loop Model
2.2.1.
2.2.1. Traditional Second-Order Generalized
Traditional Second-Order Generalized Integrator-Quadrature
Integrator-Quadrature Signals
Signals Generator
GeneratorStructure
Structure
Figure
Figure 33 is
is the
the traditional
traditional SOGI-QSG
SOGI-QSG structure.
structure. The quadrature signal
The quadrature generator based
signal generator based on the
on the
traditional second-order generalized integrator (SOGI) not only can realize 90°
◦ phase angle offset
traditional second-order generalized integrator (SOGI) not only can realize 90 phase angle offset of of
input signal, but also filter out high-order harmonics.
input signal, but also filter out high-order harmonics.
ui
−
k
1 ui'
ω'
s
−
qui' 1
ω'
s
Traditional
Figure 3.3.Traditional second-order
second-order generalized
generalized integrator-quadrature
integrator-quadrature signals(SOGI-QSG)
signals generator generator
(SOGI-QSG)
structure. structure.
In Figure
In Figure 3, uii is
3, u is the
the input
input signal and uu′I 0I, ,qu
signal and qu′I 0I are
areSOGI-QSG
SOGI-QSG output
output signals
signals that
that are
are two
two orthogonal
orthogonal
signals; k is the damping coefficient; 0 is the PLL output angular frequency. Equations (8) and
and (9)
(9)
signals; k is the damping coefficient; ω′ is the PLL output angular frequency. Equations (8)
ω
denote the
denote the characteristic
characteristic transfer
transfer functions
functions of of the
the SOGI-QSG.
SOGI-QSG.
uu0 ' ω ' s0 s
kkω
(s1 )( s=
D1D ) = ii = = 2 (8)
(8)
uui
i ss + ω ' s0 s++ωω'2 0 2
+ kkω
qui0 kω 0 2
Q1 ( s ) = = 2 (9)
ui s + kω 0 s + ω 0 2
2.2.2. Improved Second-Order Generalized Integrator-Quadrature Signals Generator Structure

Because qui0 cannot suppress the dc component included in the input signals in the traditional
SOGI structure, the improved SOGI-QSG structure is proposed shown in Figure 4.
ui s + kω s + ω
2.2.2. Improved Second-Order Generalized Integrator-Quadrature Signals Generator Structure
2.2.2.Because
Improved
qui Second-Order
′
Generalized
cannot suppress Integrator-Quadrature
the dc component Signals
included in the inputGenerator
signals in Structure
the traditional
SOGIBecause
structure, ′the improved SOGI-QSG structure is proposed shown in Figure 4.
qu cannot suppress the dc component included in the input signals in the traditional
i
Energies 2018, 11, 3077 6 of 21
SOGI structure, the improved SOGI-QSG structure is proposed shown in Figure 4.
ui
 u 1 ui'
ui
− k
ξu
'
s1 ui'
 k  ω'
1s
qui'
− − '
s1
qui'
ω'
s
Figure 4. Improved SOGI-QSG structure.
Equations (11) and (12) are the SOGI-QSG transfer functions after introducing feedback.
Equations (11) and (12) are the SOGI-QSG transfer functions after introducing feedback.
Equations (11) and (12) are the SOGI-QSG
 transferksfunctions
2 after introducing feedback.
F ( s)  u  2 (10)
ξuξi s  k s22  2
ks
ks
F (Fs)( s= u=
) =ui = s22 + kω 0 s + ω20 2 (10)
(10)
ui s + kω s' + ω ′ ′
u' k s
D2 ( s ) u0 i  ' ' 0s (11)
D2 (s) = iuui=
' ( k  1) s  kk
2 kω
ω ss (k  1) '2 (11)
D2 ( s ) =ui =(k + 1)s22 + kω' 0 s + (k + 1)'2ω 0 2
i
(11)
ui' (k + 1) s + kω s'2 + (k + 1)ω
qu k 0 2
Q ( s ) qu0 i  kω (12)
Q2 (s2) = ui i =    1)
ωs0'2s+(k(k + (12)
' 2 ' '2
u qu ( k 1) s 2 kk 02
i ( k + 1) s + kω 1 )
Q2 ( s ) = i = ω
(12)
where F(s) is the high-pass filter and Qu2(s)
where F(s) i(s) isis(kthe
the s 2 + kω ' s filter.
+ 1)low-pass
low-pass + ( k +The
filter. 1)ω '2dc
The dc component
component and
and high-order
high-order
2
harmonics
harmonics
where F(s) input
is the to
input to the
the SOGI-QSG
SOGI-QSG
high-pass are
areQ
filter and weakened
weakened by
by feeding
feeding back
back F(s)
F(s) and
and QQ22(s)
2(s) is the low-pass filter. The dc component
(s)to
tothe
theinput
input
and signals.
signals.
high-order
It
It is
is conducive
conducive
harmonics input to reducing
to to
reducing the phase
the SOGI-QSG locking
are weakenederror.by feeding back F(s) and Q2(s) to the input signals.
It is conducive to reducing the phase locking error. transfer
Figure
Figure 5
5 shows
shows the
the comparison
comparison of
of SOGI-QSG
SOGI-QSG transfer function
function bode
bode plot
plot before
before and
and after
after PLL
PLL
improvement.
improvement. Obviously,
Figure 5 showsObviously, the bandwidth
the bandwidth
the comparison of the improved
of the improved
of SOGI-QSG SOGI-QSG
SOGI-QSG
transfer function is
bode reduced
is reduced
plot beforeand
and the filtering
theafter
and filtering
PLL
characteristic
characteristic is
is enhanced.
enhanced. However,
However, its
its dynamic
dynamic performance
performance is
is worse
worse and
and
improvement. Obviously, the bandwidth of the improved SOGI-QSG is reduced and the filtering the
the adjustment
adjustment time
time is
is
slightly
slightly longer.
longer.
characteristic is enhanced. However, its dynamic performance is worse and the adjustment time is
slightly longer.
Magnitude (dB)
Magnitude (dB)
Phase (deg)
Phase (deg)
(a) (b)
(a) comparison before and after improvement: (a) Bode plot
Figure 5. D, Q bode plot (b) of SOGI-QSG before
improvement; (b) Bode plot of SOGI-QSG after improvement.
Figure 6 shows the PLL output frequency waveform when the grid-connected voltage surges by
30%. The orange and light blue curves represent the PLL frequency output waveform of SOGI-QSG
structure before and after improvement respectively. It can be seen from the Figure that the frequency
fluctuation of improved SOGI-QSG structure is obviously reduced in the steady state, which indicates
that the filtering effect of the improved structure is indeed greatly raised, however, it is not very
good in the transient state. This is reasonable because the bandwidth of the improved SOGI-QSG
Figure 6 shows the PLL output frequency waveform when the grid-connected voltage surges by
30%. Figure 6 shows
The orange andthe PLL
light output
blue curvesfrequency
represent waveform
the PLL when
frequencythe grid-connected
output waveform voltage surges by
of SOGI-QSG
30%. The before
structure orangeand andafter
lightimprovement
blue curves represent
respectively. the ItPLL
canfrequency
be seen from output waveform
the Figure of SOGI-QSG
that the frequency
structure before
fluctuation and after
of improved improvement
SOGI-QSG respectively.
structure is obviouslyIt canreduced
be seenin from
the the Figure
steady that
state, the frequency
which indicates
fluctuation
that of improved
the filtering effect ofSOGI-QSG
the improved structure is obviously
structure is indeed reduced in the steady
greatly raised, however,state,
it iswhich
not veryindicates
good
Energies
that 2018, 11, 3077effect of the improved structure is indeed greatly raised, however, it is not very7good of 21
in thethe filtering
transient state. This is reasonable because the bandwidth of the improved SOGI-QSG transfer
in the transient
function decreases.state.
TheThis is reasonable
improved structurebecause
raisesthe bandwidth
filtering of the improved
performance SOGI-QSG
at the expense transfer
of its dynamic
function decreases. The improved structure raises filtering performance
transfer function decreases. The improved structure raises filtering performance at the expenseinofthe
characteristic. Therefore, the adjustment time is longer than the at
original the expense
structure of its
output dynamicits
characteristic.
transient
dynamic Therefore,
process.
characteristic. thebe
It alsoTherefore,
can adjustment
seen
thein thetime
Figure
adjustment is time
longer
thatisthethan the
dynamic
longer thanoriginal
response structure
the original time output
of the
structure in the
improved
output in
transient
SOGI-QSG process.
output It also can
frequency be seen
has in the
slightly Figure that
increased, the dynamic
which has response
little
the transient process. It also can be seen in the Figure that the dynamic response time of the improved time
impact of
onthetheimproved
overall
SOGI-QSGoutput
performance
SOGI-QSG output frequency
of thefrequency
structure has
compared
has slightly
slightly with increased,
the
increased, improvement
which haswhich onhas
little little
filtering.
impact on impact
the overallon performance
the overall
performance of the structure compared with
of the structure compared with the improvement on filtering. the improvement on filtering.
56
54
Fre-Improved Fre-Improved
52
50
48
46
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
t/s
Figure 6. The frequency output when grid-connected voltage step variation.
Figure 6. The
Figure 6. The frequency
frequency output
output when
when grid-connected
grid-connected voltage
voltage step
step variation.
variation.
2.3. Inverter Impedance Model
2.3.1. Inverter
2.3.1. Impedance Model
Inverter Impedance Model without
without Feedback
Feedback Control
Control
2.3.1. Inverter Impedance Model without Feedback Control
As Figure
As Figure 77 shows,
shows, the
the DSOGI-PLL
DSOGI-PLL structure, the positive
structure, the positive sequence
sequence q-axis
q-axis signal
signal which
which removed
removed
from As Figure
SOGI 7
output shows,
signal the
by DSOGI-PLL
positive and structure,
negative the positive
sequence sequence
separation, q-axis
is
from SOGI output signal by positive and negative sequence separation, is processed signal
processed towhich toremoved
realize phase-
realize
phase-locked. Equation (13) is the positive sequence signal expression under α-β coordinates. phase-
from
locked.SOGI output
Equation signal
(13) is by
the positive
positive and negative
sequence sequence
signal separation,
expression under is
α-β processed to
coordinates. realize
locked. Equation (13) is the positive sequence signal expression under α-β coordinates.
ω0
θ' 1 ω' 0 0
s1
PI
− ' '
uα 1 uα' +'
suα
PI − 0
ε u
k 1/ 2
u s1 u '
u ' 
α
k − 1/ 2 − +'
uαβ +'
udq
 u 1s uq+ '
uα bc  s1  '
u Tαβ /dq  u  '
Tabc /αβ  ω '
uβ+ ' T /dq 
dq
u '
u bc  '
s quα' ud+q'
Tabc /  1/ 2
' −'
qu' −u uβ ud '
uβ − uβ'
1/ 2
' −'
 u uαβ T
−'
uabc
1
 '  αβ /abc 
 '
ε u
k 1/ 2 −'
u s1 u' uα u uabc
β
− T /abc 
u '
k 1/ 2
 u 1s
 s1
ω'
quβ'
' s 1/ 2
qu'
1/ 2
Figure 7. DSOGI-PLL structure.
" # " #" # " #" # " #" #

u+0
α 1 1 −q u0α 1 D (s) − Q(s) uα P11 P12 uα
= = = (13)
u+0
β 2 q 1 u0β 2 Q(s) D (s) uβ P21 P22 uβ
where D(s), Q(s) are used to represent SOGI-QSG transfer function before and after improvement of
SOGI-QSG, namely D1 (s)/D2 (s) and Q1 (s)/Q2 (s); Matrix P is used to represent the previous matrix;
 ++ ''  =    ''  =  D( s ) −DQ((ss)) u  =  P P  u  (13)
uαβ  21 q1 −1q uαβ  21 Q   αβ   11
21   αβ 
22 
12
 +'  =    ' =   u  =   u  (13)
uβ  2  q 1  uβ  2 Q( s ) D( s )   β   P21 P22   β 
where D(s), Q(s) are used to represent SOGI-QSG transfer function before and after improvement of
SOGI-QSG,
where 2018,
D(s),11,namely
Q(s) D1(s)/D2(s) and Q1(s)/Q2(s); Matrix P is used to represent the previous matrix; qof =
Energies 3077are used to represent SOGI-QSG transfer function before and after improvement 8 of 21
eSOGI-QSG,
−jπ2 is a 90° lagging phase-shifting operator applied on the time domain to obtain an in-quadrature
namely D1(s)/D2(s) and Q1(s)/Q2(s); Matrix P is used to represent the previous matrix; q =
version
e−jπ2 is a of
90°the input waveform.
lagging phase-shifting operator applied on the time domain to obtain an in-quadrature
−
qversion jπ
= e There2 are ◦ lagging
two kinds of coordinatesoperator
in the whole system
on thedue todomain
exist in to
PLL. Oneanisin-quadrature
the system d-
ofisthe
a 90input phase-shifting
waveform. applied time obtain
q coordinate
version of thedefined
input by the
waveform. grid voltage and another is the control loop
There are two kinds of coordinates in the whole system due to exist in PLL. One is the system d-q coordinate defined by thed-
PLL. Under
There are
q coordinate a steady
two kinds
defined state,
by the the control
of coordinates loop
grid voltageinand d-q coordinate
theanother
whole system is consistent
due to loop
is the control with
exist d-q the
in PLL. system d-q coordinate.
One is defined
coordinate the system d-q
by the
When
coordinate
PLL. Undera small disturbance
defined
a steady by happens
the the
state, grid voltage
control inloop
the
andd-qgrid voltage
another terminal,
is the
coordinate iscontrol
consistentthe
loopsystem
with thed-q coordinate
d-q coordinate
system defined
d-q position
by the
coordinate.
will
PLL. be changed.
Under a steady The control
state, the loop
controld-q coordinate
loop d-q has
coordinate not
is changed
consistent
When a small disturbance happens in the grid voltage terminal, the system d-q coordinate position because
with thethe dynamic
system d-q response
coordinate.
characteristics
When
will bea changed. of the
ThePIcontrol
small disturbance controller
happens
loopin PLL
in the
d-q which
grid is
coordinate nohas
longer
voltage consistent
terminal,
not changed with thed-q
the because
system system
the d-q coordinate.
coordinate
dynamic position
response
There
will beis an angle
changed. error
The between
control the
loop two
d-q coordinates,
coordinate that
has notis ∆θ.
changedEquation (14)
because
characteristics of the PI controller in PLL which is no longer consistent with the system d-q coordinate. denotes
the the
dynamic coordinate
response
transformation
characteristics
There is an angle ofofthe
thePIsystem
error betweend-qthe
controller coordinate
in two theiscontrol
PLL coordinates,
which loop
no longer
that d-qEquation
coordinate.
is consistent
∆θ. with thedenotes
(14) d-q coordinate.
system the coordinate
There is an angle
transformation oferror between
the system d-qthe two coordinates,
coordinate the control is ∆θ.
thatloop d-qEquation
coordinate. (14) denotes the coordinate
transformation of the system d-q coordinate the Δθ ) sin(
cos(control loopΔd-q θ ) coordinate.
TΔθ = 
sin( Δθ )  #
(14)
sin(ΔΔθθ)) cos(
" −cos(
TΔθ =  cos(∆θ ) sin(∆θ ) (14)
T∆θ =  − sin( Δθ ) cos( Δθ )  (14)
− sin(∆θ ) cos(∆θ )
Figures 8 and 9 represent the DSOGI-PLL control strategy and the DSOGI-PLL average model
respectively.
Figures 88 and
Figures and9 9represent
representthethe
DSOGI-PLL
DSOGI-PLL control strategy
control and the
strategy andDSOGI-PLL
the DSOGI-PLL averageaverage
model
respectively.
model respectively.
uαs udc
uβα ss
P Tdq uuqdcc ω′ 1 θ′
H PLL
uβ s
P Tdq uqc ω′ 1s θ ′
H PLL
s
Figure 8. Traditional phase-locked loop based on a double second-order generalized integrator

Figure 8. Traditional phase-locked loop based on a double second-order generalized integrator
Figure 8. Traditional (DSOGI-PLL)
phase-locked loop based control strategy.
on a double second-order generalized integrator
(DSOGI-PLL) control strategy.
(DSOGI-PLL) control strategy.
uds ud′s udc
s
u qs
d
P ud′qs TΔθ uqcc
d
H PLL
Δω ′ 1 Δθ′
us
q P u ′
q
s
TΔθ u c
q
H PLL
Δω ′ 1s Δθ′
s
Figure 9. Average model of DSOGI-PLL.
Figure 9. Average model of DSOGI-PLL.
Equation (15) denotes the variables relationship
Figure 9. Average modelbetween the system and the control loop under
of DSOGI-PLL.
the steady-state condition when ∆θ = 0.
Equation (15) denotes the variables relationship between the system and the control loop under
the steady-state condition
Equation (15) denoteswhen ∆θ = 0. relationship
the variables " between the system # and the control loop under
the steady-state condition when ∆θPT
= 0. U s = P cos ( 0 ) sin ( 0 )
Uc = ∆θ Us
− sin(0) cos(0)
" #
c s cos(0) sin(0)
I = PT∆θ I = P Is (15)
− sin(0) cos(0)
" #
−1 c cos(0) − sin(0)
s
D = ( PT∆θ ) D = P −1 D c
sin(0) cos(0)
where xc (x = U, I, D) represents the variables in the system’s main circuit; xs (x = U, I, D) represents the
control loop variables. Equation (16) is obtained by adding a small signal disturbance to Equation (15).
" # " #" #
Udc + uecd cos(0 + ∆θ ) sin(0 + ∆θ ) Uds + uesd
=P (16)
Uqc + uecq − sin(0 + ∆θ ) cos(0 + ∆θ ) Uqs + uesq
where ueic (i = d, q) represents the small signal voltage disturbance of main circuit in d-q axis; ueis (i = d, q)
represents the small signal voltage disturbance of control loop in d-q axis.
Energies 2018, 11, 3077 9 of 21
Equation (17) denotes the voltage expression under the control loop d-q coordinate obtained by
handling Equation (16) with trigonometric function approximation method in combination with the
steady state condition.
" # " #
uecd P11 uesd − P12 ∆θUds + P11 Uqs ∆θ + P12 uesq
≈ (17)
uecq P21 uesd − P22 Uds ∆θ + P21 Uqs ∆θ + P22 uesq
According to the DSOGI-PLL average model in Figure 8, PLL output angle ∆θ can be written as
Equation (18).
1
∆θ = uecq HPLL (18)
s
where HPLL = kPLL_p + kPLL_i /s; kPLL_p is the proportional coefficient of PI regulator in PLL; kPLL_i is the
integral coefficient of PI regulator in PLL. Equation (19), that ∆θ is expressed by uesd and uesq , is received
by substituting Equation (17) into Equation (18).
∆θ = GPLL1 uesd + GPLL2 uesq (19)
The GPLL1 and GPLL2 in the Equation (19) can be expressed as
∆θ P21 HPLL
GPLL1 = = (20)
ûsd s + HPLL ( P22 Uds − P21 Uqs )
∆θ P22 HPLL
GPLL2 = = (21)
ûsq s + HPLL ( P22 Uds − P21 Uqs )
The front part of Equation (22) can be derived from Equation (16) and the latter part can be
u
obtained by substituting Equation (19) into the front part of Equation (22). Where GDSOGI represent
the transfer function matrix of the system voltage to the control loop voltage in d-q axis.
" # " # " #" #
ûcd ∆θUqs + ûsd 1 + Uqs GPLL1 Uqs GPLL2 ûsd
≈ = (22)
ûcq −∆θUds + ûsq −Uds GPLL1 1 − Uds GPLL2 ûsq
" #
u 1 + Uqs GPLL1 Uqs GPLL2
GDSOGI = (23)
−Uds GPLL1 1 − Uds GPLL2
i
The calculation method of transfer function GDSOGI d
, GDSOGI u
is similar to the GDSOGI as above.
i
Equations (24) and (25) are the derivation results of transfer function GDSOGI d
, GDSOGI respectively.
i
GDSOGI represent the transfer function matrix of the system voltage to the control loop current in d-q
d
axis; GDSOGI represents the transfer function of the system voltage to the duty ratio.
" #
i Iqs GPLL1 Iqs GPLL2
GDSOGI = (24)
− Ids GPLL1 − Ids GPLL2
" #
d − Dqc GPLL1 − Dqc GPLL2
GDSOGI = (25)
Ddc GPLL1 Ddc GPLL2
Figure 10 shows the system small signal model considering the PLL. In Figure 10, Hig is the
current loop PI regulator matrix; M is the modulation matrix; Gd is digital delay module, which means
sampling switch, one beat delay and zero order retainer link are added to the model. Where Hig = (kp
+ ki /s)*I; M = (1/Udc )*I; Gd = [(1 − 1.5Ts s)/(1 − 1.5Ts s)]* I; I is 2 × 2 unit matrix.
 Dd GPLL1 Dd GPLL 2 
Figure 10 shows the system small signal model considering the PLL. In Figure 10, Hig is the
current loop PI regulator matrix; M is the modulation matrix; Gd is digital delay module, which means
sampling switch, one beat delay and zero order retainer link are added to the model. Where Hig = (kp
Energies 2018, 11, 3077 10 of 21
+ ki/s)*I; M = (1/Udc)*I; Gd = [(1 − 1.5Tss)/(1 − 1.5Tss)]* I; I is 2 × 2 unit matrix.
iˆ s
Gd ( s ) GgI ( s )
Gg ′ ( s )
dˆ s
d uˆ s i
GDSOGI (s) GDSOGI (s)
iˆc
−
dˆ c iˆrefc = 0
M H ig
Figure 10. System

Figure 10. System small-signal
small-signal model.
model.
According to the system small signal control block diagram in Figure 10, the grid-connected
According to the system small signal control block diagram in Figure 10, the grid-connected
inverter output impedance Zout mathematical model considering the PLL can be derived. As shown in
inverter output impedance Zout mathematical model considering the PLL can be derived. As shown
the Equation (26).
in the Equation (26).
d i −1
Zout = [ Gg0 + GgI Gd ( GDSOGI
d − MHig GDSOGI
i )]−1 ∗ ( I + G Gd MHig ) (26)
Z out = [Gg ′ + GgI Gd (GDSOGI − MH ig GDSOGI )] * ( I + GgI GgId MH ig ) (26)
2.3.2. Improved Inverter Impedance Model with Feedback Control
2.3.2.Figure
Improved 11 isInverter
the improved system
Impedance small
Model withsignal model
Feedback with increased grid terminal voltage
Control
compensation. F(s) is the grid voltage feedback matrix expressed as Equation (27).
Figure 11 is the improved system small signal model with increased grid terminal voltage

compensation. F(s) is the grid voltage feedback matrix s + 400
expressed as Equation (27).
F (s) = I (27)
Energies 2018, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW s + 0.1 11 of 22
iˆ s
Gd ( s ) GgI ( s )
Gg ′ ( s )
dˆ s
d uˆ s i
GDSOGI ( s) GDSOGI ( s)
F ( s) iˆc
dˆ c
− −
iˆrefc = 0
M H ig
Figure11.
Figure Improvedsystem
11.Improved systemsmall-signal
small-signalmodel.
model.
The improved grid-connected inverter output impedance Zout 0 is shown as Equation (28) deriving
from the improved system small-signal model.  s + 400 

F (s) =  I (27)
 s + 0.1  − 1
0
Zout = [ Gg0 + GgI Gd ( G 0dDSOGI − MHig G 0iDSOGI + MF’ (s))] ∗ ( I + GgI Gd MHig ) (28)
The improved grid-connected inverter output impedance Zout is shown as Equation (28) deriving
from theGimproved
where 0i , G 0dsystemrepresent
small-signal model. function matrix with the improved SOGI-QSG structure
the transfer
DSOGI DSOGI
of the system voltage to the control loop current and the duty ratio in d-q axis respectively.
′ = [G g ′ + G gI Gd (G DSOGI
Z out ′d ′i
− MH ig G DSOGI + MF ( s ))]−1 * ( I + G gI Gd MH ig ) (28)
i d
where G’DSOGI, G’DSOGI represent the transfer function matrix with the improved SOGI-QSG structure
of the system voltage to the control loop current and the duty ratio in d-q axis respectively.
3. System Stability Analysis

In order to judge the system stability, the paper adopts the phase margin corresponding to the
frequency of intersection between the inverter impedance amplitude-frequency curve and grid
Energies 2018, 11, 3077 11 of 21
3. System Stability Analysis

In order to judge the system stability, the paper adopts the phase margin corresponding to
the frequency of intersection between the inverter impedance amplitude-frequency curve and grid
impedance amplitude-frequency curve as the judgement standard, as shown in Equation (29).
◦
PM = 180 − (∠Zg ( f i ) − ∠Zo ( f i )) (29)
where Zg (fi ) and Zo (fi ) represent the grid input impedance and inverter output impedance of
intersection frequency fi respectively.
Figure 12 shows the inverter output impedance bode plot front and rear improvement. According
to the Figure, the intersection point of amplitude-frequency characteristic curve between the inverter
output impedance with feedback control and grid impedance moves to the right compared with
the inverter output impedance without control strategy. The phase-frequency characteristic curve
of inverter impedance with control strategy is raised compared with the inverter impedance
without control strategy. Phase increasing causes the phase margin of the intersection point of
amplitude-frequency characteristic
Energies 2018, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW between the inverter impedance with feedback control strategy
12 of 22
and grid impedance to increase, this is helpful to the system stability in theory.
40
Magnitude (dB)
20
Z_original
0
Z_improved
Z_grid
-20
Phase (deg)
50
-50
101 102 103 104 105

Frequency (rad/s)
Figure 12. Output impedance bode plot before
Figure 12. before and
and after
after improvement.
improvement.
Figure
Figure 1313 is the ZZdd
is the dd bode
bode plot
plot with
with the
the damping resistance R
damping resistance Rdd varying from 33 Ω
varying from Ω to 10 Ω.
to 10 Ω. In
In the
the
process
process of damping resistance increasing, the amplitude-frequency curve intersection point of the
of damping resistance increasing, the amplitude-frequency curve intersection point of the
inverter
inverter impedance
impedance and and thethe grid
grid impedance
impedance gradually
gradually moves
moves toto the
the right
right and
and the
the output
output impedance
impedance
phase
phase of the inverter impedance at the corresponding frequency of the intersection point gradually
of the inverter impedance at the corresponding frequency of the intersection point gradually
increases.
increases. The
The phase
phase margin
margin increasing
increasing gradually
gradually is
is beneficial
beneficialtotothe
thesystem
systemstability
stabilityin
intheory.
theory.
Magnitude (dB)
30
Increase Rd
10 Increase Rd
90
(deg)
Figure 13 is the Zdd bode plot with the damping resistance Rd varying from 3 Ω to 10 Ω. In the
process of damping resistance increasing, the amplitude-frequency curve intersection point of the
inverter impedance and the grid impedance gradually moves to the right and the output impedance
phase
Energies of the11,inverter
2018, 3077 impedance at the corresponding frequency of the intersection point gradually
12 of 21
increases. The phase margin increasing gradually is beneficial to the system stability in theory.
Magnitude (dB)
30
Increase Rd
10 Increase Rd
90
Phase (deg)
-45
103 104
Frequency (rad/s)
dd bode
Figure 13. Zdd bode plot
plot with
with RRddvariation.
variation.
Opposite to
Opposite tothe
thevariation
variationtrend
trendofofthe
thedamping
damping resistance
resistance Rd.RFigure
d . Figure 14 shows
14 shows the
the Z Zdd bode
dd bode plot
plot with the grid impedance L = 2
with the grid impedance Lg = 2 gmH, rg = 0.1mH, r = 0.1 Ω and L = 5 mH,
g Ω and Lg = 5 gmH, rg = 0.1 r = 0.1 Ω respectively.
g Ω respectively. As the Asgrid
the
grid impedance
impedance increases,
increases, the intersection
the intersection point
point of the
of the inverter
inverter impedanceand
impedance andthe
thegrid
grid impedance
amplitude-frequency
amplitude-frequency curve gradually move to the left and the output impedance phase of the inverter
inverter impedance atcurve gradually move
the corresponding to the left
frequency andintersection
of the the outputpoint impedance
graduallyphase of the
decreases.
impedance at the corresponding frequency of the intersection point gradually decreases. Therefore,
Therefore, the increase of grid impedance is not conducive to the system stability theoretically.
the increase of grid impedance is not conducive to the system stability theoretically.
60
Magnitude (dB)
40
20
0
Increase Zgrid
-20
90
Phase (deg)
-90
100 101 102 103 104 105
Frequency (rad/s)
Figure 14. Z
Figure 14. Zdd bode plot
dd bode plot with
with grid
grid impedance variation.
4. Simulation Verification
To verify the correctness of the improvement of SOGI-QSG structure above and the influence of
grid impedance on system stability performance. The LCL-type inverter grid-connected system with
current loop control is constructed on the Matlab/Simulink simulation platform. The devices used in
the simulation are ideal. Table 1 shows the main circuit parameters. Meanwhile, Table 2 shows the
PI regulator parameters corresponding to the current loop and PLL respectively. The following
Energies 2018, 11, 3077 13 of 21
4. Simulation Verification
To verify the correctness of the improvement of SOGI-QSG structure above and the influence of
grid impedance on system stability performance. The LCL-type inverter grid-connected system with
current loop control is constructed on the Matlab/Simulink simulation platform. The devices used in
the simulation are ideal. Table 1 shows the main circuit parameters. Meanwhile, Table 2 shows the PI
regulator parameters corresponding to the current loop and PLL respectively. The following passage
introduces the simulation validation about two kinds of improved strategies; the PLL characteristics
before and after improvement and voltage feedback compensation.
Table 1. Main circuit parameters.
Parameter Value
Set voltage in DC terminal (Udc ) 700 V
Effective value of grid voltage (e) 220 V
Machine side inductance (L1 ) 5 mH
Parasitic resistance of machine side inductor (r1 ) 0.16 Ω
damping resistance (Rd ) 4Ω
Capacitance (C) 11 µF
Grid side inductance (L2 ) 2.5 mH
Parasitic resistance of grid side inductor (r2 ) 0.16 Ω
Grid inductance (Lg ) 2 mH
Grid resistance (rg ) 0.1 Ω
Switching frequency (fs ) 10 kHz
Table 2. Controller parameters.
PI regulator parameters of current loop

kp = 2.21
ki = 1233
PI regulator parameters of PLL
kp = 0.58
ki = 4.22
4.1. Phase Locked Loop

In [8,9], although the control of SRF-PLL is simple, the tracking error is large relatively when
the grid voltage contained high harmonic. In [15], Jin et al. adopts the adaptive filter based on
SOGI to track error generated by the grid fault, however, it needs to introduce additional devices.
Compared with the references, the advantage of the paper is that it does not need to involve additional
equipment to obtain accurate phase locking in case of the grid fault. Figures 15–18 represent the
comparison of the orthogonal signals and frequency waveforms before and after SOGI-QSG structure
improvement in different cases. From Figures 15–18, Figure (a) shows that the output waveform of
positive sequence voltage in the α-β coordinate. Meanwhile, the above is the output waveform of the
original SOGI-QSG structure and the below is the waveform of improved structure. Figure (b) is the
frequency waveform by integrating q-axis positive sequence voltage through PI regulator. Of which,
the left side is frequency waveform of original SOGI-QSG structure by PI regulator, and the right is the
waveform of improved structure.
Figure 15 compares the PLL output signals under normal condition which means no grid fault.
In the Figure 15a, the total harmonic distortion (THD) of the output positive sequence voltage
waveforms of improved SOGI-QSG structure is relatively reduced. In the frequency waveform
in Figure 15b it can also be clearly seen that the fluctuation peak value of frequency output decreases,
especially in the initial stage of frequency tracking. With the original SOGI-QSG structure, the frequency
peak reaches 54.5 Hz within the 0.1 s. While with the improved SOGI-QSG structure, the initial
the waveform of improved structure.
Figure 15 compares the PLL output signals under normal condition which means no grid fault.
In the Figure 15a, the total harmonic distortion (THD) of the output positive sequence voltage
waveforms of improved SOGI-QSG structure is relatively reduced. In the frequency waveform in
Figure 15b it can also be clearly seen that the fluctuation peak value of frequency output decreases,
Energies 2018, 11, 3077 14 of 21
especially in the initial stage of frequency tracking. With the original SOGI-QSG structure, the
frequency peak reaches 54.5 Hz within the 0.1 s. While with the improved SOGI-QSG structure, the
initial
frequencyfrequency
peak only peakreaches
only reaches
aroundaround 52 Hz
52 Hz and the and the tracking
tracking erroronoffrequency
error of PLL PLL on frequency
is relativelyis
relatively smallstate.
small in stable in stable state.
u
Original u
200
-200
0.6 0.65 0.7 0.75 0.8
u THD : 0.53% u THD : 0.44%
Improved
200
-200
0.6 0.65 0.7 0.75 0.8
Energies 2018, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW u THD : 0.41% u THD : 0.30% 15 of 22
(a)
(b)
Figure
Figure 15. Normal condition, phase-locked
15. Normal phase-locked loop (PLL)
(PLL) output
output comparison:
comparison: (a) second-order
second-order
generalized
generalized integrator
integrator (SOGI)
(SOGI) output
output comparison;
comparison;(b)
(b)Frequency
Frequencyoutput
outputcomparison.
comparison.
Figure
Figure 16
16 shows
shows thethe output
output waveform
waveform of of the
the SOGI-QSG
SOGI-QSG structure
structure and
and PLL
PLL frequency
frequency under
under the
the
conditions of the grid voltage unbalance. The selected conditions of grid voltage
conditions of the grid voltage unbalance. The selected conditions of grid voltage unbalance in theunbalance in the
paper
paper are:
are: A
A phase
phase voltage
voltage drops
drops byby 30%,
30%, while
while BB and
and C
C phase
phase voltage
voltage remains
remains constant.
constant. Compared
Compared
with
with the
the normal
normal operation
operation ofof grid
grid without
without fault,
fault, the
the single-phase
single-phase voltage
voltage drop
drop leads
leads to
to the
the increment
increment
of the distortion rate in positive sequence voltage of PLL output and the enhancement
of the distortion rate in positive sequence voltage of PLL output and the enhancement of the frequency
of the
fluctuation. Since the voltage amplitude sag is not large, the THD of positive
frequency fluctuation. Since the voltage amplitude sag is not large, the THD of positive sequencesequence voltage
extracted by the PLL
voltage extracted is not
by the PLLparticularly obvious.
is not particularly However,
obvious. compared
However, with the
compared original
with SOGI-QSG
the original SOGI-
structure, the THD of positive sequence voltage extracted by the improved SOGI-QSG
QSG structure, the THD of positive sequence voltage extracted by the improved SOGI-QSG structure structure of
PLL decreases,
of PLL andand
decreases, thethe
peak-peak
peak-peak amplitude
amplitudeof frequency fluctuation
of frequency alsoalso
fluctuation decreases significantly.
decreases significantly.
u
Original u
200
-200
0.6 0.65  0.7 0.75 0.8
u THD : 0.56% u  THD : 0.49%
with the normal operation of grid without fault, the single-phase voltage drop leads to the increment
of the distortion rate in positive sequence voltage of PLL output and the enhancement of the
frequency fluctuation. Since the voltage amplitude sag is not large, the THD of positive sequence
voltage extracted by the PLL is not particularly obvious. However, compared with the original SOGI-
QSG structure, the THD of positive sequence voltage extracted by the improved SOGI-QSG structure
Energies 2018, 11, 3077 15 of 21
of PLL decreases, and the peak-peak amplitude of frequency fluctuation also decreases significantly.
u
Original u
200
-200
0.6 0.65  0.7 0.75 0.8
u THD : 0.56% u THD : 0.49%
Improved
200
-200
0.6 0.65 0.7 0.75 0.8
u THD : 0.43% u THD : 0.33%
(a)
(b)
Figure 16.Voltage
Figure16. Voltageunbalance,
unbalance,PLL
PLLoutput
outputcomparison:
comparison:(a)
(a)SOGI
SOGIoutput
outputcomparison;
comparison;(b)
(b)Frequency
Frequency
output
outputcomparison.
comparison.
Figure
Figure 17 shows the
17 shows theoutput
outputwaveform
waveform of of
thethe SOGI-QSG
SOGI-QSG structure
structure and and the frequency
the PLL PLL frequency
when
when the grid voltage contains a DC component. The selected condition of
the grid voltage contains a DC component. The selected condition of grid voltage with dc component grid voltage with dc
component
in the paper inis:
thethe
paper is: the
A phase A phase
voltage voltageby
is raised is15%,
raised by 15%,
while while
B and B andvoltages
C phase C phase remains
voltagesconstant.
remains
constant.
Compared Compared with the aforementioned
with the aforementioned cases, thecases,
THDthe THD of sequence
of positive positive sequence voltage waveform
voltage waveform of SOGI-
of SOGI-QSG
QSG output increases
output increases by 5 times bywhen
5 timesthewhen the gridcontains
grid voltage voltage dc contains dc component,
component, and the
and the frequency
frequency
fluctuationfluctuation is particularly
is particularly obvious.
obvious. This also This also indicates
indicates that the dc that the dc component
component includedincluded
in the gridin
the grid voltage does cause great interference to the phase-locking. At this point, it
voltage does cause great interference to the phase-locking. At this point, it is obvious that the THD is obvious that the
THD of positive
of positive sequence
sequence voltage
voltage extracted
extracted fromfrom improved
improved PLLPLL is reduced
is reduced about
about 15%15% compared
compared withwith
the
the original
original SOGI-QSG
SOGI-QSG structure
structure output.The
output. Theimprovement
improvementininSOGI-QSG
SOGI-QSGstructure
structure is
is effective
effective to
to raise
raise
the
thephase
phaselocking
lockingprecision
precision when
when thethe dcdc component
component included
included in in the
the grid
grid voltage,
voltage, at
at the
the same
same time,
time,
the
thefrequency
frequencyfluctuation
fluctuationisisalso
alsosuppressed
suppressedavailably
availablyobserved
observedfromfromthetheFigure
Figure17b.
17b.
u
Original u
200
-200
0.6 0.65 0.7 0.75 0.8
u THD : 2.70% u THD : 2.61%
Improved
fluctuation is particularly obvious. This also indicates that the dc component included in the grid
voltage does cause great interference to the phase-locking. At this point, it is obvious that the THD
of positive sequence voltage extracted from improved PLL is reduced about 15% compared with the
original SOGI-QSG structure output. The improvement in SOGI-QSG structure is effective to raise
Energies
the phase 11, 3077 precision when the dc component included in the grid voltage, at the same16time,
2018,locking of 21
the frequency fluctuation is also suppressed availably observed from the Figure 17b.
u
Original u
200
-200
0.6 0.65 0.7 0.75 0.8
u THD : 2.70% u THD : 2.61%
Improved
200
-200
0.6 0.65 0.7 0.75 0.8
Energies 2018, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW u THD : 0.93% u THD : 0.84% 17 of 22
(a)
(b)
Figure
Figure 17.
17.DC
DCinjection, PLLPLL
injection, output comparison:
output (a) SOGI
comparison: outputoutput
(a) SOGI comparison; (b) Frequency
comparison; output
(b) Frequency
comparison.
output comparison.
Figure 18
Figure 18 shows
shows thethe output
output waveform
waveform of of the
the SOGI-QSG
SOGI-QSG structure
structure andand the
the PLL
PLL frequency
frequency whenwhen
the grid voltage contains high harmonics. The selected condition of grid voltage
the grid voltage contains high harmonics. The selected condition of grid voltage with high harmonicswith high harmonics
in the
in the paper
paper is:
is: three
three phase
phase voltage
voltage contain
contain thethe 55 harmonic
harmonic withwith 110
110 VV amplitude
amplitude andand the
the 77 harmonic
harmonic
with 66 V amplitude. Compared
with Compared with with thethe aforementioned
aforementioned threethree cases,
cases, the
the high-order
high-order harmonics
harmonics
included in the
included the grid
gridvoltage
voltagelead
leadtotothe
theobvious
obvious distortion
distortionof positive sequence
of positive voltage
sequence withwith
voltage SOGI-QSG
SOGI-
structure
QSG output.
structure The frequency
output. fluctuation
The frequency also also
fluctuation verifies the phenomenon
verifies the phenomenon which indicating
which thatthat
indicating the
high-order
the high-orderharmonic
harmonicof grid voltage
of grid is also
voltage is an
alsoimportant factorfactor
an important resulting to theto
resulting imprecision of phase
the imprecision of
locking.
phase By comparing
locking. the original
By comparing SOGI-QSG
the original structure
SOGI-QSG output output
structure waveform and frequency
waveform output
and frequency
waveform,
output the reduction
waveform, of THD in
the reduction of improved SOGI-QSGSOGI-QSG
THD in improved structure output waveform
structure output is simple and
waveform is
clearly illustrates the effectiveness of improvement about SOGI-QSG
simple and clearly illustrates the effectiveness of improvement about SOGI-QSG structure. structure. Meanwhile, it also
illustrates that
Meanwhile, the illustrates
it also improved that
structure is more accurate
the improved structureinistracking phase for
more accurate the gridphase
in tracking voltage forwith
the
highvoltage
grid harmonics.with high harmonics.
u
Original u
200
-200
0.6 0.65 0.7 0.75 0.8
u THD : 3.41% u THD : 3.49%
Improved
the high-order harmonic of grid voltage is also an important factor resulting to the imprecision of
phase locking. By comparing the original SOGI-QSG structure output waveform and frequency
output waveform, the reduction of THD in improved SOGI-QSG structure output waveform is
simple and clearly illustrates the effectiveness of improvement about SOGI-QSG structure.
Meanwhile,
Energies it3077
2018, 11, also illustrates that the improved structure is more accurate in tracking phase for the
17 of 21
grid voltage with high harmonics.
u
Original u
200
-200
0.6 0.65 0.7 0.75 0.8
u THD : 3.41% u THD : 3.49%
Improved
200
-200
0.6 0.65 0.7 0.75 0.8
u THD :1.17% u THD :1.15%
(a)
(b)
Figure 18.
Figure 18. Harmonic
Harmonic injection,
injection, PLL
PLL output
output comparison:
comparison: (a)
(a) SOGI
SOGI output
output comparison;
comparison; (b)
(b) Frequency
Frequency
output comparison.
output comparison.
Table
Table33shows
showsthetheTHD
THDofofSOGI
SOGIoutput
outputwaveform
waveformunder
underdifferent situations.
different AsAs
situations. shown inin
shown Table 3,
Table
the improvement
3, the improvement in PLL is more
in PLL effective
is more withwith
effective the case of DC
the case ofcomponents
DC componentsand high
and harmonics than
high harmonics
the case with the normal and grid voltages unbalanced conditions. The positive sequence
than the case with the normal and grid voltages unbalanced conditions. The positive sequence components
extracted
componentsfrom the faultfrom
extracted inputthe
waveforms
fault inputare more accurate.
waveforms are more accurate.
Table 3. SOGI output THD under different conditions.

Table 3. SOGI output THD under different conditions.
Grid State
Grid State Normal Unbalanced Voltage DC Components Harmonic Injection
SOGI Output Normal Unbalanced Voltage DC Components Harmonic Injection
SOGI Output
u+ 0.53% 0.56% 2.70% 3.41%
Before Improvement
Before(THD)
Improvement uα 0.53% 0.56% 2.70% 3.41%
u+ 0.44% 0.49% 2.61% 3.49%
u +
β
(THD) 0.44% 0.49% 2.61% 3.49%
uα 0.41% 0.43% 0.93% 1.17%
After (THD)
After uu+ 0.41%0.30% 0.43%
0.33% 0.93%
0.84% 1.17%
1.15%
β
(THD) u 0.30% 0.33% 0.84% 1.15%
4.2. Grid Connected Stability
4.2. Grid Connected Stability
Figure 19 displays the comparison of the grid-connected terminal waveform before and after
adding the voltage
Figure feedback.
19 displays When the damping
the comparison of the grid-connected = 1 Ω. Figures
resistance Rdterminal 20 and
waveform 21 show
before the
and after
adding the voltage feedback. When the damping resistance Rd = 1 Ω. Figures 20 and 21 show the
comparison of the grid-connected voltage and current waveform before and after adding the voltage
feedback when the grid impedance is changed. The above Figure shows the grid-connected voltage
waveform and the following Figure shows the grid-connected current waveform. No matter the
Figure above or below, the waveform on the left is the output signal without feedback control, while
Energies 2018, 11, 3077 18 of 21
comparison of the grid-connected voltage and current waveform before and after adding the voltage
feedback when the grid impedance is changed. The above Figure shows the grid-connected voltage
waveform and the following Figure shows the grid-connected current waveform. No matter the Figure
above or below, the waveform on the left is the output signal without feedback control, while the right
signal is the output waveform with feedback control.
The conclusion can be obtained from the system stability analysis in Section 3. The damping
resistance Rd is smaller, the phase in frequency intersection between the inverter output impedance
and the grid impedance is closer to −90◦ . The small system phase margin is harm to system stability.
In Figure 19, the system oscillates and voltage and current waveform produces distortion when Rd gets
smaller. However, the system stability is improved obviously after introducing the voltage feedback,
and the2018,
Energies waveform
11, x FORdistortion
PEER REVIEWrate decays to about 25%. 19 of 22
Orig inal
PCC Voltage Imp rove d
600
300
u pcc / V
-300
-600
0.6 0.68 0.7 0.78 0.8
Original u pcc THD : 28.30% t/s Improved u pcc THD : 7.21%
PCC Current
20
ig / A
-20
0.6 0.65 0.7 0.75 0.8

Conventional Scheme t/s Improved Scheme
Original ig THD : 37.62% Improved ig THD : 8.49%
Figure 19.
Figure Grid-connected terminal
19. Grid-connected terminal voltage
voltage and
and current
current waveform.
waveform.
Figure 20
Figure 20 displays the comparison
displays the comparison of of the
the grid-connected voltage and
grid-connected voltage and current
current before
before and
and after
after
adding the voltage feedback when the grid impedance parameter is L = 2 mH, r
adding the voltage feedback when the grid impedance parameter is Lgg = 2 mH, rgg = 0.1 Ω. As can be = 0.1 Ω. As can be
seen from
seen fromthe theleft-right comparison
left-right comparison of the
of grid-connected
the grid-connectedvoltage waveform
voltage with or with
waveform withoutor feedback
without
control strategy, the waveform characteristics have been improved after introducing
feedback control strategy, the waveform characteristics have been improved after introducing voltage feedback
regardless
voltage of grid-connected
feedback regardless ofvoltage and current.
grid-connected It can
voltage andbecurrent.
seen obviously
It can be from the THD variation
seen obviously from the
THD variation that the voltage and current waveforms THD has been reduced by compared
that the voltage and current waveforms THD has been reduced by more than 30% more than with
30%
the controlwith
compared strategy without
the control voltagewithout
strategy feedback. Thisfeedback.
voltage is consistent
This with the analysis
is consistent with of
thethe inverter
analysis of
and grid impedance bode plot in Section 3. The increase of phase margin corresponding
the inverter and grid impedance bode plot in Section 3. The increase of phase margin corresponding to the
frequency
to at the intersection
the frequency point of point
at the intersection the inverter
of the impedance with feedback
inverter impedance withcontrol
feedbackandcontrol
grid impedance
and grid
amplitude-frequency curve is beneficial to the system being stable theoretically,
impedance amplitude-frequency curve is beneficial to the system being stable theoretically, and theand the simulation
also shows also
simulation that.shows
The distortion
that. Theofdistortion
grid-connected voltage andvoltage
of grid-connected current and
are decreased
current areafter introducing
decreased after
the feedback control which leads to the output waveform is more stable.
introducing the feedback control which leads to the output waveform is more stable.
u pcc
PCC Voltage ig
60 0
30 0
u pcc / V
-30 0
-60 0
0.6 0.65 0.7 0.75 0.8
Original u pcc THD : 2.26% t/s Improved u pcc THD :1.54%
PCC Current
20
/A
compared with the control strategy without voltage feedback. This is consistent with the analysis of
the inverter and grid impedance bode plot in Section 3. The increase of phase margin corresponding
to the frequency at the intersection point of the inverter impedance with feedback control and grid
impedance amplitude-frequency curve is beneficial to the system being stable theoretically, and the
simulation also shows that. The distortion of grid-connected voltage and current are decreased19after
Energies 2018, 11, 3077 of 21
introducing the feedback control which leads to the output waveform is more stable.
u pcc
PCC Voltage ig
60 0
30 0
u pcc / V
0
-30 0
-60 0
0.6 0.65 0.7 0.75 0.8
PCC Current
20
ig / A
-20
0.6 0.65 0.7 0.75 0.8

Conven tio nal Scheme t/s Imp roved Scheme
Original ig THD : 3.46% Improved ig THD : 2.32%
Energies 2018, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW
Figure 20. Grid-connected terminal voltage and current waveform. 20 of 22
Figure 20. Grid-connected terminal voltage and current waveform.
Compared with Figure 20, Figure 21 shows the grid-connected voltage and current comparison
before
before and
and after
after adding
addingvoltage
voltagefeedback
feedbackwhen whenthe thegrid
gridimpedance
impedanceparameter
parameter is is
Lg L=g 5=mH,
5 mH,rg =rg0.1
=
Ω. Ω.can
0.1As Asbe seen
can bein Figure
seen 21, the 21,
in Figure THD theofTHD
grid-connected voltage and
of grid-connected current
voltage andwaveforms increases
current waveforms
and the waveforms
increases are distorted
and the waveforms arewith the gridwith
distorted impedance
the gridincrease
impedancecompared with
increase the waveforms
compared with the in
the Figure 20. That is to say, the increase of grid impedance is not conducive to
waveforms in the Figure 20. That is to say, the increase of grid impedance is not conducive to the the system stability.
It is consistent
system with
stability. It the aforementioned
is consistent analysis in theory.
with the aforementioned analysis The decrease
in theory. The of phase ofmargin
decrease phase
corresponding
margin corresponding to the frequency at the intersection point between inverter impedance and grid
to the frequency at the intersection point between inverter impedance and grid
impedance amplitude-frequency
amplitude-frequencycurve curveisismore
more vulnerable
vulnerable to make
to make the the system
system unstable
unstable in theory
in theory after
after theimpedance
the grid grid impedance variation.
variation. After introducing
After introducing the feedback
the feedback control strategy,
control strategy, the grid-
the grid-connected
connected voltage and current distortion rate decreases correspondingly and
voltage and current distortion rate decreases correspondingly and keeps within 2%. The waveform keeps within 2%. The
waveform is more
is more stable. stable. Corresponding
Corresponding to the aforementioned
to the aforementioned analysisanalysis
in theory,in theory, the increase
the increase of phase of
phase
marginmargin corresponding
corresponding to the frequency
to the frequency at the intersection
at the intersection point between
point between inverter inverter
impedance impedance
and grid
and grid impedance
impedance amplitude-frequency
amplitude-frequency curvevulnerable
curve is more is more vulnerable to make
to make system system stable.
stable.
u pcc
PCC Voltage ig
600
300
u pcc / V
-300
-600
0.6 0.65 0.7 0.75 0.8
PCC Current
20
ig / A
-20
0.6 0.65 0.7 0.75 0.8

Conventional Scheme t/s Improved Scheme
Original ig THD : 3.66% Improved ig THD :1.40%
Figure 21.
Figure Grid-connected terminal
21. Grid-connected terminal voltage
voltage and
and current
current waveform.
waveform.
The waveform in Figures 19–21 clearly shows that the improved impedance control strategy
effectively improves the system stability. It is effective to introduce grid-connected voltage feedback.
5. Conclusions
Energies 2018, 11, 3077 20 of 21
The waveform in Figures 19–21 clearly shows that the improved impedance control strategy
effectively improves the system stability. It is effective to introduce grid-connected voltage feedback.
5. Conclusions
The paper obtains the improved SOGI-QSG structure by analyzing and optimizing the traditional
SOGI-QSG structure against the problem that traditional PLL cannot lock phase precisely in the case
of grid fault. The optimized structure improved the filtering ability of the system to high frequency,
however, its dynamic response time delay is relatively longer than the original structure, which is not
conducive to the system rapid response. Nonetheless, the slight time delay is acceptable compared
with the filtering tracking effect of the improved structure. To alleviate the negative influence of the
grid impedance variation on the grid-connected system stability, the paper establishes the LCL-type
grid-connected inverter impedance model considering the DSOGI-PLL. Based on the impedance
analysis method, the paper introduces grid-connected voltage feedback into the current loop to solve
the low phase margin problem after analyzing the amplitude-frequency characteristics of the original
output impedance. The phase margin at the frequency of intersection is significantly increased and
the system is more stable. In the meanwhile, the simulation also illustrates the effectiveness of the
proposed strategy, which effectively improves the grid-connected voltage and current distortion
rate and enhances the system stability significantly. The paper only analyzes and discusses several
special faults of the grid, however there are many other fault phenomena in the grid that are worth
researching further.
Author Contributions: Y.J. provide the original idea. Partial theoretical analysis is implemented by Y.T. and Y.L.;
Simulation is realized by Y.J. and Y.T.; Y.J. wrote the paper; Y.L. and L.W. proofread it.
Funding: This research was funded by Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (2018QN070)
and Young Scientists Fund of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (51707067).
Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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© 2018 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access
article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution
(CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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energies

Keywords: LCL-type grid-connected inverter; DSOGI-PLL; impedance analysis; system stability

Energies 2018, 11, 3077; doi:10.3390/en11113077 www.mdpi.com/journal/energies

where E denotes identity matrix.

Figure 2. Grid-connected inverter topology structure.

 sL + r −ω ′L1   sL1 + r1 −ω ′L1   sC −ω ′C 

2.2.2. Improved Second-Order Generalized Integrator-Quadrature Signals Generator Structure

Figure 7. DSOGI-PLL structure.

" # " #" # " #" # " #" #

Figure 8. Traditional phase-locked loop based on a double second-order generalized integrator

∆θ = GPLL1 uesd + GPLL2 uesq (19)

The GPLL1 and GPLL2 in the Equation (19) can be expressed as

Figure 10. System

from the improved system small-signal model.  s + 400 

3. System Stability Analysis

3. System Stability Analysis

101 102 103 104 105

Table 1. Main circuit parameters.

Table 2. Controller parameters.

PI regulator parameters of current loop

4.1. Phase Locked Loop

Table 3. SOGI output THD under different conditions.

0.6 0.65 0.7 0.75 0.8

0.6 0.65 0.7 0.75 0.8

0.6 0.65 0.7 0.75 0.8

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