Step 5 - to make the final activity

Individual work

Miguel Angel Cuadros Arias

Group 203058_25

111507858

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL ABIERTA Y A DISTANCIA UNAD

Escuela de Ciencias Básicas, Tecnología e Ingeniería

Teoría Electromagnética y Ondas

DECEMBER 2019
 Introduction

In the activity we find the solution of the activity guide where a compilation of all the units seen
will be made, a series of activities will be carried out that help complement the information
seen throughout the course, the formulas seen will be used, the Smith simulator to check the
information in some steps.
 Application exercises:

Application exercises:

For the development of the following exercises, note that 𝐺𝐺 corresponds to the group
number and 𝐶𝐶𝐶 to the first 3 digits of the identification number.

Data:
𝐺𝐺 = 25
𝐶𝐶𝐶 = 111
1. An electromagnetic wave of 𝑓 = 𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝑀𝐻𝑧 is transmitted from the bottom of a
ship to a receiver located at 𝑝 = 3 𝐾𝑚 depth. The wave is emitted with an
advance angle of 𝑎 = (10 + 𝐺𝐺)°. Determine the time it takes for the wave to
reach the receiver.
For development, follow the following steps:

Data
𝑓 = 111 𝑀𝐻𝑧 = 111 ∗ 106 𝐻𝑧
𝑝 = 3𝐾𝑚 = 3 ∗ 103 𝑚
𝑎 = (10 + 25)° = 35°
𝑡 =?

a. Calculate the tangent of losses 𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝛿)

Solution
Sea water CONDUCTIVITY:
𝜎=4
 𝐶2
𝜀𝑟 = 80
𝑁 ∗ 𝑚2
𝜀0 = 8.8542 ∗ 10−12
𝜎 𝜎
𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝛿) = =
𝜔𝜀 2𝜋𝑓εr ε𝑜
4
=
2 ∗ 𝑃𝐼 ∗ 111 ∗ 106 ∗ 80 ∗ 8.8542 ∗ 10−12
𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝛿) = 8.07
𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝛿) = 82.96°

b. Classify the behavior of the medium.

Solution
Dissipative dielectrics, Dielectrics with losses. 0.1 < 8.07 ≤ 10, 6° < 82.96° ≤ 84°

1. Perfect dielectrics (Not dissipative) Tan(δ) = 0 δ = 0°

2. Good insulators (Lost low dielectric) 0 < Tan(δ) <= 0,1 0° < δ <= 6°
3. Dissipative dielectrics
(Dielectrics with losses) 0,1 < Tan(δ) <= 10 6° < δ <= 84°

4. Good conductors (Good conductors) Tan(δ) > 10 84°< δ < 90°

5. Perfect conductors (Perfect conductors) Tan(δ) >>> 10 δ = 90°
 c. Calculate the propagation parameters of the wave 𝛾, 𝛼 and 𝛽..

Solution
Table
Not Lost low Dielectrics with Good
Parameter
dissipative dielectric losses conductors
 𝑗𝜔√𝜇𝜀 𝑗𝜔√𝜇𝜀 √𝑗𝜔𝜇(𝜎 + 𝑗𝜔𝜀) √𝑗𝜔𝜎𝜇𝑜

 0 𝜎𝜂⁄2 𝑅𝑒() √𝜋𝑓𝜎𝜇𝑜

 𝜔√𝜇𝜀 𝜔√𝜇𝜀 𝐼𝑚() 𝑗√𝜋𝑓𝜎𝜇𝑜

 √𝜇⁄𝜀 √𝜇⁄𝜀 √𝑗𝜔𝜇⁄(𝜎 + 𝑗𝜔𝜀) √𝑗𝜔𝜇𝑜 ⁄𝜎

Data
𝜇 = 𝜇𝑟 ∗ 𝜇0 = 1 ∗ 1.2566 ∗ 10−6 = 1.2566 ∗ 10−6
𝜀 = 𝜀𝑟 ∗ 𝜀0
𝜀 = 80 ∗ 8.8542 ∗ 10−12
𝜀 = 7.084 ∗ 10−10
𝑤 = 2 ∗ 𝑝𝑖 ∗ 𝑓
𝑤 = 6.97 ∗ 108

𝛾 = √𝑗𝜔𝜇(𝜎 + 𝑗𝜔𝜀)

𝛾 = √𝑗6.97 ∗ 108 ∗ 1.2566 ∗ 10−6 (4 + 𝑗6.97 ∗ 108 ∗ 7.084 ∗ 10−10 )

𝛾 = 39.37 + 44.53𝑗

𝑁𝑝
𝛼 = 𝑅𝑒(𝛾) = 39.37
𝑚
 𝛽 = 𝐼𝑚(𝛾) = 44.53 𝑅𝑎𝑑/𝑚

𝜂 = √𝑗𝜔𝜇⁄(𝜎 + 𝑗𝜔𝜀) = 𝛾
𝜂 = 39.37 + 44.53𝑗 Ω

d. Calculate the propagation speed of the 𝑉𝑝 wave.

𝑊 6.97 ∗ 108
𝑉𝑝 = =
𝛽 44.53
𝑉𝑝 = 1.56 ∗ 107 𝑚/𝑠
 e. Calculate the distance between the ship and the receiver 𝑑 .

Solution
Equations
𝑝 = 3 ∗ 103 𝑚
𝑎 = 35°
𝑑 = (3 ∗ 103 )/(cos(35))
𝑑 = −3.319 ∗ 103 𝑚
f. Based on 𝑉𝑝 and 𝑑 determine the time 𝑡 of the route.

Solution
Equations
𝑉𝑝 1.56 ∗ 107 𝑚/𝑠
𝑡= = = 4.7 ∗ 103 𝑠
𝑑 3 ∗ 103 𝑚
𝑡 = 1.30 𝐻

2. From an airplane, which is 1000 𝑚 high, a communication signal 𝑓 = 𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝑀𝐻𝑧 is

emitted to a submarine that is 1500 𝑚 deep, the angle of incidence of the signal
on the sea surface is 𝑎 = (10 + 𝐺𝐺)°. Determine the time it takes for the signal
to reach the submarine.
For development, follow the following steps:
Data
ℎ1 = 1000𝑚 = 1 ∗ 103 𝑚
𝑓 = 111𝑀𝐻𝑧 = 111 ∗ 106 𝑚
ℎ2 = 1500𝑚 = 1.5 ∗ 103 𝑚
𝑎 = 10 + 25 = 35°
𝑡 =?
 a. Calculate the distance between the plane and the point of incidence at sea 𝑑1 .

Solution
ℎ1
𝑑1 =
𝑠𝑒𝑛(𝑎)
1 ∗ 103
=
𝑠𝑒𝑛(35)
𝑑1 = −2335.4 = −2.334 ∗ 103 𝑚

b. Calculate the velocity of propagation of the wave 𝑉𝑝1 in the air (see exercise
1).
Solution
𝛾 = √𝑗𝜔𝜇(𝜎 + 𝑗𝜔𝜀)

𝑊 = 2 ∗ 𝑝𝑖 ∗ 𝑓 = 6.97 ∗ 108 𝐻𝑧
𝜇 = 𝜇𝑟 ∗ 𝜇0 = 1 ∗ 1.2566 ∗ 10−6 = 1.2566 ∗ 10−6
𝜀 = 𝜀𝑟 ∗ 𝜀0 = 1.0002926 ∗ 8.8542 ∗ 10−12
𝜀 = 8.856 ∗ 10−12
𝜎𝑎𝑖𝑟𝑒 = 0.024
𝛾 = √𝑗6.97 ∗ 108 ∗ 1.2566 ∗ 10−6 (0.024 + 𝑗6.97 ∗ 108 ∗ 8.856 ∗ 10−12
𝛾 = 2.85 + 3.68𝑗

𝑅𝑎𝑑
𝛽 = 3.68
𝑚
𝑊 6.97 ∗ 108
𝑉𝑝1 = = = 1.9 ∗ 108 𝑚/𝑠
𝛽 3.68

c. Using Snell's Law, calculate the angle of refraction of the wave in the sea.
Solution
𝑛1
𝜃2 = 𝑆𝑖𝑛−1 ( ∗ 𝑠𝑒𝑛(𝜃1 ))
𝑛2
1.0002926
= sin−1 ( ∗ 𝑠𝑒𝑛(35°))
1.5
 𝜃2 = 22.48°

d. Calculate the distance between the point of incidence in the sea and the
submarine.
Solution
ℎ2
𝑑2 =
𝑠𝑒𝑛(𝜃2 )
1.5 ∗ 103 𝑚
𝑑2 =
𝑠𝑒𝑛(22.48)
𝑑2 = −3194 = −3.194 ∗ 103 𝑚

e. Calculate the propagation speed of the wave V_p2 at sea (it is 𝑉𝑝 from exercise
1).
Solution
𝛾 = √𝑗𝜔𝜇(𝜎 + 𝑗𝜔𝜀)

𝑊 = 2 ∗ 𝑝𝑖 ∗ 𝑓 = 6.97 ∗ 108 𝐻𝑧
𝜇 = 𝜇𝑟 ∗ 𝜇0 = 1 ∗ 1.2566 ∗ 10−6 = 1.2566 ∗ 10−6
𝜀 = 𝜀𝑟 ∗ 𝜀0 = 80 ∗ 8.8542 ∗ 10−12
𝜀 = 7.083 ∗ 10−10
𝜎𝑚𝑎𝑟 = 4

𝛾 = √𝑗6.97 ∗ 108 ∗ 1.2566 ∗ 10−6 (4 + 𝑗6.97 ∗ 108 ∗ 7.084 ∗ 10−10 )

𝛽 = 44.53 𝑅𝑎𝑑/𝑚
𝑊 6.97 ∗ 108
𝑉𝑝2 = =
𝛽 44.53
𝑉𝑝2 = 1.56 ∗ 107 𝑚/𝑠

f. Based on 𝑉𝑝1 and 𝑑1 determine the time 𝑡1 of the first path.

Solution
𝑑1 (2.334 ∗ 103 )
𝑡1 = = = 1.22 ∗ 10−5 𝑠
𝑉𝑝1 1.9 ∗ 108
 g. Based on 𝑉𝑝2 and 𝑑2 determine the time 𝑡2 of the second path.

Solution
𝑑2 3.194 ∗ 103
𝑡2 = = 7
= 2 ∗ 10−4 𝑠
𝑉𝑝2 1.56 ∗ 10

h. Calculate the total time of the route 𝑡 = 𝑡1 + 𝑡2 .

Solution
𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝑡1 + 𝑡2 = 1.22 ∗ 10−5 + 2 ∗ 10−4 = 2 ∗ 10−4 𝑠

3. A lossless transmission line has a characteristic impedance of 𝑍0 = 50Ω, a length

of 𝐿 = 1𝑚 and is excited by a signal of 𝑓 = 200 𝑀𝐻𝑧. The line is connected to an
antenna with load impedance 𝑍𝐿 = (30 + 𝑗45)Ω. Taking into account that 𝑉𝑝 =
3𝑥108 𝑚/𝑠, calculate:

Data
𝑍0 = 50Ω
𝐿 = 1𝑚
𝑓 = 200 𝑀𝐻𝑧 = 200 ∗ 106 𝐻𝑧
𝑍𝐿 = (30 + 𝑗45)Ω
𝑚
𝑉𝑝 = 3 ∗ 108
𝑠
a. Wavelength 𝜆.
Solution
𝑊 2𝜋𝑓
𝑉𝑝 = =
𝛽 𝛽
2𝜋𝑓
𝛽=
𝑉𝑝
𝛽 = 4.19
2𝜋
𝜆=
𝛽
𝜆 = 1.5 𝑚

b. Electrical length ℓ.
𝐿
ℓ=
𝜆
1
ℓ= = 0.66𝑚
1.5

c. Input impedance 𝑍𝑖𝑛 .

𝑍𝐿 + 𝑗𝑍0 𝑇𝑎𝑛(2𝜋ℓ)
𝑍𝑖𝑛 = 𝑍0
𝑍0 + 𝑗𝑍𝐿 𝑇𝑎𝑛 (2𝜋ℓ)
(30 + 𝑗45) + (50𝑗) ∗ 𝑇𝑎𝑛 (2𝜋 ∗ 0.66)
𝑍𝑖𝑛 = 50 ∗
50 + 𝑗(30 + 45𝑗) ∗ 𝑇𝑎𝑛 (2𝜋 ∗ 0.66)

𝑍𝑖𝑛 = 97.76 − 74.97𝑗

Reflection coefficient Γ (magnitude and phase).

Solution
Γ = (ZL − 𝑍_0)/(𝑍𝐿 + 𝑍0 )
(30 + 𝑗45) − 50
Γ=
(30 + 𝑗45) + 50
Γ = 0.050 + 0.53𝑗
𝛼 = 84.6°
|Γ| = 0.53

d. VSWR
1 + |Γ|
𝑉𝑆𝑊𝑅 =
1 − |Γ|
𝑉𝑆𝑊𝑅 = 3.31
ROE: 50%

e. Check the results c, d and e with the Smith 4.1 software.

f. Using the Smith 4.1 software, get an input impedance that is only real.
 Conclusions

The solution of the activities was carried out by realizing the units seen above, formulas
were used to find the results, it was possible to verify by means of simulators, the
issues about the propagation of MS in the vacuum, in different media and different
systems of propagation.
 Bibliography

 Temática: ondas electromagnéticas en el espacio libre.

Quesada, M. y Maroto, J. (2014). Plano de ondas electromagnéticas . Ondas
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electromagnéticas guiadas y gratuitas: una introducción para estudiantes de
primer año. Nueva York: Nova Science Publishers, Inc. (págs. 49-60).
Recuperado de
http://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/logi
n.aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=746851&lang=es&site=eds-
live&scope=site&ebv=EB&ppid= pp_49

 Temática: Propagación de ondas en medios abiertos.

Chen, W. (2005). El manual de ingeniería eléctrica. Boston: Academic Press.
(págs. 513-519). Recuperado de
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n.aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=117152&lang=es&site=ehost-
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 Temática: reflexión y transmisión de ondas planas.

Chen, W. (2005). El manual de ingeniería eléctrica. Boston: Academic Press,
(págs. 519-524). Recuperado de
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 Temática: Propagación en medios abiertos delimitados.

Wiley J. & Sons Ltd. (2003). Propagación de ondas electromagnéticas. Banda
ancha fija inalámbrica. (págs. 31-51). Recuperado de
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m/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aci&AN=14505422&lang=es&site=ehost-live
 Temática: líneas de transmisión, propagación en líneas de transmisión
delimitadas.
Chen, W. (2005). El manual de ingeniería eléctrica. Boston: Academic Press.
(págs. 525-537). Recuperado de
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m/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=117152&lang=es&site=ehost-
live&ebv=EB&ppid= pp_525

 Temática: Parámetros en líneas de transmisión.

Joines, W., Bernhard, J. y Palmer, W. (2012). Circuitos de línea de transmisión
de microondas. Boston: Artech House, (págs. 23-45). Recuperado de
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=753581&lang=es&site=eds-live&ebv=EB&ppid=pp_23