MARGARET NEWMAN APPLICATION

Health as expanding consciousness  The nurse help patients understands how to use the
power they have within in order to develop a higher level
 Theories inspired by Martha Rogers of consciousness
 Born October 10, 1933  Therefore, it helps to realize the process of disease, its
 Bachelor’s Degree: University of Tennessee in 1962 recovery, and its preventions
 Master’s Degree: University of California in 1964  Nursing is seen as a partnership between the nurse and
 Doctorate Degree: New York University in 1971 patient, and both grow in the sense of higher level of
 Worked in: University of Tennessee consciousness.
New York University
University of Minnesota
CLARITY
ASSUMPTIONS
 Sematic clarity is evident in the definitions, descriptions
 Health encompasses condition heretofore described as
illness or in medical terms, pathology and dimensions of the concept of the theory.
 Pathological conditions can be considered a manifestation
at the total patter of the individual SIMPLICITY
 The pattern of the individual that eventually manifest  The deeper meaning of the theory of health as expanding
itself as pathology is primary and exist prior to structural consciousness is complex
or functional changer.  The theory as a whole must be understood, not just the
 Removal of the pathology in itself will not change the isolated concepts
pattern of the individual
 If becoming ill is the only way an individual; pattern can GENERALITY
manifest itself, then that is health for that person  The theory has been applied to several different cultures.
 Health is an expansion of consciousness
 It is applicable across the spectrum of nursing care
situations
Nursing Paradigms
 Health and illness are synthesized as health the fusion on
DERIVABLE CONSEQUENCES
one state of being (disease) with its opposite (non-
 Newman; theory provides an evolving guide for all
disease) results in what can be rewarded as health
health-related disciplines
 Nursing is caring in the Human health experience
 Nursing is seen as a partnership between the nurse and
EMPIRICAL PRECISIONS
client, with both nurse and client, with both grow in the
“sense of higher levels of consciousness”  Quantitative methods are inadequate in capturing the
 The human is unitary, that is cannot be divided into dynamic, changing nature of the theory.
parts, and is inseparable from the larger unitary field.
 Person as individuals, and human beings as a species are
identified by their patter of consciousness
 Environment is described as a universe of open systems
 According to Newman, “The theory of health as
expanding consciousness (HEC) was stimulated by
concern for those for whom health as the absence of
disease or disability is not possible
 Nurses often relate to some people: people facing the
uncertainty , debilitation, loss and eventual death
associated with chronic illness
 How a disease manifest in an individual patient depends
on the pattern of that patient, so the pathology of the
disease exist before the symptoms appear
 By this logic, the removal of the symptoms of the disease
will not change the patient’s individual structure or
pattern.
 The model also addresses the interrelatedness of time,
space and movement
 Time and space are the temporal pattern of the patient,
and have a complementary relationship.
 People are constantly changing through time and space,
which is movement, which shows a unique pattern of
reality