CHAPTER: 1.

INTRODUCTION

1.1 INTRODUCTION

Li-Fi (Light Fidelity) is a wireless communication which travels at great speed using
visible light, hence the name visible light communication. It is characterized as optical
wireless communication. Transmission of data takes place through LED bulbs which
is varied by its intensity. The subtle changes in its brightness brings about the
transmission of data. Light is a rich infrastructure for Li-Fi technology to use. Based
on this variation in intensity, communication occurs digitally.

Harald Hass during his speech in 2011 Ted Talk introduced the new term ‘Li-Fi’ and
how it is going to revolutionize the world. He proved his theory by practically
demonstrating by sending a video with a speed of 10Mbps. Scientists in Germany
created a wireless network capable of transferring in a speed of 800 Mbps. They used
RGB (red, green and blue) and white lights in transmitter side. Other technologies are
being compared with Light Fidelity communication to check its efficiency. To explain
it simply, light fidelity can be compared to Wi-Fi but here data is transferred through
light signals. The use of routers or modems are eliminated here as only light signals
are sent. In the transmitter side, there is an LED bulb which sends out data signals to
the receiver side. Transmission is smooth unless an object is in front of it. The reason
why an object obstructs the transmission of data is simply due to the fact that light
rays are being blocked.

Harald Hass sent a video using a LED lamp which to a solar cell with the laptop
acting as the receiver. The Wi-Fi usage around the world is 4,156,932,140 which is
54% of the world’s population. Definitely lots of these people use Wi-Fi inside their
homes and rooms. So, what if we replace it with the more efficient and cheaper Li-Fi.
It will save a lot of power around the world and work towards a greener environment.
There are still around 4.3 billion people without internet. It is also estimated that 50
billion devices will be connected by the internet by 2020. Such an extension of
internet can only work if it is neutral. This means that we must use existing
infrastructure as much as possible. This is where the LED lamp and solar cell come

1
in. The light fidelity also has its own disadvantages. For instance, if the light source is
blocked by an object, transmission is cut. If the LED lamp isn’t of higher power, the
data can be lost along the way. The data if lost along the way may also cause an error
in transmission. Sunlight is also a major factor in affecting the LED lamp. It overlaps
with the light rays transmitting to the receiver module. So, it is advised that the Li-Fi
transmission be indoors.

1.2 OVERVIEW OF LI-FI

The aim of this project is to make system for data transfer in indoor unit. For wireless
communication we use radio and microwave which is done by electromagnetic
spectrum. The radio waves are limited in range. When number of users is more RF
spectrum is over loaded due to which electromagnetic spectrum is affected. Hence
reduction occurs in efficiency of system. German physic 'Harald Hass' has defined the
data can transmit by illumination. Data can be sent by using fiber optic through an
LED light bulb with varies intensity which is faster than human eye follow. If LED
bulb is in ON state, it transmits the digital 1 and if in OFF state transmit digital 0. It
can proceed very fast as light will ON and OFF quickly. Data will be encoded in light
by varying the rate of flickering period ON and OFF of LED light. It gives different
string of 1’s and 0’s. The medium used for transmitting data is visible light spectrum
through LED. Li-Fi is very faster, secure and cheaper in cost as compared to Wi-Fi or
any other wireless transmission.

1.3 PROBLEM FORMULATION

Data can be transmitted through air and water. Lot of technologies used for this
purpose. These technologies are Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, etc. These technologies use
electromagnetic wave for data transfer. Wi-Fi technology used higher frequency and
bandwidth for under water communication. Electromagnetic wave causes high
absorption of the transmitted signals. This type of communication needs big antenna;
thus, it affects design complexity and cost. To overcome this limitation, we used Li-Fi
technology for wireless and underwater communication because light can travel easily
in water. Li-Fi technology solves the problem of radio frequency congestion. Visible
light has very large spectrum and is safe for human. Thus, it has very high data
transfer rate.

2
1.4 REASON FOR CHOOSING THIS PROJECT

We wanted to make our final year project on something that will be useful in real life.
We are all aware of the fact that the demand for data usage has increased
exponentially in the last decade, people want to be connected to the Internet all the
time, on multiple devices, update the latest happenings etc. With the advent of IoT
more devices will connect to the LTE which will result in congestion and decrease in
speed. To solve this crisis, multiple options were considered and one was to utilize the
unused visible light spectrum which gave rise to the new concept called Li-Fi. It
utilizes the visible light portion of the electromagnetic spectrum (380 nm to 780 nm).
Thus, it has 10,000 times more space available thus more available bandwidth is
present. Theoretically, it can reach the speeds up to 224 Gbps.

1.5 APPLICATIONS

1.5.1 Hospitals and healthcare

Wi-Fi cannot be used in hospitals since it causes electromagnetic interference there by
tampering the readings and the working of other medical instruments and devices.
Since Li-Fi does not cause any electromagnetic interference it can be used in hospitals
1.5.2 Smart Street Lamps
Street lamps with LED bulbs can not only be used as a source of light but also as a
hotspot. Thus, easy access to internet and internet for all that too at very fast speed
can become a reality in the near future using Li-Fi.
1.5.3 Vehicular Communication
The tail lamps, head lamps, signals, signage etc. use LED’s. This can be used by
vehicles for vehicle to vehicle communication as well as vehicle to roadside
communication, thereby helping in traffic management and road safety.
1.5.4 Aviation
Li-Fi can be used in aeroplanes to reduce its weight and cabling. Besides this Li-Fi
will also not emit electromagnetic spectrum to interfere with other devices in the
cockpit.

3
1.5.5 Underwater Communication
At the sea bed, radio frequency communication fails i.e. Wi-Fi cannot be used there.
Also, acoustic waves have very small spectrum. Thus Li-Fi can be used in underwater
communication.
1.5.6 Hazardous environment
Li-Fi can be used in hazardous environments such as mines and petrochemical plants
as an alternative to other radio frequency communication techniques that cause
electromagnetic interference.
1.5.7 Mobile connectivity
Li-Fi can be used to connect smart phones, tablets, laptops and other mobile devices
to communicate with each other for data sharing.

1.6 ADVANTAGES

A. Li-Fi solves the problem of radio frequency congestion.

B. Visible light has a very large spectrum.
C. Visible light is safe for humans,
D. Very high data rates.
E. Since light cannot penetrate walls Li-Fi is secure. It provides better security as
compared to Wi-Fi.
F. Li-Fi can be used in places where radio frequency communication fails.
G. Li-Fi has lower cost of implementation and lower cost of maintenance.
H. LED is smaller in size than the conventional antenna.

1.7 DISADVANTAGES

A. Li-Fi requires line of sight.

B. If the intensity of an external source of illumination such as sun is greater than
the intensity of the transmitting LED array then the data to be transmitted is
washed out.
C. The receiver cannot transmit back or provide feedback to the transmitter.
D. The use of very high frequencies (400-800THz) limits it to very short
distances.

4
 CHAPTER: 2. HARDWARE

2.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM

Figure 2.1.1 Block Diagram of Li-Fi based Data Transmission System

The block diagram of this Data Transfer System using Li-Fi Technology contains two
terminal PCs and transmitter and receiver end circuits both connected to suitable
power supply respectively. At transmitter side a logic level converter is connected
with IR LED and at receiver side a μC interfaced with LCD Display is there to display
the data that is being fed to receiver end circuit as input through logic level converter.

5
2.2 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Figure 2.2.2 Circuit Diagram of Li-Fi based Data Transmission System

6
2.3 COMPONENT DESCRIPTION
2.3.1 IR Sensors
An IR LED, also known as IR transmitter, is a special purpose LED that transmits
infrared rays in the range of 760 nm wavelength. Such LEDs are usually made of
gallium arsenide or aluminium gallium arsenide. They, along with IR receivers, are
commonly used as sensors.
The appearance is same as a common LED. Since the human eye cannot see the
infrared radiations, it is not possible for a person to identify whether the IR LED is
working or not, unlike a common LED. To overcome this problem, the camera on
a cell phone can be used. The camera can show us the IR rays being emanated
from the IR LED in a circuit.

Figure 2.3.1 IR LED

We are using here the infrared light as communication medium because of its low
cost and better reception in short range communication. To make the receiver
perform better it is designed to recognize the switching IR light of particular
wavelength.
The wavelength and switching frequency can be taken from the manufacturers’
data sheets. This IR sensor is connected to the output of serial port. As we know
that 8-bit data transfer from the serial port of the microcontroller. Thus, that
particular code is transmitted in the form of light infrared waves.

2.3.2 Buffer Amplifier

The output of sensor does not have the current capacity to drive the
microcontroller hence we use the buffer amplifier between sensor and micro
controller. It is a just a combination of transistor to amplify the low current weak
signal.
7
2.3.2 Capacitors
In a way, a capacitor is a little like a battery. Although they work in completely
different ways, capacitors and batteries both store electrical energy. If you have
read How Batteries Work. Capacitors are like electron storage banks. If the circuit
is running low, it will deliver electrons to you.

Figure 2.3.3 Capacitor

You know that a battery has two terminals. Inside the battery, chemical reactions
produce electrons on one terminal and absorb electrons at the other terminal. Like
a battery, a capacitor has two terminals. Inside the capacitor, the terminals connect
to two metal plates separated by a dielectric. The dielectric can be air, paper,
plastic or anything else that does not conduct electricity and keeps the plates from
touching each other.

2.3.3 Light Emitting Diode

LED falls within the family of P-N junction devices. The light emitting diode (LED)
is a diode that will give off visible light when it is energized. In any forward biased
P-N junction there is, with in the structure and primarily close to the junction, a
recombination of hole and electrons. This recombination requires that the energy
possessed by the unbound free electron be transferred to another state. The process of
giving off light by applying an electrical source is called electroluminescence.

Figure 2.3.4 LED and LED symbol

8
LED is a component used for indication. All the functions being carried out are
displayed by led. The LED is diode which glows when the current is being flown
through it in forward bias condition. The LEDs are available in the round shell and
also in the flat shells. The positive leg is longer than negative leg.

2.3.4 Transformer

Transformer is a device that transfers electrical energy from one circuit to another
through inductively coupled conductors — the transformer's coils or "windings".
Except for air-core transformers, the conductors are commonly wound around a
single iron rich core, or around separate but magnetically-coupled cores. A varying
current in the first or "primary" winding creates a varying magnetic field in the
core (or cores) of the transformer. This varying magnetic field induces a varying
electromotive force (EMF) or "voltage" in the "secondary" winding. This effect is
called mutual induction.

Figure 2.3.5 Step Down Transformer

If a load is connected to the secondary circuit, electric charge will flow in the
secondary winding of the transformer and transfer energy from the primary circuit
to the load connected in the secondary circuit.

9
2.3.5 AT89S52 Microcontroller

AT89C52 is an 8-bit microcontroller and belongs to Atmel's 8052 family.

AT89S52 has 8KB of Flash programmable and erasable read only memory
(PEROM) and 256 bytes of RAM. It can be erased and program to a maximum of
1000 times.

Figure 2.3.6 AT89S52(Microcontroller)

In 40 pin AT89S52, there are four ports designated as P1, P2, P3 and P0. All these
ports are 8-bit bi-directional ports, i.e., they can be used as both input and output
ports. Except P0 which needs external pull-ups, rest of the ports have internal
pull-ups. When 1’s are written to these port pins, they are pulled high by the
internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. These ports are also bit addressable
and so their bits can also be accessed individually. Port P0 and P2, are also used to
provide low byte and high byte addresses, respectively, when connected to an
external memory. Port 3 has multiplexed pins for special functions like serial
communication, hardware interrupts, timer inputs and read/write operation from
external memory.

AT89S52 has an inbuilt UART for serial communication. It can be programmed to

operate at different baud rates. Including two timers & hardware interrupts, it has
a total of six interrupts.

10
2.3.6 The Serial Port

In computing, a serial port is a serial communication physical interface through which

information transfers in or out one bit at a time (contrast parallel port). Throughout
most of the history of personal computers, data transfer through serial ports connected
the computer to devices such as terminals and various peripherals.

While such interfaces as Ethernet, FireWire, and USB all send data as a serial stream,
the term "serial port" usually identifies hardware more or less compliant to the RS-
232 standard, intended to interface with a modem or with a similar communication
device. Modern computers without serial ports may require serial-to-USB converters
to allow compatibility with RS 232 serial devices. Serial ports are still used in
applications such as industrial automation systems, scientific instruments, shop till
systems and some industrial and consumer products. Server computers may use a
serial port as a control console for diagnostics. Network equipment (such as routers
and switches) often use serial console for configuration. Serial ports are still used in
these areas as they are simple, cheap and their console functions are highly
standardized and widespread. A serial port requires very little supporting software
from the host system.

2.3.7 IR Receiver
In our project, we have employed photodiode as an IR receiver. A photodiode is a
type of photo detector capable of converting light into either current or voltage,
depending upon the mode of operation. The common, traditional solar cell used to
generate electric solar power is a large area photodiode.

Figure 2.3.8 IR Receiver

11
2.3.8 LCD Display

LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) screen is an electronic display module and find a
wide range of applications. A 16x2 LCD display is very basic module and is very
commonly used in various devices and circuits. These modules are preferred over
seven segments and other multi segment LEDs. The reasons being: LCDs are
economical; easily programmable; have no limitation of displaying special & even
custom characters (unlike in seven segments), animations and so on.

Figure 2.3.9 16x2 LCD

A 16x2 LCD means it can display 16 characters per line and there are 2 such lines.
In this LCD, each character is displayed in 5x7-pixel matrix. This LCD has two
registers, namely, Command and Data.

The command register stores the command instructions given to the LCD. A
command is an instruction given to LCD to do a predefined task like initializing it,
clearing its screen, setting the cursor position, controlling display etc. The data
register stores the data to be displayed on the LCD. The data is the ASCII value of
the character to be displayed on the LCD.

12
2.3.9 LM7805 (Voltage Regulator IC)

LM7805 is a voltage regulator integrated circuit. It is a member of 78xx

series of fixed linear voltage regulator ICs. The voltage source in a circuit
may have fluctuations and would not give the fixed voltage output. The
voltage regulator IC maintains the output voltage at a constant value. The xx
in 78xx indicates the fixed output voltage it is designed to provide. 7805
provides +5V regulated power supply. Capacitors of suitable values can be
connected at input and output pins depending upon the respective voltage
levels.

Figure 2.3.10 LM7805 (Voltage Regulator IC)

An easy way to remember the voltage output by a LM78XX series of voltage

regulators is the last two digits of the number. LM7805 ends with "O5"; thus,
it outputs 5 volts. The "78" part is just the convention that the chip makers
use to denote the series of regulators that output positive voltage. The other
series of regulators, the LM79XX, is the series that outputs negative voltage.

LM78XX: Voltage regulators that output positive voltage, "XX"=voltage

output.
LM79XX: Voltage regulators that output negative voltage, "XX"=voltage
output.

13
2.4 PCB LAYOUT

The circuit has been implemented on PCB. After analysing the circuit diagram, the
components are placed at their respective places and fix them by soldering on the
PCB.

After soldering the components in the board, the following circuit is obtained:

Figure 2.4 PCB Layout

14
2.5 WORKING OF PROJECT
The Li-Fi technology basically is a process of data transmission through LED id est
wireless data transfer through LED. It consists of two stages: transmitter and receiver.
2.5.1 At Transmitter:
The transmission PC accepts the data through TERMINAL – a terminal emulation
program for RS-232 and converts data into its respective ASCII form. This data is
transmitted via UART to MAX232. The output of UART provides serial data. To add
a serial port to PC, the USB to RS232 convertor - DB9, 1 - Port cable was used.
MAX232 is used to synchronize the voltage levels between TTL compatible digital
logic circuits and RS232 logic levels from PC. MAX232 sends serial data to logic
level convertor where serial data is framed and fed to VLC transmitter end circuit.
This VLC transmitter generally consists of 4 components namely, InfraRed LED
(IR333-A), LED driver circuit, PCB board, Enclosure. After getting input, transmitter
part start transmitting in the coded text in the form of LED blinking. The LED
flickers based on the message being sent. As the time delay is very negligible LED
blinks very rapidly.
2.5.2 At Receiver:
The transmitted light is made to illuminate on receiver which is PIN photodiode
PD333-3C/H0/L2. The Photo diode in the receiver circuit receives the signal
transmitted in the form of LED blinking based on the sequence of 1’s and 0’s and
output of diode sent as input to the receiving terminal (Rx) of the AT89S52
microcontroller. A 16x2 LCD is attached even in the microcontroller at the receiving
side. This LCD is used to display the recovered or decoded text. The distance through
which the blinking can be detected depends on the photo diode, the higher the quality
of photo diode the larger will be the distance through which the blinking will be
detected. The signal is then sent to receiver PC serial communication port through
MAX232 and UART. The digital wireless communication occurs in this whole
process. The data that is continuously received can be shown in receiver side pc
TERMINAL window.

Figure 2.5 Block diagram of LiFi communication system

15
 CHAPTER: 3. SOFTWARE

3.1 SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT

The main software requirements of the Li-Fi data transfer circuit is:

1) Keil μVision
2) Proteus design suite
3) Terminal

3.1.1 Keil μVision

One of the important parts in making an embedded system is loading the

software/program that we develop into the microcontroller. Usually it is called
"burning software" into the controller. Before "burning a program" into a controller,
we must do certain prerequisite operations with the program. This includes writing the
program in assembly language or C language in a text editor like notepad, compiling
the program in a compiler and finally generating the hex code from the compiled
program. Earlier people used different software/applications for all these 3 tasks.
Writing was done in a text editor like notepad/WordPad, compiling was done using a
separate software (probably a dedicated compiler for a particular controller like 8051),
converting the assembly code to hex code was done using another software etc. It
takes lot of time and work to do all these separately, especially when the task involves
lots of error debugging and reworking on the source code.

Figure 3.1.1 Screenshot of Keil

16
Keil Micro Vision is a free software which solves many of the pain points for an
embedded program developer. This software is an integrated development
environment (IDE), which integrated a text editor to write programs, a compiler and it
will convert your source code to hex files too.

Keil can be used for:

• Writing programs in C/C++ or Assembly language

• Compiling and Assembling Programs

• Debugging program

• Creating Hex and Axf file

• Testing your program without an availability of real Hardware (Simulator

Mode).

3.1.2 Proteus

Proteus is a design software developed by Labcenter Electronics for electronic circuit

simulation, schematic capture and PCB design. The Proteus product range also
includes our revolutionary VSM Technology, which allows you to simulate
microcontroller-based design, complete with all the surrounding electronic.

Features of Proteus:

• Produces publication quality schematic

• Style templates allow customization of supplied library

• Mouse driven context sensitive user interface

• Automatic wire routing and junction dot placement

• Full support for buses including sub-circuit ports and bus pins

• Large and growing component library of over 8000 parts

17
 Figure 3.1.2 Window of Proteus

Intelligent Schematic Input System (ISIS)

ISIS lies right at the heart of the PROTEUS system and is far more than just another
schematic package. It has powerful environment to control most aspects of the
drawing appearance, whether your requirement is the rapid entry of complex design
for simulation & PCB layout or the creation of attractive Schematic for publication,
ISIS is the right tool for the job.

3.1.3 TERMINAL

In figure, we have seen that there’s a virtual terminal which displays the input being
fed into the transmitter circuit. By using serial communication, we can show the same
output received from the receiver end circuit in a PC using the Terminal. It connects
PC using TCP/IP connections. We use the Terminal v1.9b for our PC. Terminal is a
simple serial port (COM) terminal emulation program. It can be used for
communication with different devices such as modems, routers, embedded μC
systems, GSM phones, ... It is very useful debugging tool for serial communication
applications.

18
Figure 3.1.3 Screenshot of the transmitted data

Figure 3.1.4 Received data

19
3.2 FLOWCHART

The flowchart of the algorithm is shown in Figure 3.2 The sequential steps in the
algorithm for the design are as follows.

1. Start.

2. Initialize the I/O and serial port.

3. Check for serial receiver.

a) if valid go to step 4.

b) if not valid then go to step 3.

4. Display on LCD.

5. Send it.

6. End.

Figure 3.2 Flow chart

20
3.3 PROGRAMMING OF MICROCONTROLLER
#include<REGX51.H>

sbit rs=P3^5; // register select

sbit rw=P3^6; // read write

sbit en=P3^7; // enable

code unsigned char line1[16] = " 2EC801/Project ";

code unsigned char line2[16] = "B.Tech Sem8UVPCE";

code unsigned char line3[16] = "DataTransfrUsing";

code unsigned char line4[16] = "Lifi Technology ";

code unsigned char line5[16] = " By Kartikaya ";

code unsigned char line6[16] = "Suraj & Durgesh ";

code unsigned char line7[16] = "---Guided By--- ";

code unsigned char line8[16] = "Prof. R.B. Patel";

void lcdcmd(unsigned char x);

void lcddata(unsigned char y);

void msdelay(unsigned int k);

unsigned char temp,count,i;

void main()

P3=0xFF;

P0=0xFF;

21
TMOD=0x20;

TH1=-3;

SCON=0x50;

lcdcmd(0x38); // 16X2

msdelay(5);

lcdcmd(0x01); // clrscr

msdelay(5);

lcdcmd(0x0C); // cursor off display on

msdelay(5);

lcdcmd(0x80); // line1 pos1

msdelay(5);

for(i=0;i<16;i++)

lcddata(line1[i]);

msdelay(5);

lcdcmd(0xC0); // line2 pos1

for(i=0;i<16;i++)

lcddata(line2[i]);

msdelay(5);

22
}

msdelay(5000);

lcdcmd(0x01); // clrscr

msdelay(5);

lcdcmd(0x80);

msdelay(5);

for(i=0;i<16;i++)

lcddata(line3[i]);

msdelay(5);

lcdcmd(0xC0);

for(i=0;i<16;i++)

lcddata(line4[i]);

msdelay(5);

msdelay(5000);

lcdcmd(0x01); // clrscr

msdelay(5);

23
lcdcmd(0x80);

msdelay(5);

for(i=0;i<16;i++)

lcddata(line5[i]);

msdelay(5);

lcdcmd(0xC0);

for(i=0;i<16;i++)

{
lcddata(line6[i]);
msdelay(5);
}

msdelay(5000);

lcdcmd(0x01); // clrscr

msdelay(5)

lcdcmd(0x80);

msdelay(5);

for(i=0;i<16;i++)

lcddata(line7[i]);

msdelay(5);

24
}

lcdcmd(0xC0);

for(i=0;i<16;i++)

lcddata(line8[i]);

msdelay(5);

msdelay(5000);

lcdcmd(0x01); // clrscr

msdelay(5);

lcdcmd(0x80);

msdelay(5);

count=0;

while(1)

RI=0;

while(RI==0);

temp=SBUF;

if(temp==0x0D) // LF

count++;

25
 if(count%2==0)

lcdcmd(0x80); // line0,2,4,

else

lcdcmd(0xC0); // line1,3,5

msdelay(5);

else if(temp==0x0A) // CR

{;}

else

lcddata(temp);

msdelay(5);

RI=0;

void lcdcmd(unsigned char x)

P1=x;

rs=0;

rw=0;

en=1;

msdelay(1);

26
 en=0;

return;

void lcddata(unsigned char y)

P1=y;

rs=1;

rw=0;

en=1;

msdelay(1);

en=0;

return;

void msdelay(unsigned int k)

unsigned int a,j;

for(a=0;a<k;a++)

for(j=0;j<100;j++)

{;}

}}

27
 CHAPTER: 4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The Data Transfer Using Li-Fi Technology between two PC’s at the at a baud rate of
9600 bits per second was successfully achieved. The main requirement is line of sight
between the sender and the receiver and hence it can be used to transmit data within a
room. In this way the data in the form of text sent by one laptop is transferred to other
laptop using wireless communication technique which is Li-Fi and the text is
displayed additionally on LCD display. This speed is sufficient for us to visibly read
what was being sent. Let us discuss the comparison between Li-Fi and Wi-Fi based on
the following parameters:

Feature LiFi WiFi

Operation Using LED lights Radio Waves
Speed About 1 Gbps WLAN is about 150Gbps
Frequency 10-thousand-time 2.4 GHz, 4.9GHz and
frequency spectrum 5GHz
Data Density In high dense of In low dense due to radio
environment frequency
Cost Low Medium
Working Binary data Topologies
Security Light blocked by walls RF signals are transparent
Table 4. Comparison between Li-Fi and Wi-Fi

The experiment was tested successfully and data was sent from one pc to another pc
using VLC, and the observations are discussed below,

1. The maximum distance between transmitter and receiver is 10 cms to achieve

successful transmission.

2. Transmission distance can be increased by using high capacity better grade LED’s
and Photodiodes.

3. Always line of sight must be present between transmitter and receiver.

4. Baud rate can be manually varied inside software code and Terminal software.
Here, we achieved a baud rate of 9600 bps.
28
 CHAPTER: 5. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE

The project was successfully completed with an application model of Li-Fi

Technology to transmit the data from one PC to other PC, according to the initial
goal. Based on the experiment it can be concluded that the data rate and the distance
were the main concern and problem, which was approximately over came by varying
the baud rates and reducing the delay in the programs. To transfer the data from one
PC to other reliably and efficiently LED’s were used as the light source. Thus, it
transmits the data with 9600 baud rates over the distance upto 10 cms successfully
without any errors. It is a demonstration model but it can be implemented in field of
transmission. It can be modified by adding some advanced circuitry.

Li-Fi is an emerging technology and it has vast potential to look for numerous
possibilities to explore. This project gives a new dimension to the very popular LED’s
as speed data transmitters. Through LED the data can be transmitted and using the
photodiode it can be received. It can be viewed as a bigger replacement to a RF
communication over shorter ranges. This technology will become one of the major
technologies in the near future. It will be cleaner and greener and the future of
mankind will be safe. As the amount of available bandwidth is limited, the airwaves
are becoming increasingly clogged, making it more and more difficult to get a
reliable, high-speed signal. It has great potential in the field of wireless data
transmission and also a promising replacement to conventional methods of wireless
communications. It can be used for the high-speed data transmission from one place
to other, which has no radio interference. This technology can solve issues such as the
shortage of radio-frequency bandwidth and also allow internet where traditional radio-
based wireless isn’t allowed such as aircraft or hospitals. It is one of the upcoming
technologies, however is that it only works in direct line of sight. Thus, the increasing
research in this technology will provide a promising and best communication
technology for future. If this technology can be put in practical, every LED bulb can
be used as like Wi-Fi hotspot to transmit data more secure and safe.

29
 APPENDIX: A. REFERENCES

[1] N.S.Jaiswal and P.S. Chopde, “Review of Li-Fi Technology: New Future
Technology-Light Bulb to Access the Internet!”, International Journal of Scientific &
Engineering Research, Volume 4, Issue 12,December-2013

[2] M. Mutthamma, “A survey on Transmission of data through illumination-Li-Fi”,

International Journal of Research in Computer and Communication Technology, Vol
2, Issue 12, December-2013

[3] S.K. Binu Siva Singh, S. Vignesh, M. Athiban MahaMathi,” A survey on

methodologies for LI-FI (Light Fidelity) technology”, Journal of Chemical and
Pharmaceutical Sciences, ISSN:0974-2115

[4] Gaurav Singh, Santoshkumar Yadav, Essakkimuthu Nadar, Kumari Gowda

Archana Nanade, “Transmission of Data Using Li-Fi Technology”, International
Journal of Computer Science Trends and Technology (I JCS T), vol. 4 Issue 2, ISSN
2347 – 8578, 2016

[5] Salayma Khan, Harshit Vishnoi, Vinay Prakash, “Li-Fi Technology Transmission
of Data through Light”, International Conference on Advanced Computing (ICAC-
2016), pp. 58-63, 2016.

[6] M. A. Mazidi, J. C. Mazidi, R. McKinlay, “The 8051 Microcontroller and

Embedded Systems using Assembly and C”, Third Edition, Pearson, pp. 153-178,
2008

[7] Nirmal Saini, Priyanka Bhowar, Shridhar Sahu, Satish Yadav, Dr. Mahavir
Devmane, “Data Transfer using LI-FI Technology”, International Journal of Scientific
Research in Computer Science, Engineering and Information Technology, vol. 2 Issue
2, ISSN 2456-3307, 2017

[8] Jay H. Bhut, Dharmrajsinh N. Parmar, Khushbu V. Mehta “LI-FI Technology – A

Visible Light Communication”, International Journal Of Engineering Development
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30
 APPENDIX: B. DATASHEETS

B.1 AT89S52 8-bit Microcontroller with 8KB In-System Programmable Flash

B.1.1 Features

• Compatible with MCS-51® Products

• 8K Bytes of In-System Programmable (ISP) Flash Memory
– Endurance: 1000 Write/Erase Cycles
• 4.0V to 5.5V Operating Range
• Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 33 MHz
• Three-level Program Memory Lock
• 256 x 8-bit Internal RAM
• 32 Programmable I/O Lines
• Three 16-bit Timer/Counters
• Eight Interrupt Sources
• Full Duplex UART Serial Channel
• Low-power Idle and Power-down Modes
• Interrupt Recovery from Power-down Mode
• Watchdog Timer
• Dual Data Pointer
• Power-off Flag

B.1.2 Description
The AT89S52 is a low-power, high performance CMOS 8-bit microcontroller with
8K bytes of in-system programmable Flash memory. The device is manufactured
using Atmel’s high-density non-volatile memory technology and is compatible with
the industry-standard 80C51 instruction set and pinout. The on-chip Flash allows the
program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional non-volatile
memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with in-system
programmable Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89S52 is a powerful
microcontroller which provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many
embedded control applications. The AT89S52 provides the following standard
features: 8K bytes of Flash, 256 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, Watchdog timer, two
data pointers, three 16-bit timer/counters, a six-vector two-level interrupt architecture,
31
a full duplex serial port, on-chip oscillator, and clock circuitry. In addition, the
AT89S52 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero frequency and
supports two software selectable power saving modes. The Idle Mode stops the CPU
while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port, and interrupt system to continue
functioning. The Power-down mode saves the RAM con- tents but freezes the
oscillator, disabling all other chip functions until the next interrupt or hardware reset.

B.1.3 Pin Configurations

Figure B.1.3 AT89S52 8-bit Microcontroller Pin Configuration

32
B.1.4 Block Diagram

Figure B.1.4 AT89S52 8-bit Microcontroller Block Diagram

33
B.1.5 Pin Description

VCC

Supply voltage.

GND

Ground.

Port 0

Port 0 is an 8-bit open drain bidirectional I/O port. As an output port, each pin can
sink eight TTL inputs. When 1s are written to port 0 pins, the pins can be used as
high- impedance inputs.

Port 0 can also be configured to be the multiplexed low- order address/data bus during
accesses to external program and data memory. In this mode, P0 has internal pullups.

Port 0 also receives the code bytes during Flash programming and outputs the code
bytes during program verification. External pullups are required during program
verification.

Port 1

Port 1 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pullups. The Port 1 output buffers
can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 1 pins, they are pulled
high by the internal pullups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 1 pins that are
externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pullups.

In addition, P1.0 and P1.1 can be configured to be the timer/counter 2 external count
input (P1.0/T2) and the timer/counter 2 trigger input (P1.1/T2EX), respectively, as
shown in the following table.

Port 1 also receives the low-order address bytes during Flash programming and
verification.

Port Pin Alternate Functions

P1.0 T2 (external count input to Timer/Counter 2),
clock-out
P1.1 T2EX (Timer/Counter 2 capture/reload trigger
and direction control)
P1.5 MOSI (used for In-System Programming)
P1.6 MISO (used for In-System Programming)
P1.7 SCK (used for In-System Programming)

Table B.1.4.1 Port 1 pin alternate functions

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Port 2

Port 2 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pullups. The Port 2 output buffers
can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 2 pins, they are pulled
high by the internal pullups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 2 pins that are
externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pullups.

Port 2 emits the high-order address byte during fetches from external program
memory and during accesses to external data memory that use 16-bit addresses
(MOVX @ DPTR). In this application, Port 2 uses strong internal pullups when
emitting 1s. During accesses to external data memory that use 8-bit addresses
(MOVX @ RI), Port 2 emits the contents of the P2 Special Function Register.

Port 2 also receives the high-order address bits and some control signals during Flash
programming and verification.

Port 3
Port 3 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pullups. The Port 3 output buffers
can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 3 pins, they are pulled
high by the internal pullups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 3 pins that are
externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the pullups.
Port 3 also serves the functions of various special features of the AT89S52, as shown
in the following table.
Port 3 also receives some control signals for Flash programming and verification.
Port Pin Alternate Functions

P3.0 RXD (serial input port)

P3.1 TXD (serial output port)

P3.2 INT0 (external interrupt 0)

P3.3 INT1 (external interrupt 1)

P3.4 T0 (timer 0 external input)

P3.5 T1 (timer 1 external input)

P3.6 WR (external data memory write strobe)

P3.7 RD (external data memory read strobe)

Table B.1.4.2 Port 3 pin alternate functions

35
RST

Reset input. A high on this pin for two machine cycles while the oscillator is running
resets the device. This pin drives High for 96 oscillator periods after the Watchdog
times out. The DISRTO bit in SFR AUXR (address 8EH) can be used to disable this
feature. In the default state of bit DISRTO, the RESET HIGH out feature is enabled.

ALE/PROG

Address Latch Enable (ALE) is an output pulse for latching the low byte of the
address during accesses to external memory. This pin is also the program pulse input
(PROG) during Flash programming.

In normal operation, ALE is emitted at a constant rate of 1/6 the oscillator frequency
and may be used for external timing or clocking purposes. Note, however, that one
ALE pulse is skipped during each access to external data memory.

If desired, ALE operation can be disabled by setting bit 0 of SFR location 8EH. With
the bit set, ALE is active only during a MOVX or MOVC instruction. Otherwise, the
pin is weakly pulled high. Setting the ALE-disable bit has no effect if the
microcontroller is in external execution mode.

PSEN

Program Store Enable (PSEN) is the read strobe to external program memory. When
the AT89S52 is executing code from external pro- gram memory, PSEN is activated
twice each machine cycle, except that two PSEN activations are skipped during each
access to external data memory.

EA/VPP

External Access Enable. EA must be strapped to GND in order to enable the device to
fetch code from external pro- gram memory locations starting at 0000H up to FFFFH.
Note, however, that if lock bit 1 is programmed, EA will be internally latched on
reset. EA should be strapped to VCC for internal program executions. This pin also
receives the 12-volt programming enable volt- age (VPP) during Flash programming.

36
 XTAL1

Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating
circuit.

XTAL2

Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier.

B.2 LM7805 (Voltage Regulator IC)

B.2.1 Description
Voltage regulators are very common in electronic circuits. They provide a constant
output voltage for a varied input voltage. In our case the 7805 IC is an iconic
regulator IC that finds its application in most of the projects. The name 7805 signifies
two meaning, “78” means that it is a positive voltage regulator and “05” means that it
provides 5V as output. So, our 7805 will provide a +5V output voltage.

The output current of this IC can go up to 1.5A. But the IC suffers from heavy heat
loss hence a Heat sink is recommended for projects that consume more current. For
example, if the input voltage is 12V and you are consuming 1A, then (12-5) * 1 =
7W. This 7 Watts will be dissipated as heat.

B.2.2 Features
 5V Positive Voltage Regulator
 Minimum Input Voltage is 7V
 Maximum Input Voltage is 25V
 Operating current (IQ) is 5mA
 Internal Thermal Overload and Short circuit current limiting protection is available.
 Junction Temperature maximum 125 degree Celsius
 Available in TO-220 and KTE package

37
B.2.3 Block Diagram

Figure B.2.3 LM7805 (Voltage Regulator IC) Block Diagram

B.2.4 Pin Diagram

Figure B.2.4 LM7805 (Voltage Regulator IC) Pin Diagram

B.2.5 Pin Description

Pin Number Pin Name Description

1 Input (V+) Unregulated Input Voltage

2 Ground (GND) Connected to Ground

3 Output (Vo) Outputs Regulated +5V

Table B.2.5 LM7805 (Voltage Regulator IC) Pin Description

38
PIN1-Input
The function of this pin is to give the input voltage. It should be in the range of 7V to
35V. We apply an unregulated voltage to this pin for regulation. For 7.2V input, the
PIN achieves its maximum efficiency.

PIN2-Ground
We connect the ground to this pin. For output and input, this pin is equally neutral
(0V).

PIN3-Output
This pin is used to take the regulated output. It will be 5V (4.8V – 5.2V)

B.3 Liquid Crystal Display (16x2 LCD)

B.3.1 Description

LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) screen is an electronic display module and find a wide
range of applications. A 16x2 LCD display is very basic module and is very
commonly used in various devices and circuits. These modules are preferred
over seven segments and other multi segment LEDs. The reasons being: LCDs are
economical; easily programmable; have no limitation of displaying special &
even custom characters (unlike in seven segments), animations and so on.

A 16x2 LCD means it can display 16 characters per line and there are 2 such lines. In
this LCD each character is displayed in 5x7 pixel matrix. This LCD has two registers,
namely, Command and Data.

The command register stores the command instructions given to the LCD. A
command is an instruction given to LCD to do a predefined task like initializing it,
clearing its screen, setting the cursor position, controlling display etc. The data
register stores the data to be displayed on the LCD. The data is the ASCII value of the
character to be displayed on the LCD. Click to learn more about internal structure of
a LCD.

39
 B.3.2 Features
 Operating Voltage is 4.7V to 5.3V
 Current consumption is 1mA without backlight
 Alphanumeric LCD display module, meaning can display alphabets and numbers
 Consists of two rows and each row can print 16 characters.
 Each character is build by a 5×8 pixel box
 Can work on both 8-bit and 4-bit mode
 It can also display any custom generated characters
 Available in Green and Blue Backlight
B.3.3 Pin Diagram

Figure B.3.3 Liquid Crystal Display (16x2 LCD) Pin Diagram

B.3.4 Pin Description

Table B.3.4 Liquid Crystal Display (16x2 LCD) Pin Description

40
B.3.5 LCD Commands

There are some pre-set commands instructions in LCD, which we need to send to
LCD through some microcontroller. Some important command instructions are given
below:

Hex Code Command to LCD Instruction Register

0F LCD ON, cursor ON

01 Clear display screen

02 Return home

04 Decrement cursor (shift cursor to left)

06 Increment cursor (shift cursor to right)

05 Shift display right

07 Shift display left

0E Display ON, cursor blinking

80 Force cursor to beginning of first line

C0 Force cursor to beginning of second line

38 2 lines and 5×7 matrix

83 Cursor line 1 position 3

3C Activate second line

08 Display OFF, cursor OFF

C1 Jump to second line, position 1

OC Display ON, cursor OFF

C1 Jump to second line, position 1

C2 Jump to second line, position 2

Table B.3.5 Liquid Crystal Display (16x2 LCD) LCD Commands

41
B.4 IR333-A (IR Transmitter LED)
B.4.1 Description
An IR LED is a specially designed LED which transmits infrared rays. These rays are
not able to be seen by the human eyes as it’s not in the range of human visible
electromagnetic radiation spectrum. We can only see light rays from violet to red
whose wavelength travels from 380 (violet light) to 750nm (red light).

The IR LED is same aspect as the normal LED. IR LED stands for “Infrared Light
Emitting Diode”, they allow to emit light with the wavelength of up to 940nm, which
is the infrared range of electromagnetic radiation spectrum. The wavelength range
varies from 760nm to 1mm. These are mostly use in the remote control of TV’s,
cameras and different types of electronic instruments. The semiconductor material
used to make these LEDs are gallium arsenide or aluminium arsenide. Mostly used in
IR sensor as it is the combination of IR receiver and IR transmitter (IR LED).

B.4.2 Features
 High reliability
 High radiant intensity
 Peak wavelength λp=940nm
 2.54mm Lead spacing
 Low forward voltage
 Pb free
 The product itself will remain within RoHS compliant version.
B.4.3 Applications
 Infrared applied systems
 Transmission system
 Optoelectronic switch
 Infrared remote-control equipment’s
 Smoke detector
 IOT (internet of things) application
 Industrial equipments

42
B.4.4 Pin Diagram

Figure B.4.4 IR333-A (IR Transmitter LED) Pin Diagram

B.4.5 Device Selection Guide

LED Part No. Chip Lens Color

Material
IR GaAlAs Blue

Table B.4.5 IR333-A (IR Transmitter LED) Device Selection Guide

43
B.5 MAX232N
B.5.1 Description
The MAX232 device is a dual driver/receiver that includes a capacitive voltage
generator using four capacitors to supply TIA/EIA-232-F voltage levels from a single
5-V supply. Each receiver converts TIA/EIA-232-F inputs to 5- V TTL/CMOS levels.
These receivers have a typical threshold of 1.3 V, a typical hysteresis of 0.5 V, and
can accept ±30-V inputs. Each driver converts TTL/CMOS input levels into TIA/EIA-
232-F levels. The driver, receiver, and voltage-generator functions are available as
cells in the Texas Instruments LinASIC™ library.
B.5.2 Features
 Meets or Exceeds TIA/EIA-232-F and ITU Recommendation V.28
 Operates from a Single 5-V Power Supply With 1.0-µF Charge-Pump
Capacitors
 Operates up to 120 kbit/s
 Two Drivers and Two Receivers
 ±30-V Input Levels
 Low Supply Current: 8 mA Typical
 ESD Protection Exceeds JESD 22 – 2000-V Human-Body Model (A114-A)
 Upgrade with Improved ESD (15-kV HBM) and 0.1-µF Charge-Pump
Capacitors is Available with the MAX202 Device

B.5.3 Functional Block Diagram

Figure B.5.3 MAX232N Functional Block Diagram

44
B.5.4 Pin Configuration

Figure B.5.4 MAX232N Pin Configuration

B.5.5 Pin Description
5.5.1 Power
The power block increases and inverts the 5V supply for the RS232 driver using a
charge pump that requires
four 1-µF external capacitors.
5.5.2 RS232 Driver
Two drivers interface standard logic level to RS232 levels. Internal pull up resistors
on TIN inputs ensures a high
input when the line is high impedance.
5.5.3 RS232 Receiver
Two receivers interface RS232 levels to standard logic levels. An open input will
result in a high output on ROUT.

Table B.5.5 MAX232N Pin Description

45
B.6 PhotoDiode333-3C-H0-L2
B.6.1 Description
PD333-3C/H0/L2 is a high speed and highly sensitive PIN photodiode
in a standard 5Φ plastic package. Due to its water clear epoxy
the device is sensitive to infrared radiation
B.6.2 Features
 Fast response time
 High photo sensitivity
 Small junction capacitance
 Pb free
 The product itself will remain within RoHS compliant version
 Compliance with EU REACH

B.6.3 Device Selection Guide

Chip Materials Lens Color
Silicon Water clear

Table B.6.3 PhotoDiode333-3C-H0-L2 Device Selection Guide

B.6.4 Pin Diagram

Figure B.6.4 PhotoDiode333-3C-H0-L2 Pin Diagram

46
B.6.5 Applications
 High speed photo detector
 Security system
 Camera

B.7 Transistor_D100NPN_C100PNP

B.7.1 Description

These are complementary transistors for medium power voltage and current amplifier
applications.

B.7.2 Characteristics

Table B.7.2 Transistor_D100NPN_C100PNP Characteristics

47
B.7.3 Block Diagram

Figure B.7.3 Transistor_D100NPN_C100PNP Block Diagram

B.7.4 Pin Configuration

Figure B.7.4 Transistor_D100NPN_C100PNP Pin Configuration

48