2 Anthropometric Data: Adult

INTRODUCTION TO rate, differences are small when compared with size Disabilities are to be reckoned as follows: 3.5% of men
ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA variations. and 0.2% of women are color blind; 4.5% of adults are
hard of hearing; over 30% wear glasses; 15 to 20% are
The following anthropometric drawings show three Pivot point and link systems make it easy to construct handicapped, and 1% are illiterate. Left-handed people
values for each measurement: the top figure is for the articulating templates and manikins. Links are sirnpli- have increased in number to more than 10%.
large person or 97.5 percentile; the middle figure. the fied bones. The spine is shown as a single link; since it
average person or 50 percentile; and the lower figure, can flex, pivot points mav be added. All human joints
the small person or 2.5 percentile. The chosen extreme are not simple pivots. though it is convenient to assume
percentiles thus include 95%. The remaining 5% in- so. Some move in complicated patterns like the roving SAFETY INFORMATION
elude some who learn to adapt and others. not ade- shoulder. Reaches shown are easv and comfortable;
quatelv represented. who are excluded to keep designs additional reach is possible bV bending and rotating the Maximum safe temperature of metal handles is 50°C
for the rnaloritv from becoming too complex and ex- trunk and bv extending the shoulder. Stooping to (122°F) and of nonmetallic handles, 62°C (144°F);
pensive. Space and access charts are designed to accept reach low is better than stretching to reach high. The maximum air temperature for warm air hand dryers
the 97.5 percentile large man and will cover all adults dynamic bodv mav need 10% more space than the is 60°C (l40°F); water temperatures over 46.1·C
except a few giants. Therefore, use the 97.5 percentile static posture allows. Shoes have been included in all (115° F) are destructive to human tissue. Environrnen-
to determine space envelopes, the 2.5 percentile to measurements; allowance may need to be made for tal temperature range is 17.2 to 23.9°C (63 to 75° F).
determine the maximum "kinetospheres" or reach heavV clothing. Sight lines and angles of vision givtn ill Weights lifted without discomfort or excessive strain
areas bv hand or foot. and the 50 percentile to estab- one place or another applv to all persons. are 22.7 kg (50 Ib) for 90% of men and 15.9 kg (35 lb}
lish control and displav heights. To accommodate for women; limit weight to 9.07 kg (20 Ib) if carried
both men and women, it is useful at times to add a The metric system of measurement has been included, bv one hand for long distances. Push and pull forces,
dimension of the large man to the corresponding since it is used in scientific work everywhere and is the like moving carts. are 258 N (58 lbf] and 236 N (53
dimension of the small woman and divide bV 2 to ob- most practical system of measurement ever devised. Ibf) initiallv, but 129 N (29.1 Ibf) and 142 N (32Ibf)
tain data for the average adult. This is the wav height Millimeters have been chosen to avoid use of decimals. if sustained. Noise above the following values can cause
standards evolve. Youth data are for combined sex. Rounding to 5 mm aids mental retention while being permanent deafness: 90 dB for 8 hr. 95 dB for 4 hr.
Although girls and bovs do not grow at the same within the tolerance of most human measurements. 100 dB for 2 hr. 105 dB for 1 hr. and 110dB for 0.5 hr.

n4~ m
Weight Kg & lb (Includes Avg. Clothes). Data Are For load ComPUtations, Not Health Purposes.
Standing Slump Can Be 0,.2 For Men Or Women. C.G. Is Within Pelvic link.

m
92.0 203 19.4 1illl21O 8.7
BO.5 178 I :~ I ~~:~ ~~ ~. ~ ~:~ ~:; 3.5
70.5 155 60 24 85
80
3.3
3.1 Weiftlt Kg & Lb
n!fl SO 17.7

m
~
Standin9 H ei!tl t
405 16.0
--;-- [165 65 - o 2.7
1.+ 75.5 166 365 14.4
65 2.5

r!l
95 7.7

--
1905 75.0 155 6.1 69.0 152 2.2 185 7.3

nrl
1770 69.8 55 s 3.3
61.5 135 185 7.2
1640' 64.6 I..... 145 5.7 ~~ Eye level 80 3.1

Jr;H:'~' 0[' ~----\ ~~~.~

Standing Height 75 3.0

~
790 6.2

liJ
55

~ -I' . . .
1 ~ I ~~~ !60.6
70.4 145 57
"- 235 9.3 1665
1540
65.5
60.6
135 5.3

m ~70-90"_~J--~~ r\
ti .j,80-,20
220 8.7 •
90 153 215 8.5 4 0

365
345
:;:
\ ~It---.>
L.
1
ce:;~ ~~~::~~:~
~ ~
Shoulder Height
. [J[
~~~ ~:~
175 6.8
70 14.5
350 13.7
[ 325
] [ 12.8
(
I ~ CI.. ~ul., l]ill575 62.4 Ir('
1 r--jj-
\ l.
J~~::::;;:j~~=~ 1460 57.6
1345 52.9
.----tl----;- Shoulder Height )

,- Ul3~ ~~'.~
T:;;
315 12.4
ljJ70 10.7
230 9.0
' ..
1--0[00
280
11.9
11.1 liJ 475
1365
1260
58.0 {
53.7
49.6

& ,"'-J
3~ g:~
Thoracic 195 7.7

i 265 10.4
tr~b~ Link Elbow Hei!tlt ..

[I
285 11.2
455
425
192
18.0
16.7
:z: -
Q 90 7.4
L 6.9
175 r1ml175 46.3
1090 43.0 ('
T' Un , 0[ 85
265
250
11.2
10.5
9.9

[I455 18.0 Elbow Height

160 6.3 1005 39.6

~
'-----'-'-'----H",c-t-'.,... I 425
400
16.8
15.7
'195
180
7.7
7.1
105 40.3
1025
:43.5
180_380
~ 935 36.9

[1[70 10.6 6.4

228-82" 255 10.0
Crotch Height 1_r:: HiP) 235 9.7 CG

~ ) 0[
-~

~
20 36.3
PIV 55
235
10.1
9.3
Pivot 850 33.5 \-- 207135" Crotch Hei!tlt 220 8.7

~
Points 775 30.6
Pelvic 5 3: 4.0
790 31.2
Link

[]I
Finger Height
0[2190
..10 8.3
7.5
730 28.7

'
0 18.1
425
390
16.7
15.3 . UI
I

11n35
680
620
28.9
26.8
24.5
175 6.9

0[ 25 16
. .7
Finger Height
~27.1 [I 90
175
160
7.5
6.9
6.3

Wldth~
J 390
355 15.4
140 \
I ~gJ~~:~
I-
OJITrHIP
380 14.9
lHI:3502: ·J I-- '65 2.6 -I
335 13.1 .7 I ~g ~:~
,
295

Hip W. Sitting
11.7

l 290
Hip W. Silting
16
13.8
11.5
t"\ ~~ ~:j
r~ 39--
Lli-
I ~ ~:g
2.9

[iJ355
315
00 15.8
13.9
12.4
Ol{]
SO 17.7
370 14.6
-i .JL i~ ~5.8
-I
17.7
16.2
14.8
links

[]I 10
380
16.2
14.9
310 12.3

J
J
V lILI'[l;~
§j3.5
Shoe Widlh

_ m 20
105
95
4.B
4.2
3.7

I~~ I~ ~
345 13.6
Shoe Length 2 3'-

nID
75 10.9
260 10.2 75 30
240 9.4 ,I-

lC
A\---'I:l:'-
r.-- ----'-;.~t
290
265
11.4
10.5
265
245
10.4
9.7 I -/ IJ 1 401 1 5
~ 9.7 225 8.9 I

Male and female S1anding heights (including shoes) Dimensional notation svstern:

~
1905 75.0 1790 70.4 large ~ 97.5 percen.tile } includes ooo 39.3} Numb~~ appearin. g in bOo xes ~re measurements
1775 69.8 1665 65.5 average = 50 I"'erce-ntlle 95% U.S. 100 3.9 in milfimeters , Numbe~ outSIde boxes are
1640 64.6 1540 60.6 small = 2,5 oercentue adults. 25.4 1.0 measurements in Inches

Niels Diffrient, Alvin A. Tilley; Henry Dreyfuss Associates; New York. New York

HUMAN DIMENSIONS
 Anthropometric Data: Children 3

Combined Ages Standmq Shoulder Head Head H,.., Shoulder Crotch Arm Foot Eye Weight
Sex Data Years Height A Width B Width C Length 0 Height E Height F Height G Length H Length J Level K Kg Lb
Large 1BOO 70.8 465 18.2 155 6.2 200 7.9 225 BB 1460 57.5 860 33.9 790 31.1 270 10.6 1685 66.4 76.5 169
Avg-- 15 1675 659 420 16,5 145 5B 190 74 220 B6 1370 54.0 790 31.1 735 28.9 250 9.9 1565 61.7 69.0 152
Small --- 1545 60.8 375 J48 140 5.5 lB5 72 215 BA 1260 49.6 730 2B.7 6B5 26.9 230 91 1445 56.8 62.0 137
1625 63,9 395 156 155 61 200 79 215 B.5 1325 52.2 Bl0 31.9 710 2BO 240 9.5 1520 59.9 51,5 114
1485 28.7 1385
" 1350
1440
58.5
53.2
56.6
350
300
350
137
11,9
13.8
145
135
150
57
53
6.0
lB5
170
200
73
6.B
7B
215
210
210
8A
8.2
B.3
1205
1080
1165
47.5
42.5
45.8
730
645
705
25.4
27.7
660
600
640
25.9
23.7
25.1
220
195
220
B.6
76
B6
1250
1335
54.5
49.2
52.6
37.0
23.5
36.5
B2
52
Bl
1320 52,0 310 12.1 140 5.6 185 7.3 205 81 1065 42.0 630 24.9 5B5 23.1 200 7.B 1220 48.0 27.0 59
1200 47.3 265 10.5 130 52 170 6.7 205 8.0 960 37.7 560 22.0 515 2~.3 175 6.9 1100 43.3 17.0 38
1315 51.8 320 12.6 150 59 195 7.7 205 B.l 1060 4L8 630 24.7 5B5 23,1 200 79 1215 47.8 2B.0 62
1220 48.0 2B5 11.3 140 5.5 lBO 7.1 205 B.O 970 38.2 565 22.3 525 20.7 lBO 71 1120 44.0 22.0 49
1125 44.2 250 99 130 5.1 165 6.5 200 7B 890 35.1 50S 19.8 470 18.6 160 63 1025 40.3 16.5 36
t185 46.7 290 11.5 145 5.B 195 7.6 200 79 945 37.3 545 21.5 515 20.3 lBl 71 1085 42.8 22.0 49
M 1090 43.0 260 10.3 135 54 180 7.0 195 77 B65 34.1 490 19.3 460 18.2 161 63 995 39.' 18.0 39
995 ::9.1 230 91 125 5.0 165 6.5 190 75 7BO 30.7 430 17.0 415 16.3 141 5.6 B90 35.0 13.5 29.5
930 36,7 240 95 135 5.2 175 6.9 195 77 735 28.9 375 14.7 415 16.4 141 56 B35 32.B 13.0 29
725 28.6 205 BO 125 4.9 160 63 175 6.9 565 22.2 245 9.6 305 12.0 110 43 640 25.1 9.0 20
A
Birth 505 19.9 150 6.0 95 3.B 100 4.0 125 5.0 375 14.9 170 6.6 195 7.6 BO 3.1 440 17.4 3.5 7.5

M N 0 p Q S T U
V
370 14.6 465 18.3 430 17.0 420 16.6 115 4.4 355 14.0 190 7.4 185 73 2B5 11.3 255 10.1 195 7.6
15 350 13.8 430 17.0 400 15.7 390 15.3 105 4.1 325 12.7 175 6.9 175 6.9 270 10.6 240 9A lBO 7.0
330 13.0 405 15.9 360 14.2 350 13.8 100 3.9 290 11.5 160 G.? 165 65 250 99 220 B.7 165 6.5
345 13.5 420 16-7 3B5 15.1 375 14.7 100 39 320 12.5 170 67 170 6B 260 10.3 230 91 175 6B
12 320 12.6 390 15.3 345 13.6 335 13.2 95 3.B 2BO 11.1 150 60 160 6.3 245 9.6 215 B.5 160 6.2
295 11.7 360 14.' 305 12.1 300 11.8 90 3.5 250 9.B 130 5.2 150 5.9 225 B9 195 76 145 5.8
310 12.3 375 14.8 335 13.0 325 12.8 95 3.7 270 10.6 145 5.7 160 6.2 240 .9.4 210 B.2 150 60
G
290 11.4 350 13.8 300 11.9 290 11.4 90 3.5 245 9.6 130 5.1. 145 5.B 220 B6 190 7A 140 5.7
0 275 10.8 320 12.7 265 10.4 255 10.1 B5 3.3 220 B6 110 4.4 135 SA 195 7.7 160 6.3 130 51
290 11.4 345 13.7 300 11.8 290 11.4 90 3.5 245 9.6 130 5.1 145 5.8 220 B.6 190 7. 140 5.7
280 11.0 325 12.8 270 10.6 260 10.3 B5 3.3 220 87 115 4.5 140 5.5 200 7B 165 6.5 130 5.2
260 10.2 305 12.0 245 96 235 9.3 BO 3.1 210 B2 100 3.9 130 5.1 175 6.9 150 5.8 120 4.B
270 10.7 315 12.4 260 10.3 255 10.0 85 3.3 215 8.4 105 4.2 135 5.3 190 7.6 160 6.3 130 5.1
255 10.0 300 11.8 235 9.3 220 B.8 BO 3.1 200 7.8 90 3.6 125 4.9 170 67 145 5.7 120 4.7
240 94 2BO 11.0 210 8.2 195 7.7 70 2.B lB5 7.2 BO 3.1 120 4.7 145 57 130 5.1 115 4.5

High Low Reach High Reach Ey, Up To Hat Shelf Lavatory Work Work Table Sea
A"" Reach A Reach B Distance C Reach 0 Radius E level F A"" Height G Height H TopJ Depth K Height l Length M
2085 82.0 815 32.0 735 29.0 144{) 56.7 660 25.9 1215 47.8 15 1675 66.0 760 30.0 915 36.0 460 18.0 650 25.5 370 14.6
HS 15 1915 15.3 730 28.7 6B5 21.0 1375 54.1 610 24.1 1160 45.6 1485 58.5 685 795 16.5 340 13.3
635 25.1 1315 51.7 570
12 27.0 31.3 420 590 23.3
1765 6g.4 665 26.2 22.4 1100 43.3
J,. 9 1320 52.0 635 25.0 695 27.3 3BO 15.0 525 20.7 300 11.8
1860 13.2 70S 27.6 665 26.2 1320 52.0 600 23.6 1100 43.3
HS 12 1705 61.1 630 24.7 620 24.3 1250 49.2 555 1040
21.9 41.0 7 1220 48.0 585 23.0 635 25.0 355 14.0 480 18.9 275 10.8
1545 60.9 560 22.1 565 22.3 1185 46.6 510 20.1990 38.9 5 1090 43.0 485 19.0 570 22.5 330 13.0 445 17.5 250 9.9
1645 64.8 60S 23.B 600 23.6 1175 46.3 540 21.2 975 38.4
4 th. 1510 59.4 55!> 21.8 550 21.7 1120 44.0 495 19.5 925 36.5
1345 53.0 510 20.0 485 19.1 1040 40.9 435 17.1 880 34.6 Seat To Min Basic
1505 59.3 545 21.5 550 21.7 1080 42.6 SOD 19.6 890 35.0 Age,
""., Backrest
0
Backrest
Height P
Armrest
Spacing 0
""., Table
Width S
2 nd . 1370 53.9 510 20.1 495 19.5 1015 4{).0 445 17.5 B50 33.5
Hei!t'tN Width R
1245 49.0 485 19.0 445 11.5 960 31.7 395 15.6 815 32.0 15 405 15.9 150 6.0 175 6.8 445 17.5 380 15.0 760 30.0
1330 52.3 500 19.7 480 19.0 970 38.1 430 16.9 B15 32.1 12 370 14.6 145 5.7 160 6.2 420 16.5 370 14.5 710 2BO
KOG 5 1210 41.1 465 18~3 435 11.1 915 36.1 385 15.2 770 30.4
t lOBS 42.1 425 16.7 390 15.3 865 34.1 345 13£ 720 28.4
9
7
325
290
12.B
11.4
135
130
5.4
5.1
140
130
5£ 355
5.1 330
14.0
13.0
330
305
13.0
12.0
610
610
24.0
24.0
Starting School Grades
5 265 10.4 120 4.8 125 5.0 305 12.0 280 11.0 535 21.0
Chalk Board
Height

l...-.-.--coK_-+-H
o

Standing heiqhts (including shoesl-typiCal example Dimensional notal ion system

1800 70.8 large 15 year youth ~ 97.5 percent.ile } combined ooo 39.3} Numb~rs appea.ring in b.OXe5 are measurements
1675 65.9 average 15 year youth '"50 percentile sex data 100 3.9 III millimeters Numhers outsHre boxes are
1545 60.8 small 15 year youth'" 2.5 cercentue U.S. youths
GTIJ
25.4 1.0 measurements In incht:S

Niels Diffrient, Alvin R. Tilley; Henry Dreyfuss Associates; New York, New York

HUMAN DIMENSIONS
4 Workstations: Standing

SERVING AT A COUNTER
Counter (FOOD COUNTERf
Depth Minimum
Aisle Space
535-610 21-24 18 One Server _-l..J---::":-~:"'"
Two or More
Counter Servers _-4,..J.--=.c~L:.:-I
Height 16
§J36

STANDING HEIGHT STCS.

2440 96 Residential Viewing Distance To Standard DisPlays COMBINED ADULT SEX
ADJUSTMENTS FOR THE ELDERLY
Ceilings
13-28 2440 96- Residential Ceiling
I 2030 lao Minimum
High Reach, Higtl Shelves _ _ lower03
Ceilings
low Reach, low Shelves-Raise ~3
2135 84 Office Doors Shelving Depth
Work Surfaces I ower0 1.5
Residential Doors 230-305 9-12
2030 80
+ ~\~ 5:;~g~~ndeliers
1980 78
L...:.=":":'~":":''':'':'-l---~It 30' 2M
Shower Head (Max)
1905 75 Highest Head Top

1880 74 Clothes Line (Max)

No See Over
1830 72 Hat Hooks (Mall:)
Highest Shelf (Men)
1830 72
Shower Head Clear IMinl
Rail ForEveningDresses
1780 70 Top Of Mirror
1920
1730 68 Highest Shelf (Womenl 1780
1655

1600 63 Catwalk Head Clear (Mini 1790

1665
1575 62 Avg Adult Eye level 1540
10"
1475 58 Thermostats

1395 55 See Over

1370 Grab Bars

54
Phone Dial Hgt
1320 52 Highest File

1270 Door Push Plates

30" 50
Shower Valves
1220 48 Walt5witch Plate
Deal Plate
1145 45 Push Bar On Doors

1120 44 Bar (Hi)

Counters, Doorknob IMa)()

1065 42 Safety Handrails, Bars Optimum
Entrance lock (MaK) Shelving
1015 40 Zone
Ironing Board (Hi)
M
915 36 Handrails, Ironing Board (Hi)
Counters, Doorknob (Min)
840 33 Panic Bars

790 31 lavatory Rim

letter Slot,
760 30 Rails On Steps
760 30 Ironing Board (lo)

455 18 Wall QutJets

535-610 21-24
405 16 Highest Step
Cavity For Stool Storage
lowest lowest
Reach Level 305 12 Rung Spacing Reach Level
230
205 8 Bar Rails

190 7.5 Stair Riser (Opt I

150 6 Toe Space (MaxI

75 3 ToeCle.r IMinl

a Datum 25 Threshold (Maxi

Male and female standing heigtlts (including shoes]: Dimensional notation system:
1905 75.0 1790 70.4 large:: 97.5 percentile} includes ooo 39.3} ~um.b_~rs aPpea.rin9 in boxes are measurements
1775
1640
69B
64.6
1665
1540
65.5 average=50pen:entile
60.6 small ., 2.5 percentile
95% us.
eccns ITm100
25.4
3.9 In rndlimeters. Numbers outside boxes are
1.0 measurements In inches.

Niels Diffrient, Alvin R. Tilley; Henry Dreyfuss Associates; New York, New York

HUMAN DIMENSIONS
 Workstations: Seated 5
HIGH WORK SEATS SEATING ANGLES MEDIUM HIGH WORK SEATS
(BANK AND TICKET COUNTE RSl (POST OFFICE CDUNTE RI
Reclining Postures

610-710 24-28
Retaxing Postures
Alert Postures
I Work Postures
a 22

Sit Or Stand SO 0° Hip Anqles

Work Positions 110-130° Relax
13-14 95_130" Work
And Alert

Easy Head Rotation light Sources

(79 0 Maximums) Reflect In
EYeGlasse5

Minimum
Table
Widths
1o
24

27

30

SITTING HEIGHT STDS.

COMBINED ADUL T SEX

50"
ADJUSTMENTS FOR THE ELDERLY
Easy
Head Movements
50° Maximum light Sources Below 1450 57 Highest Head Top High Forward Reach, Eye level, Head Heig--t ~ lower~ 2.2
Visual Limit line

I Create Glare 1420

1370
56

54
Mirror Top

No See Over
Reach Radius

/
Decrease~ 2.5

50" ~i9h Visual Limit

1370 54 Floor Lamp (Hi)
FunctIOnal GriPS

1270 50 High Shelf

1195 47 Avg Eye Level

1170 46 High File. Front Tab

1090 43 See Over Hgi

1065 42 Phone Dial Hqt

1015 40 Floor Lamp (La!

M
915 36 lunch Counter

865 34 High File, Top Tab

790 31 Sewing Table

760 Stool For 42 Counter

30
Hasp. Bed (Hi)
Work Table
735 29
Desk
685 27 Iron Board

660 26 Typing Table

Table (Min!
635 25
Knee Space
24 Side Tables
610
Chair For 36 Counter
455 18 Coffee Table (Hi)
Wall Outlets
455 18 8.d
445 17.5 Work Chair

400 15.8 Toilet Seat

3.8
15 Seat (Min)
Ma)(WC 3.2 380
Park Seat
Height 2.7
305 12 FOOl Stool (Hi)
Sitting 400
Height 280
470
425
18.5
16.8 150
" Coffee Table {Loj

Foot Ring 24 Chair

395 15.6
715 28.1 150 Toe Space (Max)
655 25.8
600 23.7 75 Toe Clear. (Min)

50 Foot Sroot It.ol

Male and female standing heights (including shoesl: Dimensional notation system

~
1905 75.0 1790 70.4 large = 97.5 percentile} includes ooo 39.3} Numben appea.rin g in b.oxes are measurements
, 775 69_8 1665 65.5 average '"' 50 percentile95% u.S 100 3.9 In miltirneters. Numben cctsioe boxes are
1640 64.6 1540 60.6 small = 2.5 percentile adults 25.4 1.0 measurements In Hlches

Niels Diffrient. Alliin R. Tilley; Henry Dreyfuss Associates: New York, New York

HUMAN DIMENSIONS
6 Space Usage

PASSAGES FOR ONE PASSAGE FOR TWO FACING DOORS SINGLE DOOR PASSAGE FOR FOUR FACING DOOR::

-----
Door Opening Door
Outward

©
Opening
Outward
Door A
(Q)
~36
@ Min

©
Door B Door A
E!30 OoorA 2440 96

1600 63
1805 71
@ 610
24@
Min
Door B

©
Door B
1650 65

© © 2135 84

© <1D
78

Note: Also See Wheelchair Requirements

Prefer Straight And Short Corridors With Two Way Traffic; "I" And 'L' Shapes Cause Blockages. Make Flow Plans
LIVING SPACE OFFICE SPACE

Table For One;

685
27 -NOTE~P;et;rFront Load
Dishwashen:

Male and female standing hei~ts (including shoes): English Beds: Small Single 900 x 1900;NewStd.Single 1000 x 2OOO;Small Double Dimensional notation sY'tem:

~
1905 75.0 1790 10.4 large"97.spercentile} includes
1350 x 1900; New Std. Double 1500 x 2(X)() ooo 39.3} Numbers apPearing in boxes ~re measurements
1175 69.8 1665 65.5 average" 50 percentile 95% U,S. 100 3.9 in millimeters. Numbers outsIde boxes are
1640 64.6 1540 60.6 small '" 2.5 percentile adults 25.4 1.0 measurements in inches.

Niels Diffrient. Alvin R. Tilley; Henry Dreyfuss Associates; New York, New York

HUMAN DIMENSIONS
 Accessibility 7

SIDE CATWALK FRONT PASSAGEWAY CQARtQORS HALLWAYS WITH ONE BAG WITH TWO BAGS (:AAAYING TRAY
1 Person 2 People

rrnsl49 f1880174
,...,
I <
<

MANHOLES CEILING AND TOP AND WALL ACCESS CRAWL PIPE CRAWL·WAYS ARM ACCESS ARM ACCESS TWO HAND REACH TWO ARM REACH
FLOOR HATCH BOTTOM ACCESS TO ELBOW TO SHOULDER ACCESS (No Vision) ACCESS (No Visionl
~22.8 ~25Min

m; @ 1
Max AbOlie
§J18 Min Oia [!60] 30 Floor 0 2 , l ~ L Height
~36Spac:e Or$quare ~30Prefer ~8 ~5 ~'9.5~5

~i' ~~13
Min

~
$'~'
185 31
• Prefer
915 36

HEAD ACCESS fiNGER ACCESS TWO FINGER HAND FLAT ACCESS MINIMUM HAND FINGER TIP PUllS HANDLE OPENI NGS FOOT OPENINGS
TWIST ACCESS ACCESS TO WRIST
Diameter
~9.3Bare
0 1.3 Bare r=I
~2Bare
Height Width

~2.3 ~4Bare
Height

§]s
Width
~3.5Bare ~OrSquare
L
~3.2 Minimum
L
~3.8 ~1.5Bare
H L
~12
H
[!2i]4.5Bare
~ 1.5 Glove ~3.8Bare
~12.5safetv
Hot [!]O.3 To
r::::-l
EKclUd~2.5 G~~;
~4 ~6Glove @D6 ~4.5GIOve Hand Curled With
Or Without Screw
..H.
[ _~JO. 75 Minimum
G4.5 0 2 Glove ~13 ~5Shoes
I ~15.5 ~6.5 Boots
<$)-
~5To R

?:/Il
d I Round

~'{
I Object ~:~ I ~S=~i~~h Reet
~useHei9hl
II Hound

~
L/2 For Two F m(lf~rs L/2 For Two Fingers
I-- L
Dia

JLlolJC
Exetuoe .j
=:::::;:>For Cia - - - - - - ' For Dlil
« •. ca=;5J
I I I I 0.3 0.9

SIT";ING UPRIGHT RELAXEDSEATlNG SITTING ON FLOOR SQUATTING STOOPING KNEELING

Width No Armrest: Width With Armrest Work Width (For Short Durauoos! (For Short Durations) (Prefer Knee Padl

~22.8Min ~2BMin ~25Min

[865]34 Depth Maximum Recline
I [l1OOl67 [l98O] 78

Datum

SUPINE

[1005]75

PRONE

~
R 96
I ~p~~~,20
~43017
Male and female standing heig,ts (including shoes): Dimensional notation svstem:

~
1905 75.0 1790 70Alarge" 97.5 percentile} includes ooo 39.3} Numbers appearing. in boxes are measurements
1775 69.8 1665 65.5average"5Dpercentile 95% U.S. 100 3.9 In mll.,meten. Numbers outsioe boxes are
1640 64.6 1540 60.6 small" 2.5 percentile adults 25A 1.0 measurements in meres.

, Niels Dilfrient, Alvin R. Tilley; Henry Dreyfuss Associates; New York, New York

HUMAN DIMENSIONS
8 Occupant load Calculations
GENERAL areas of an occupancy, shall be provided with exits as EXITS
though they are completely occupied, but their occupant
The information for determining occupant load shown in load need not be included in computing the total occupant All three major codes use occupant loads to determine the
the table on this page comes from three model building load of the building' rUBC Sec. 3302 la)). size and number of required exits. Based on occupant loads
codes in use in the United States: and area uses, it is possible to determine the required num-
Most codes require that to determine multiple use building ber of exits and the arrangement and sizes of exit compo-
1. BOCA National Building Code (BOCA). 1996 edition. with or area occupancies, the occupant load (OU must be based nents.
permission of the Building Officials and Code Administra- on the use that produces the most occupants. For example,
tors International. Inc .• publisher. the occupant load for a school multiple use room, which All three codes (BOCA. SBC. and UBC) consider an exit to
2. Standard Building Code (SBC). 1997 edition. with permis- will be used for classroom activities (Ot. factor 20) as well be more than merely a door. Although specific definitions
sion of the Southern Building Code Congress Interna- as assembly space (OL factor 15), is calculated using the 15 vary with each code, exits usually are considered to be con-
tional, tnc., publisher, with all rights reserved. sq ft per occupant factor. tinuous and unobstructed means of egress to a public way
and may include such building elements as doors, corridors,
3. Uniform Building Code (UBC). 1997 edition. with permis-
If buildings or areas contain two or more separate occupan- stairs, balconies, lobbies, exit courts, etc. Elevators are not
sion of the International Conference of Building Officials.
cies, the overall occupant load is determined by computing considered exits. Requirements for arrangement. size. and
publisher.
occupant loads for various areas and adding them together operation of exits vary; consult applicable codes for specific
Occupant load generally is defined as the maximum capac- for an aggregate occupant load. information.
ity of a building or room given as the total number of people
present at anyone time. For occupant loads, it is generally When calculating occupant load for areas with fixed seating
assumed that all areas of a building will be occupied at the in benches or pews, the number of occupants is based on
same time, with some exceptions noted in specific codes. one seat for each 18 in. of bench or pew space. In dining
For example. the UBC states, "Accessory use areas. which areas with booth seating, the number of seats is based on
ordinarily are used only by persons who occupy the main 24 in. for each seat.
MINIMUM EXITS
OCCUPANT LOADS BASED ON USAGE
MAXIMUM FLOOR AREA PER 2 EXITS MINIMUM
OCCUPANT (SQ FT) REQUIRED WHERE
OCCUPANT LOAD
USE BOCA SBC USC! USAGE IS AT LEAST,
Assembly areas 2-concentrated use (without fixed seats): 7 net 7 net 7 Aged. homes for the 6
auditoriums, bowling alleys3, churches, dance floors. lodge
Aircraft hangars 10
rooms, reviewing stands, stadiums
Auction rooms 30
Assembly areas-less concentrated use: conference rooms, 15net 15net 15
dining/drinking areas, exhibit rooms, gymnasiums, lounges, Assembly areas 50
staqes- Bowling alley 50
Assembly areas-standing space 3 net 3 net 3 Children's homes 6
Business areas 5 100 gross 100 gross 100 Classrooms 50
Courtrooms (without fixed seats) 40 net 40 net 40 Congregate residences 10
Day care facilities 35 Courtrooms 50
Dormitories 50 Dormitories 10
Educational Dwellings 10
Classroom areas 20 net 20 net 20
Shops and vocational rooms Exercise rooms 50
50 net 50nel 50
Industrial areas 6 Health care facilities
100 gross 100 gross 200
Sleeping rooms 8
Institutional? Treatment rooms 10
Children's homes, homes for aged. nursing homes, - - 80
Hotels and apartments 10
sanitariums, hospitals 240 gross 240 gross 240
Inpatient treatment areas 100 gross 100 gross - Kitchens (commercial) 30
Outpatient areas 1209ross 120 gross 120 Library reading rooms 50
Sleeping areas
locker rooms 30
Kitchens (commercial) 200
Manufacturing areas 30
Libraries
Reading rooms . 50 net 50 net 50 Mechanical equipment rooms 30
Stack areas 100 gross 100 gross 100 Nurseries for children (day care) 7
lobbies (accessory to assembly area) 7 Offices 30
locker rooms 50 Parking garages 30
Mechanical equipment areas 300 gross 300 gross 300 School shops and vocational 50
Mercantiles rooms
Basements 30 gross 30 gross 30 Skating rinks 50
Ground floors 30 gross 30 gross 30 Storage and stockrooms 30
Upper floors 60 gross 60 gross 60
Storage, stockrooms, shipping areas 300 gross 300 gross 300· Stores (retail sales rooms)
Basements 2 exits minimum
Parking garages 200 gross 200 gross 200 Ground floors 50
Hesidential"v 200 gross 200 gross Upper floors 50
Hotels and apartments - - 200 Swimming pools 50
Dwellings - - 300
Warehouses 30
Skating rinks I I - 15net - All other 50
Rink area - - 50
Deck - - 15
Storage areas 300 gross 300 gross 300
Swimming pools
Pool - - 50
Deck - - 15
All other areas - 100

1. Both BOCA and SBC use net and gross floor areas to de-
termine occupant load. UBC does not differentiate
between net and gross areas.
2. Occupant loads for assembly areas with fixed seats are
determined by the actual number of installed seats.
3. Occupant load calculations for bowline alleys under
BOCA and SBC use 5 persons per alley in addition to the
tabular values indicated.
4. Stages are considered assembly areas--less concen-
trated use (15 sq ft per occupant) in UBC, not separately
classified in BOCA or SBC.
5. USC classifies business areas as office occupancy.
6. USC classifies industrial areas as manufacturing areas.
7. BOCA and SBC classify areas within institutional occu-
pancies; UBC classifies by occupancy description only.
8. UBC classifies mercantile areas as store-retail sales
rooms.
9. UBC considers storage and stockroom areas as storage
occupancy (300 sq ft per occupant).
10. BOCA and SBC do not separate hotel/apartment and
dwelling occupancies.
11. BOCA does not classify skating rinks separately from
other assembly areas of less concentrated use (15 sq ft
per occupant). SBC does not separate areas within skat-
ing rinks.

ICBO; SBCCI; BOCA

James O. Rose, AlA; University of Wyoming; laramie, Wyoming
Annica S. Emilsson; Rippeteau Architects, P.c.; Washington, D.C

EGRESS PLANNING