Tavi V

islamuri dResaswaulebi da rituali

1. hijris kalendari

cnobilia mTvarisa da mzis hijris kalendrebi. mTvaris kalendari

gavrcelebulia axlo da Sua aRmosavleTis umetes muslimur qveyanaSi, mzisa
— iranSi, avRaneTsa da TurqeTSi. xalifa umar I-is dros, 638 wels, hijra
(622w.) gamocxadda muslimuri welTaRricxvis dasawyisad. 1 Tumca axali
welTaRricxvis sawyis dRed aRebul iqna ara uSualod muhamadis medinaშi
Casvlis TariRi (8 an 12 rabi‘ al-avval = 622 w. 20 an 24 seqtemberi), aramed
axali wlis pirveli Tvis — muharramis pirveli dRe, romelic Seesabameba 622
wlis 16 ivliss.
arabuli kalendari, semituri kalendrebis umetesobis msgavsad, drois
aTvlas awarmoebda mTvaris fazebis monacvleobiT. Sesabamisad, Tve
moicavda periods or axalmTvareobas Soris. didi xnis ganmavlobaSi
axalmTvareobaze dakvirveba warmoebda SeuiaraRebeli TvaliT, mogvianebiT
ki es xorcieldeboda astronomiuli gamoTvlebiT, raSic arab mecnierebs didi
warmatebebi hqondaT.
muslimuri mTvaris kalendriT weliwadi Sedgeba 12 Tvisagan. Tveebi 29 an
30-dRiania. misi Cveulebrivi weliwadi Sedgeba 354, xolo nakiani _ 355 dRe-
Ramisgan da daaxl. 11 dRe-RamiT moklea kalendarul mzis weliwadze, rac
mzismieri wlis 1/33-ia; 33 mTvarismieri weli daaxl. 32 mzismieri wlis
Tanabaria. es arTulebs TariRebis gaigivebas am or kalendarSi. kidev ufro
rTulia mTvare-mzismieri kalendari, romelic iTvaliswinebs mzis xiluli wliuri
moZraobis SeTavsebas mTvaris fazebis monacvleobasTan. Zvelad aseT
kalendars xmarobdnen babilonSi, CineTSi da sxv. mTvarismieri kalendari ufro
Zvelia, radganac mTvaris fazebis monacvleobis SemCneva ufro advilia, vidre
mzis irgvliv dedamiwis garemoqceviT gamowveuli sezonuri cvlilebebisa.
islamamde qinanas tomis prerogativa iyo dakvirveba kalendarze da mTvaris
kalendris moyvana mzis kalendarTan SesabamisobaSi. isini mimarTavdnen e.
w. „Camatebas” (nasi’). es iyo Zveli arabuli Cveuleba, romelic iTvaliswinebda
zu-l-hijjas Tvis Semdgom drodadro erTi Tvis Camatebas. 2 amis Sesaxeb

1
638 wlamde moqmedebda welTaRricxva, romelic iwyeboda 570 wels — spilos wels.
2
zogierTi yuranis komentatoris Tanaxmad, islamamdeli arabebi yovel meoTxe weliwads
nakianad acxadebdnen da erT Tves umatebdnen.
ucxadebdnen hajze Sekrebil piligrimebs. Tumca ar aris cnobili, ramdenad
xSirad xdeboda droebiTi Camatebebi. muslimurma istoriulma tradiciam
Semogvinaxa mxolod misi gakicxva. yuranma akrZala es praqtika (IX:37).
hijris kalendris dReebi 11-12 dRiT naklebia sayovelTaod gavrcelebul
grigorianuli kalendris dReebze. vinaidan mTvaris kalendari moZravia, misi
Tveebi ar Seesabameba sezonebs da wlis sxvadasxva dros modis. hijris
wlebis gadayvana grigorianulze da piriqiT SeiZleba specialur formulebis,
tabulebis an specialuri cxrilebis (i. orbelis anda v. cibulskis avtorobiT)
saSualebiT.

Tveebis arabuli saxelwodebebi

1. muharami
2. safari
3. rabi al-avali
4. rabi as-sani
5. jumada l-ula
6. jumada l-axira
7. rajabi
8. Sabani
9. ramadani
10. Savali
11. zu l-ka‘da
12. zu l-hijja

yuranis mixedviT [IX:36] oTxi Tve aris wminda anu „akrZaluli” (haram),
roca omi ar aris daSvebuli. es Tveebia: rajabi, zu l-kada, zu l-hijja da
muharami.
islamma winaislamuri xanidan miiRo tradicia, romlis Tanaxmadac dReebis
aTvla iwyeba mzis Casvlisas. aTvlis es meTodi emyareba im faqts, rom axali
mTvare Tvis dasawyisSi Cans mzis Casvlisas. amis gamo, kvira iwyeba SabaT
saRamos, orSabaTi — kvira saRamos da a.S. kviris yvela dRe atarebs
saxelwodebas misi Sesabamisi rigobiTi ricxviTi saxelis mixedviT. iwyeba
„pirveli dRiT”, rac Seesatyviseba Cvens kviras. specialuri saxelwodebebi aqvs
mxolod paraskevs (savm al-jum‘a) da SabaTs (savm as-sabT) ebraelTa
SabaTis analogiiT.
arsebobs hijris mzismieri kalendaric, romelic oficialurad gamoiyeneba
iranSi (1925 wlidan). misi aTvla, iseve rogorc hijris mTvarismier kalendarSi,
xdeba 622 wlidan. hijris mzismieri kalendris Cveulebrivi weliwadi Sedgeba
365, xolo nakiani – 366 dRisgan. magaliTad, hijris mzismieri kalendriT 1387
weli daiwyo 2008 wlis 21 marts da dasrulda 2009 wlis 20 marts.
dRes muslimur qveynebSi gavrcelebulia grigorianuli kalendari. mTvaris
kalendars muslimebi iyeneben TavianTi religiuri dResaswaulebis
gansazRvrisaTvis da oficialuri dokumentebis daTariRebisaTvis. 2013 weli
Seesabameba muslimuri mTvaris kalendris 1434-1435 wels.

2. islamuri dResaswaulebi

pirveli dResaswauli (‘id) moawyo mociqulma muhamadma Tavis

mimdevrebTan da naTesavebTan erTad 624 wels, badrTan brZolaSi
gamarjvebis Semdeg.

kanonikuri dResaswaulebi
islami da muslimuri samarTali cnobs or kanonikur dResaswauls: ‘id al-
adha, romelic ukavSirdeba hajis dasrulebas da ‘id al-fitr, romelic aRiniSneba
marxvis dasasruls.
‘id al-adha (arabebTan cnobilia agreTve rogorc ‘id al-qabir — didi
dResaswauli; Turq. yurban-bairami) — msxverplSewirvis dResaswauli. is aris
hajis ritualis nawili, iwyeba piligrimobis bolo dRes, zu-l-hijjas Tvis 10 ricxvSi
da grZeldeba 3-4 dRe. dResaswaulis mTavari ritualia sisxliani msxverplis
(Cveulebriv cxvari, xari, Txa an aqlemi) Sewirva. 3 piligrimebi msxverpl-
Sewirvis rituals asruleben minas dablobze. Tumca, msxverplSewirva tardeba
mTel islamur samyaroSi. islamuri samarTali uSebs msxverplSewirvas
urwmunoTa qveynebSic, yvelgan sadac SeiZleba iyvnen muslimebi.
es dResaswauli saTaves iRebs bibliuri siuJetidan — mociqul ibrahimis
mzadyofna, msxverplad Seewira Tavisi vaJi, isaaki. Tumca bibliur isaaks
muslimur gadmocemaSi cvlis ibrahimis ufrosi vaJi ismaili. islamamde
arabeTis naxevarkunZulze samsxverplo cxovels gansakuTrebul niSans
ukeTebdnen imis aRsaniSnavad, rom is ukve RvTaebas ekuTvnis da
msxverplis Sewirvis adgilamde ase miiyvandnen xolme. islamma mTlianad
gadmoiRo es wesi. muslimma, romelic msxverpls swiravs, 3-jer unda
warmoTqvas Taqbir, basmala, isev samjer Taqbir, ¹alaT an-nabi, mibrundes
saxiT meqisaken (kibla) da sTxovos alahs msxverplis miReba. Tu cxoveli
aRTqmulia, mTeli xorci nawildeba Raribebze. Cveulebriv, xorcis 1/3 nawili
xmardeba sadResaswaulo sufras.4 dResaswaulis win muslimuri qveynebis
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muslimuri moZRvrebis Tanaxmad, yovelma adamianma sikvdilis Semdeg saiqioSi unda
gaiaros bewvis xidze (íirat). vinc msxverpls Seswiravs, is saiqioSi msxverplad Sewirul
pirutyvze Sejdeba da bewvis xidze advilad gaivlis.
4
tradiciulad samsxverplo cxovelis xorci iyofa sam nawilad: pirveli – sakvebad da
gamaspinZlebisaTvis, meore — Sesanaxad, mesame nawili urigdebaT axloblebs, mezoblebs,
qalaqebSi ewyoba saqonlis bazrobebi. sparseTis yuris qveynebSi, sadac
adgilobrivi mesaqonleoba ver akmayofilebs moTxovnas, aTasobiT cocxali
pirutyvi SemohyavT avstraliidan da axali zelandiidan. Sesawir cxovels ar
unda hqondes xiluli nakli. erTi cxoveli SeiZleba Sewirul iqnes mTeli ojaxis
saxeliT. rodesac alahis mociquli msxverpls swiravda, ambobda: „es
(msxverplSewirva) Cemgan, Cemi ojaxisagan da imaTgan Cemi Temidan, vin
ver SeZlo msxverplis Sewirva”. SesaZlebelia agreTve erTi cxovelis Sewirva 7
ojaxis saxeliT.
dResaswaulis ritualSi Sedis specialuri locva —¹salaT al-‘idain,5 romelic
Sedgeba ori raqaTisagan da iTvaliswinebs ufro meti Taqbirebis warmoTqmas.
locvis win aucilebelia sruli ganwmedis aqtis Sesruleba — Rusl.
sadResaswaulo ritualidan gamoricxulia azani da ikama. maT nacvlad
warmoiTqmis ufro Zveli formula: „aí-salaT jami‘aTan”, rac niSnavs „locva —
erTad”. locvis Semdeg meCeTSi an specialur Ria moedanze (namazgah)6
ikiTxeba xutba, romelic iwyeba alahisa da misi mociqulebis SeqebiT,
msxverplSewirvis mniSvnelobis ganmartebiT. mxolod sadResaswaulo locvis
Semdeg sruldeba msxverplSewirvis rituali.
dResaswaulis dros miRebulia megobrebTan stumrad misvla, axali
tanisamosis Cacma, saCuqrebis gacema, axloblebis saflavebis monaxuleba.
am dros bazarSi ar vaWroben.
mravali muslimi msxverplSewirvas cvlis fuladi SenataniT meCeTSi, rac
Seesabameba cxovelis Rirebulebas. ufro RvTismosavi muslimebi
dResaswaulis dadgomamde 10 dRe marxuloben.
‘id al-fitr [an ‘id as-saRir - mcire dResaswauli; Turq. quCuk-bairam,
uraza-bairam an Seqer-bairam] — xsnilis dResaswauli, romelic ukavSirdeba
marxvis dasrulebas. dResaswauli iwyeba Savalis Tvis pirvel ricxvSi, mzis
amosvlis Semdeg da grZeldeba 3 dRe. am dResaswaulis dawyebis win ojaxis
yvela wevrma unda gadaixados zaqaT al-fitr 7 an¹ sadaka al-fitr, rac ikribeba
meCeTSi da urigeben Rarib-Ratakebs mowyalebis saxiT.

uqonelebs da gaWirvebulebs.
5
es aris erToblivi locva, romelic sruldeba mzis amosvlidan 40 wuTis Semdeg.
dResaswaulebis winamavali ramdenime dRe da Rame meCeTebSi eTmoba ziqris Sesrulebas.
6
musalla (locvis adgili; spars. namazgah) Tavdapirvelad iyo meCeTis sinonimi, Semdeg ki
adgili, sadac warimarTeba saerTo locva dResaswaulebis dros. Cveulebriv musalla aris Ria
adgili qalaqgareT, sadac dResaswaulebis dros gamohqondaT minbarebi. XIV-XVI ss. did
qalaqebSi musallas hqonda kedeli mihrabiT, farduli sapativsacemo adamianebisaTvis da qvis
an aguris minbari. Sua aziaSi arsebobda XX saukunemde. muhamadis dros sadResaswaulo
locva sruldeboda medinis gareT da mas eswreboda qalaqis yvela mcxovrebi: mamakacebi
da qalebi, mozardebi da bavSvebi, moxucebulebi da axalgazrdebi.
7
zaqaT al-fitr Seadgens daaxl. 2 kg-is odenobiT sursaT-sanovages (xorci, finiki, banani,
qiSmiSi da sxv.) an mis ekvivalents. am zaqaTis daniSnuleba aris ganwmenda adamianebis
da ara qonebis. amitom am gadasaxads ixdis ojaxis yvela wevri.
 dResaswaulis ritualSi Sedis savaldebuli saerTo locva, xutba,
sadResaswaulo sufra, megobrebTan stumroba, saCuqrebis gacema, axali
tanisamosis Cacma, sadResaswaulo bazrobebi da winaparTa saflavebis
monaxuleba, maTi morTva yvavilebiT da palmis totebiT. TurqeTSi miRebulia
agreTve tkbileulis darigeba, saidanac warmodgeba dResaswaulis
saxelwodeba _ Seqer-bairam („tkbili dResaswauli”).

arakanonikuri dResaswaulebi
mavlidi, mavlid an-nabi an milad an-nabi (mavlid8 — dabadebis dro,
dabadebis adgili) — muhamadis dabadebis dRisadmi miZRvnili dResaswauli.
mavlid an-nabi aRniSnavs agreTve muhamadis dabadebis adgils — saxls
meqaSi (dRes suk al-lail), romelic iyida xaizuranma (g. 789), xalifa harun ar-
raSidis dedam da salocav adgilad gadaaqcia. mravali piligrimi moinaxulebs
am adgils hajis dros medinaSi mociqulis saflavTan erTad. muhamadis
dabadebis zusti TariRi ar aris cnobili. suniti muslimebi mavlids zeimoben
muhamadis gardacvalebis dRes — muslimuri kalendriT 12 rabi‘ al-avvali. Siiti
muslimebi mavlids aRniSnaven 17 rabi‘ al-avvalSi, rac ukavSirdeba SiitTa
meeqvse imamis — ja‘far as-sadikis dabadebis dRes.
mavlidis pirveli aRniSvna dafiqsirebulia fatimianTa egvipteSi, daaxl. 1100
wels. is aRiniSneboda sasaxleSi, iseve rogorc ‘alis, fatimas da mmarTveli
xalifas mavlidi. am periodSi es iyo ZiriTadad Siiti mmarTveli klasis
dResaswauli. mogvianebiT aris cnoba misi sazeimod aRniSvnis Sesaxeb
muzaffar ad-dinis (salah ad-dinis siZe) mier q. irbilSi (zemo mesopotamia)
604/1207-8 wels. am dResaswauls eswrebodnen RvTismetyvelebi, sufiebi,
mqadageblebi, yuranis mkiTxvelebi da poetebi baRdadidan, mosulidan, al-
jaziradan, nisibinidan da sparseTidan. dResaswaulSi monawileobdnen cnobili
momRerlebi, Crdilis Teatris msaxiobebi da musikosebi. dResaswauli dasrulda
aRlumiT da sazeimo gamaspinZlebiT. osmaleTis imperiis sulTanma murad III-
m daawesa am dResaswaulis aRniSvna sasaxlis karze 1588 wels, xolo
mogvianebiT mavlidi gamocxadda osmaleTis imperiis oficialur dRe-
saswaulad.
muslimi Teologebis erTma nawilma (mag. hanbalitma ibn Taimiiam)
mavlidi Tavdapirvelad miiCnia „siaxled” (bid‘a), rac ewinaaRmdegeba
islamur principebs da ar iyo praqtikaSi arc muhamadis da arc misi uaxloesi
mimdevrebis dros. Tumca avtoritetul kanonTmcodneTa SeTanxmebuli
gadawyvetilebiT (ijma‘) mavlidi gamocxadda „mowonebul siaxled” (bida‘
hasana). dResac mavlidis aRniSvnas mravali mowinaaRmdege hyavs:
vahabitebi, egvipteli modernistebi, indoeTis muslimebi (deobandis seqta).
8
mavlidi aRniSnavs agreTve wminda imamebis, sufi Saixebis dabadebis an sikvdilis
TariRebisadmi miZRvnil dResaswauls.
 dResaswaulis dros ikiTxeba qadageba meCeTebSi, sruldeba locva
muhamadis sapativsacemod, gaicema mowyaleba, gansakuTrebuli
yuradReba eTmoba legendarul gadmocemas muhamadis Sesaxeb (al-isra’
va-l-mi‘raj). aucilebelia mociqulisadmi miZRvnili panegirikebis (mavalid —
poemebi muhamadis dabadebisa da religiuri moRvaweobis Sesaxeb)
deklamireba. yvelaze ufro xSirad ikiTxeba mavalidi, romelic dawerilia arabul
enaze ja‘far b. hasan bazanjis (g. 1765) mier. mkvlevarTa azriT, mavlidi
warmoiSva qristianuli dResaswaulis — Sobis gavleniT. mraval qveyanaSi
imarTeba sazeimo svla anTebuli CiraRdnebiT da mociqulis dedis — aminas
gamosaxulebebiT. Tanamedrove muslimuri qveynebis umetesobaSi mavlidi
saxelmwifo dResaswaulia.
al-isra’ va-l-mi‘raj [„RamiT mogzauroba da amaRleba”] — mociqul
muhamadis RamiT mogzauroba meqidan ierusalimSi, romelic dasrulda
meSvide caze „amaRlebiT”. yuranSi naTqvamia, rom alahma RamiT
gadaiyvana Tavisi mona (muhamadi) meqis wminda meCeTidan (masjid al-
haram) uSores meCeTSi (masjid al-ak¹sa), romlis garSemo adgili akurTxa
alahma [17:1].
muslimuri gadmocemebi dawvrilebiT aRwers mociqulis am mogzaurobis
detalebs: erTxel RamiT, roca muhamads eZina qaabas maxloblad (an Tavisi
biZaSvilis umm hanis saxlSi), mas gamoecxada mTavarangelozi jabraili,
Sesva frTosan cxovelze — al-burakze da waiyvana ierusalimSi. gzad maT
moinaxules xebroni da beTlemi. ierusalimSi buraki daeSva morias mTaze,
sadac muhamadi Sexvda Zvel winaswarmetyvelebs — ibrahims, musas, isas
da uxelmZRvanela sazogado locvas (ori raqaTi). iqve angelozebma mkerdi
gaupes da guli ganubanes muhamads. Semdeg man datova buraki
ierusalimSi da jabrailTan erTad gaiara Svidi ca: pirvelze TviTon adamma
gauxsna „zeciuri kari”; meoreze is Sexvda mociqulebs — iahias da isas;
mesameze — iusufs; meoTxeze — idriss; mexuTeze — haruns (aaroni);
meeqvseze — musas; meSvide caze — ibrahims. amis Semdeg muhamadi
wardga alahis zeciur taxtTan da alahma daudgina muslimebs 5 savaldebulo
locva dReSi. imave Rames al-burakma daabruna muhamadi meqaSi. am
legendarulma gadmocemam, romelic RvTiuri gamocxadebis Sedegad
Seiqmna, muhamadis mimdevarTa da muslim RvTismetyvelTa azrTa
sxvadasxvaoba gamoiwvia. swored am epizodis gamo ierusalimi gaxda
islamis mesame wminda qalaqi.
muhamadis Ramis mogzauroba TariRdeba 621 wlis 27 rajabiT (an 17
ramadaniT). es dRe aRiniSneba xalifa ‘abd al-maliqis droidan, romelic Seecada
piligrimobis gadatanas ierusalimSi. misi mmarTvelobis periodSi meqa
emorCileboda ‘abd allah ibn az-zubairs, ris gamoc ‘abd al-maliqi xels uwyobda
yovelwliurad kubbaT as-saxras monaxulebas, rasac unda Seecvala haji.
muslimuri qveynebis umetesobaSi „miraji” aris religiuri da saxelmwifo dRe-
saswauli.
lailaT al-kadr — „Zlierebis Rame”, romelsac eZRvneba yuranis 97-e
sura. es dResaswauli aRiniSneba ramadanis Tvis 27 ricxvSi, roca muhamads
gardmoevlina zecidan pirveli zeSTagoneba. Tumca, dResaswaulis zust
TariRTan dakavSirebiT azrTa sxvadasxvaobaa. amdenad, miRebulia,
ramadanis Tvis bolo aTi dRis ganmavlobaSi muslimebma kenti Rameebi
miuZRvnan RvTismosaobas. sunitebi upiratesobas aniWeben 21, 23, 25, 27,
29 ricxvebs, xolo Siitebi 19, 21, 23 ramadans. tradiciis Tanaxmad,
muhamadma daadgina, rom es Rame unda modiodes erT-erT kent ricxvze.
muslimTa nawili am aTi dRis manZilze ganmartovdeba meCeTSi da
gamudmebiT asrulebs RvTismsaxurebas.9 am wminda Rames alahi gan-
sakuTrebiT keTilganwyobilia morwmuneTa Txovnebis mimarT, dedamiwaze
daSvebuli angelozebi locaven morwmuneebs. amitom isini did dros atareben
meCeTSi — kiTxuloben yurans da asruleben damatebiT locvebs. iTvleba, rom
am Rames alahi winaswar gansazRvravs adamianTa beds momavali
wlisaTvis locvaSi mis mier gamoTqmuli survilebisa da Txovnis
gaTvaliswinebiT. yuranis „ganCinebis suris” mixedviT, swored erT-erT am
Rames daiwyo yuranis zegardmovlena da swored am RamiT gardmoxdebian
zeciT angelozni RvTiuri suliTa da brZanebiT dedamiwaze, raTa uflis nebiT
adamianTa bediswera daadginon. es imas niSnavs, rom keTil saqmeTa
aRsruleba keTil nayofs gamoiRebs, xolo ukeTur saqmeTa Cadenis Sedegi
siave iqneba. amitomac yvela adamiani fxizlad unda iyos, rom wuTisoflisa da
zesTasoflis es wesebi yuranisa da wminda gadmocemebis meSveobiT
Seityos. amis gamo „lailaT al-kadr” ganmartebulia agreTve, rogorc
„bedisweris, gangebis, ganCinebis” Rame. cnobili Teologis al-Razalis
Tanaxmad arsebobs 15 Rame, romlis drosac rekomendebulia locvebi survile-
bis aRsrulebisaTvis.
lailaT al-bara’a [arab. „Seqmnis Rame”; spars. Sab-i baraT] —
„ganTavisuflebis (codvebis Sendobis) Rame”, aRiniSneba Sa‘banis Tvis 15
ricxvSi.10 Zveli arabuli kalendriT swored am Tveze modioda zafxulis bunioba,
saidanac iwyeboda axali wlis aTvla. am dros miRebuli iyo gardacvlilTa
moxsenieba, gamosasyidi msxverplis mitana, marxvis dacva, raTa axali weli
daewyoT codvebis gareSe. lailaT al-bara’a aris saxalxo dResaswauli, romel-
mac SeinarCuna warmarTobis xanis axali wlis mravali rituali. xalxuri
rwmeniT, Sa‘banis Tvis 14-dan 15-mde RamiT xdeba sicocxlis xis Serxeva,

9
es Cveuleba asocirdeba berebis asketizmTan. TviTon mociquli am aT dRes atarebda
medinis meCeTSi.
10
X-XI ss-Si Sa‘banis Tvis 14-dan 15-mde Rame („lailaT al-kadr”-Tan erTad) iTvleboda
agreTve „bedisweris Ramed”.
romlis foTlebzec weria yvela cocxali adamianis saxeli. is adamiani, romlis
saxelic weria Camovardnil foTlebze, gardaicvleba wlis bolomde. am Rames
alahi eSveba „umdables caze”, raTa Seisminos locvebi da Seundos
morwmuneT codvebi. lailaT al-bara’as dros miRebulia gansakuTrebuli loc-
vebis aRvlena micvalebulTa sulebisaTvis da codvaTa SendobisaTvis, aRTqmis
dadeba, mowyalebis gacema, bavSvebisaTvis tkbileulis (xalva) darigeba,
SuSxunebis srola, bazrobebis gamarTva, avtoritetul muslimTa saflavebis
monaxuleba. muslimTa umravlesoba icavs ordRian damatebiT marxvas (13-
dan 15 Sa‘banamde).
Siituri rwmeniT, swored 255/868 wlis 15 Sa‘bans daibada meTormete
imami — muÐammad al-mahdi.
‘aSura’ [arab. „meaTe dRe”] — glovis aTdRiuri SiitTa mesame imamis,
al-Ðusain b. ‘alis mosaxsenieblad, romelic daiRupa qarbalasTan (erayi) hijriT
61 wlis muharramis 10 ricxvSi (680w. 10 oqtomberi). samgloviaro dReebi
grZeldeba muharramis Tvis pirveli aTi dRis ganmavlobaSi da kulminacias
aRwevs 10 muharams. ‘aSura’s ZiriTadi rituali aris religiuri misteria — Ta‘ziia
(„datireba”), romelSic warmodgenilia al-husainis tragikuli daRupvis istoria.
Siituri tradiciiT, gansakuTrebuli samgloviaro „Sekrebebi” (majalis) daiwyo
uSualod al-husainis mkvlelobis Semdeg. Ta‘ziias tradiciis damkvidrebaSi
mniSvnelovani roli Seasrula „momnaniebelTa” (Tavvabun) moZraobam. al-
Hhusainis naTesavebma pirveli „datireba” moawyes misi mkvlelobidan me-
40 dRes, rodesac isini damaskodan medinaSi brundebodnen. umaianTa dros
al-Hhusainis da misi axloblebis yovelwliuri moxsenieba xdeboda medinaSi
Siiti imamebis saxlebSi. swored am periodSi dadginda Ta‘ziia-s tradicia. es
iyo garkveulwilad protestis forma xelisuflebis „uzurpatorTa” winaaRmdeg.
‘abasianebma politikuri mosazrebebis gamo dauSves samgloviaro
„Sekrebebis” sajarod Catareba. Tumca xalifa al-muTavaqilis dros (847-861),
romelic atarebda antiSiitur politikas, al-Hhusainis saflavi ganadgurda
(850w.), xolo Ta‘ziia aikrZala. buveianTa mmarTvelobis dros eraySi Ta‘ziia-m
miiRo oficialuri dResaswaulis statusi. 963 wels baRdadSi pirvelad sazeimod
aRiniSna Ta‘ziia.
iranSi da eraySi Ta‘ziia ewyoba meCeTebis, medreseebis ezoebSi da
specialur SenobebSi (Taqiia, husainia),11 sadac idgmeba karvebi, romlebSic
Tavsdeba sakaceebi mowameTa simboluri cxedrebiT. Ta‘ziia iwyeba mola-
rouzexanis (mas acvia Savi xalaTi da axuravs Savi Calma) qadagebiT, mas
mosdevs ymawvilTa gundis simRera da samgloviaro procesia — aza,
romelsac Tan axlavs morwmuneTa TviTgvema da sami nawilisagan Sedgeba:
pirvelSi monawileoben Sav perangebSi Cacmuli muslimebi, romlebic mkerdSi
11
pirvelad X saukuneSi baRdadSi, aleposa da kairoSi gaCnda specialuri saxlebi
(husaaniiaT), sadac tardeboda Ta‘ziia.
muStebs icemen; meoreSi (aza zanajir) monawileoben Sav grZel perangSi
Cacmuli muslimi mamakacebi, romlebic tanze (mxrebze da zurgze) irtyamen
jaWvebs, ixeven perangebs da sxeulis nawilebs iseraven danebiTa da
xanjlebiT (zanajir). mesame procesiaSi — aza kamat (kimatr) monawileoben
muslimebi, romlebmac aRTqma dades, rom Seasrulon rituali. maT
gadaparsuli aqvT Tavi (Sublidan kefamde farTo zoli) da grZeli xmliT iyeneben
Wrilobebs, sisxli saxeze CamosdiT da ase agrZeleben msvlelobas. TiToeul
procesias mihyveba winamZRoli — hadi, romelic xmamaRla mouTxrobs
Sekrebil morwmuneebs qarbalas tragediis da al-husainis mowameobrivi
sikvdilis Sesaxeb. morwmuneni imeoreben mis mier warmoTqmul frazebs.
idgmeba Teatralizebuli warmodgenebi, sadac aRwerilia al-husainis razmis
gza medinidan eraySi. al-Hhusainis, misi Zmis ‘abbasis da sxva mowameTa
rolebs asruleben profesionali msaxiobebi12. al-Hhusainis mkvlelebis — xalifa
iazidis (680-683) da misi samxedro razmis winamZRolis Simris saxelebi
SiitebTan gaxda wyevlis sinonimi. msvlelobas Tan axlavs sayvirebis xma da
ismis SeZaxilebi: „Sah Hhusain, vah Hhusain”! anu Sahid (mowame) husain,
vah-husain! aqedan warmodgeba aSuras sxva saxelwodebac — Sah-sei, vah-
sei.
Tavdapirvelad, ‘aSura’ da masTan dakavSirebuli ritualebi mkacrad
ganikicxeboda hanbalitebis mier. Sua saukuneebis baRdadi muharramis Tvis
dasawyisSi araerTxel gamxdara mwvave konfesiuri dapirispirebis adgili. dRes
‘aSura’ aRiniSneba TiTqmis yvela muslimur qveyanaSi (gansakuTrebiT,
iranSi, eraySi, bahrainSi, pakistanSi, indoeTSi, avRaneTSi, libanSi). iranSi,
sadac Siizmi saxelmwifo religiad gamocxadda 1501 wels, mistikuri
Teatralizebuli warmodgenebi yovelwliurad imarTeboda da masSi
sazogadoebis yvela fena monawileobda. yajarTa dinastiis mmarTvelobis dros
(1779-1924) aSenda specialuri Teatrebi Ta‘ziias saCveneblad mTeli wlis
ganmavlobaSi: specialurad momzadebuli msaxiobebi asrulebdnen „keTili
adamianebis” (imamebi, fatima binT ‘ali) da „boroti adamianebis”
(umaianebi) rolebs. reza Sah fehlevis (1925-1945) dros oficialurad aikrZala
quCis procesiebi da religiuri misteriebi, rogorc „retrogradobis”
gamoxatuleba. aRdga iranis islamuri revoluciis (1979w.) Semdeg. qarbalaSi,
sadac dakrZalulia al-Hhusaini, muharramis Tve aris glovis da mwuxarebis
Tve, quCebSi gamofenilia samgloviaro droSebi. iq Cadis aTasobiT piligrimi,
raTa monawileoba miiRos samgloviaro ritualebSi. piligrimebi moixilaven
agreTve SiitTa wminda qalaqebs — najafs, samaras, maShads, yums. es
samgloviaro ceremoniali Tavisi SinaarsiTa da gaformebiT Siituri islamis
religiuri da politikuri ideebis propagandis efeqturi saSualebaa. amis gamo

12
zogierTi mkvlevari Tvlis, rom sparsuli Teatris daarseba saTaves swored am misteriebidan
iRebs. poeziaSi Camoyalibda Ta‘ziia-s Janri.
eraySi sadam Hhusainis mmarTvelobis (1979-2004) dros, mravali wlis
manZilze, akrZaluli iyo ‘aSura’s aRniSvna.13
ramadani — erT-erTi wminda Tve. is muslimuri mTvaris kalendris
erTaderTi Tvea, romelic moxseniebulia yuranSi. islamamdel arabeTSi, rogorc
amas mowmobs yurani, meqaSi arsebobda tradicia, es Tve mieZRvnaT
RvTismosavi saqmeebisaTvis. ramadani aris moTminebis, morCilebis,
patiebis, alahisadmi Tayvaniscemis, codvebisagan ganwmendis Tve.
muslimebisaTvis Zalian mniSvnelovani, sadResaswaulo dRea am Tvis bolo
paraskevi (jum‘aT-ul-vida‘). ramadani aris RvTiTkurTxeuli Tve, radganac
alahis wyaloba (baraqa) uaxlovdeba adamianebs. gansakuTrebiT axlos aris is
27 ramadanis Rames (lailaT al-kadr). gadmocemiT, am wminda Tveze modis
mravali TariRi, romlebic ukavSirdeba mniSvnelovan istoriul movlenebs adreul
islamSi. 6 — Hhusain b. ‘alis dabadebis dRe. 10 — xadijas dabadebis dRe. 17
— badrTan brZolis dRe. 19 — meqis aRebis dRe. 21 — ‘alis mowameobrivi
aRsasrulis dRe. 22 — ‘alis dabadebis dRe. ramadanis TveSi yuranis kiTxvas
gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eqceva.

muslimuri axali weli — muslimuri dResaswaulebis ricxvs xSirad

miakuTvneben novruzs, magram mas ara aqvs pirdapiri kavSiri islamTan.
novruzi (navruz, novruz-bairami (spars. axali weli) — axali weli mzis
kalendriT, romelic emTxveva gazafxulis buniobas. is aRiniSneba mzis
kalendriT farvardinis Tvis pirvel dRes, xolo grigorianuli kalendriT, 21-22
marts. gadmocemiT, daawesa sparseTis legendarulma mefem jemSidma.
sparsulenovani xalxebi sazeimod aRniSnavdnen mas islamamdel epoqaSi,
xolo mogvianebiT SeiZina islamuri elferi. arabma xalifebma dapyrobili
sparselebisagan aiTvises, gaavrceles is yvelgan da mdidrulad
dResaswaulobdnen. amJamad novruzi aris mxolod iranuli tomebis
dResaswauli da aRiniSneba ZiriTadad iranSi, avRaneTSi, TurqeTSi.
kavkasiaSi novruzs dResaswauloben mxolod Siitebi.
novruzis tradiciuli rituali iwyeba gazafxulis pirveli yvavilebis
gamoCeniT. bavSvebi yvavilebiT xelSi Semoivlian muslimTa saxlebs da
simRerebiT ulocaven axali wlis da gazafxulis dadgomas. am dResaswaulis
dros icvamen axal samoss, amzadeben sadResaswaulo tkbileuls —
sumanak (alaos xalva): dResaswaulamde 15 dRiT adre iwyeba xorblis an
qeris gaRiveba, Semdeg gamowuraven da aduReben wvens fqvilTan da
SaqarTan erTad. kargad ganaTebul saxlSi awyoben specialur

13
2008 wlis 18-19 ianvars erayis mTel rig qalaqebSi (basra, an-nasiria da sxv.),
samgloviaro ceremonialis dros, moxda sisxliani Setakebebi, romlebsac xelmZRvanelobdnen
eqstremistuli dajgufebis („cis jariskacebi“) wevrebi. daiRupa 86 da daiWra 40-ze meti
adamiani. TviTon q. qerbelaSi xelisuflebam SeZlo mosaxleobis usafrTxoebis dacva.
 sadResaswaulo sufras, sadac aucileblad unda iyos 7 produqti, romelTa
saxelwodeba farsis enaze iwyeba sin-iT (hafT sin): sabzi — gaRivebuli
xorbali, sir — niori, sib — vaSli, sirka — Zmari, sumak — kowaxuri, sinjid —
veluri zeTis xili, samanå — kamfeti. magidaze dgamen sarkes, mis orive
mxares sanTlebs anTeben, romelTa raodenoba unda Seesabamebodes oja-
xis wevrTa ricxvs da TavisiT unda Caiwvas, deben yuransac. sa-
dResaswaulo sufraze unda iyos agreTve puri, WurWeli wyliT, xili, nigozi,
mamali, Tevzi, rZe, yveli. iTvleba, rom ojaxis yvela wevri axali wlis Rames
unda Seikribos saaxalwlo sufris irgvliv. sasurvelia Tu ojaxis pirveli stumari
mamakaci iqneba. saRamos, mzis Casvlis win kocons anTeben da xtebian
rigrigobiT. xalxuri rwmeniT, am gziT isini gaTavisufldebian yovelgvari
avadmyofobis, ubedurebis, codvebisagan. novruzis dros ewyoba
sayovelTao seirnoba, sadResaswaulo bazrobebi, sadac vaWroben
suvenirebiT, tkbileuliT da erovnuli kerZebiT. Tavis xelovnebas
warmoaCenen saxalxo momRerlebi da musikosebi, akrobatebi, oinbazebi,
komikosebi. axali wlis momdevno sami-oTxi dRis manZilze miRebulia
megobrebTan stumroba, saCuqrebis gacema.

3. muslimuri rituali

winadacveTa. termini — xiTan aRniSnavs orives, vaJebis da gogonebis

winadacveTas. Tumca es procedura qalebSi aRiniSneba agreTve terminiT
xifad an xafd.14 yuranSi es sityva ar gvxvdeba, magram ixsenieba
islamamdel poeziaSi da hadisebSi. winadacveTa saerTo semitur movlenaTa
rigs ganekuTvneba. ebraelTa garda, romlebTanac winadacveTa sakralur
xasiaTs atarebda da savaldebulo religiur rituals warmoadgenda, is praqtikaSi
iyo sxva xalxebTanac. es Cveuleba praqtikaSi iyo egvipteSi jer kidev fa-
raonebis dros. biWebisa da gogonebis winadacveTa gavrcelebuli iyo
winaislamur arabeTSic. erTi gadmocemiT, ibrahimma 80 wlisam
winadaicviTa, sxva gadmocemiT ki es moxda maSin, roca 13 wlisa iyo. mis
mniSvnelobas aZlierebs is gadmocema, romlis Tanaxmadac mociquli
winadacveTili daibada.
muslim kanonmdeblebs Soris azrTa sxvadasxvaobaa winadacveTis
wesTan dakavSirebiT. is savaldebulod (vajib) aRiares Safiitebma, xolo sxva
iuridiuli skolebi mas sunad miiCneven. am wesis Sesruleba rekomendebulia
(musTahabb) bavSvis dabadebidan meSvide dRes an 13 wlamde periodSi.
islamuri samarTlis mixedviT, mSoblebs, naTesavebs da axloblebs ekisrebaT
14
es procedura farTod iyo gavrcelebuli jibutsa da egvipteSi, magram Sesabamisi kanoniT
aikrZala 1995-1997 wlebSi.
pasuxismgebloba Cautaron biWebs winadacveTa srulwlovanebamde. am
ritualis warmoSobas erTni ukavSireben islamamdel tradicias — msxverplad
SeewiraT RmerTisaTvis sxeulis nawili. sxvebi miiCneven mas vaJkacobis
gamocdad. aris versia dakavSirebuli klimatur pirobebTan, demografiul
problemebTan da pirad higienasTan.
Sua saukuneebSi fatimianebi ufliswulebis, taxtis memkvidreebis
winadacveTasTan dakavSirebiT did dResaswaulebs awyobdnen. mag. xalifa
al-kaimma brZana, 951w. aReweraT mxedarTmTavrebis da jariskacebis
vaJebi, monaTa Svilebis CaTvliT q. kairavanSi da sxva qalaqebSi, raTa
winadaecviTaT da daejildoebinaT isini. aRmoCnda maTi raodenoba 10 000-ze
meti da dResaswauli 17 dRes gagrZelda. TiToeuli dResaswaulis monawile
iRebda saCuqars 100 dinaridan 100 dirhamamde, misi rangis Sesabamisad.
vaJebis winadacveTa dResac didi zeimiT tardeba.
winadacveTis proceduras atarebs dalaqi an qirurgi. am proceduris
Catarebamde sruldeba ganbanvis rituali, romelsac Tan axlavs locva. amJamad
winadacveTa Cveulebrivi movlenaa islamur qveynebSi da ganixileba rogorc
islamisadmi kuTvnilebis simbolo.

muslimuri samosi [libas, mr. r. lubus]. muslimi mamakaci unda

dadiodes Tavdaxuruli, xolo qali valdebulia ucxo Tvalisagan saburveliT
daifaros saxe da sxeuli.
hijabi („zRude”, „tixari”, „farda”) aris krebiTi saxeli islamuri samosis
sxvadasxva saxeobisa, rogoricaa saburveli, Cadri, faranja, romliTac muslimi
qali saxlidan gasvlisas saxes da sxeuls ifaravs. arab. hijab (momdinareobs
zmnidan hajaba − „damalva sxvisi xedvisagan”) aRniSnavs Cadrs an sagans,
romelic icavs qals sxvisi xedvisagan, an gancalkevebas anda karCaketilobas.
Tumca, yuranSi ar aris naTeli miTiTeba muslimi qalebisadmi, rom iyvnen
karCaketilni TavianT saxlSi an ataron Cadri. karCaketilobisa da CadriT
dafarvis kanonizeba moxda muslimi egzegetikosebis mier.
Cadri da karCaketiloba ar aris wminda islamuri movlena. abraamistuli
erTRmerTianobis tradicia gansakuTrebul yuradRebas uTmobs morwmune
qalis garegnul saxes. qalis sxeulis dafarva ucxo Tvalisagan, „swori Cacma”
yovelTvis iyo qalis siwmindisa da umankoebis simbolo, Cadri uZvelesi
droidan qalis morTulobisa da Cacmulobis aucilebel atributs warmoadgenda.
magram es wesi ucxo iyo islamamdeli arabebisaTvis. Cadris Cveuleba
muslimebTan gavrcelda mezobeli bizantiidan da sparseTidan. hijabis tareba
jer evalebodaT muhamadis colebs, Semdeg ki Tavisufal (aramxeval) muslim
qalebsac. am wesis Camoyalibebas didi dro dasWirda.
arsebobs hijabis ramdenime saxeoba: Savi an zogjer sxva feris
mosasxamebi mTeli sxeulisaTvis da TavisaTvis (ximar) anda mxolod
saxisaTvis: Tvalebamde saxis qveda nawilis damfaravi pirbade (lisam),
specialuri bade TvalebisaTvis naxvretebiT, Savi naxevrad gamWvirvale
TavSalebi da sxva. hadisebSi dafiqsirebulia saburvelis Semdegi saxeobebi:
sxeulisaTvis – jilbab, lihaf, milhafa, izar, dir‘a; Tavisa da kisrisaTvis _ ximar,
burku‘, kina‘, mikna‘a, nikab.
yuransa da hadisebSi gansazRvrulia agreTve moTxovnebi qalis samosTan
dakavSirebiT: aucilebelia, rom sxeulis yvela nawili, agreTve Tma, saxis da
xelis mtevanis garda, dafaruli iyos; tansacmeli unda iyos gaumWvirvale;
Casacmeli unda iyos qalis samosis kategoriidan da ara mamakacis;
tansacmels ar unda hqondes sunamos an raime mZafri aromati.
islamuri aRorZinebis procesi − an-nahda, romelic farTod gavrcelda
islamur samyaroSi XIX s-is bolos da XX s-is dasawyisSi, Seexo qalTa
emansipaciasac. Cadris tarebaze uaris Tqma gaxda muslimur qveynebSi
demokratiisaTvis brZolis erT-erTi lozungi da es sakiTxi dResac mZafri
polemikis sagans warmoadgens. konservatorebi hijabs acxadeben islamuri
eTikis erT-erT aucilebel elementad.
‘imama − Calma, muslimi mamakacis Tavsaburavi, romelic Sedgeba
qudisagan da masze Semoxveuli qsovilisagan. mis aRsaniSnavad
gamoiyeneba sxvadasxva sityvebi:Turbani (spars. dålband), sarik (Turq.),
Calma (rus.) da sxva. Calmis tareba, romelic iyo muhamadis Tavsaburavi,
rekomendebulia hadisebiT, rogorc religiurobis simbolo. fikhis TxzulebebSi
detalurad aris ganmartebuli im qsovilis feri (mag., Sarifebi atareben mwvane
Calmas) da zoma, romlisaganac unda damzaddes ‘imama, rogor unda
Semoixvion da riTi unda moirTos, vin SeiZleba ataros da rodis, vis ekrZaleba
misi tareba da visTvis aris rekomendebuli. muslimma mamakacma is unda
daixuros locvis dros da meCeTebis da saflavebis monaxulebisas. muslimi
mmarTvelebisa da moxeleebisaTvis ‘imama gaxda investituris simbolo.
‘imama Seadgenda mniSvnelovan nawils sapatio samosisa (xil‘a), romliTac
mmarTvelebi ajildoebdnen maRal saxelmwifoebriv Tanamdebobebze
daniSnul muslimebs. XIX saukuneSi daiwyo Calmis tarebis tradiciis kritika da
dRes TiTqmis yvela muslimur qveyanaSi ‘imamas atareben ZiriTadad religiuri
pirebi.
dakrZalvis wesi islamSi. terminiT janaza aRiniSneba micvalebulis
dakrZalvis wesi, gvami da dasakrZali sakace. muslimurma samarTalma
SeimuSava wesebis mTeli sistema, „muslimTa gadasaxlebis Sesaxeb
imqveyniur cxovrebaSi”. dakrZalvis savaldebulo wesebi Semdegia: sikvdilis
moaxloebisas muslimma unda warmoTqvas Sahada ise, rom saxiT
meqisaken iyos mimarTuli da Tu es ar SeuZlia, maSin mas Sahada yurSi
unda CasCurCulon; micvalebuls uxuWaven Tvalebs, ukraven ybas, muxlebs
da gulze xelebs ukrefen; Tu fexmZime qali gardaicvala, marcxena mxares
unda gaWran, bavSvi amoiyvanon da Semdeg gakeron; gardacvlili unda
ganibanos (Rusl) 3-jer — pirvelad wyals ureven kedaris fxvnils, meored —
qafurs, mesamed — mxolod sufTa wyliT da usvamen qafuris zeTs. ganbanvas
Cveulebriv asruleben imave sqesis muslimebi. Tumca iyo gamonaklisebic.
mag., xalifa ‘umar I-ma anderZi daibara, rom ganbanvis rituali mis cols
Seesrulebina; ganbanvis Semdeg muslimis gvams axveven sudaraSi (kafan),
romelic sami bambanarevi qsovilis gadasafareblisagan Sedgeba. sasurvelia,
sudara iyos TeTri feris. Cveulebriv daSvebulia nebismieri feri, wiTelis garda;
gardacvlilze sruldeba specialuri locva — salaT al-mavT (yuranis 36-sura —
„iasin” da 89-e suris bolo aiebi). locvas warmoTqvams uaxloesi naTesavi an
mmarTveli, an cnobili religiuri swavluli. akrZalulia locva TviTmkvlelis an
urwmunos saxelze; gardacvlili muslimi rac SeiZleba swrafad unda daikrZalos
(dafn). diliT gardacvlils krZalaven imave dRes, sasurvelia mzis Casvlamde,
xolo mzis Casvlis Semdeg gardacvlils — meore dRes. aucilebelia muslimi
daikrZalos muslimTa sasaflaoze;15 dakrZalvis ceremonials qalebi ar
eswrebian; saflavSi keTdeba niSa da micvalebuls marjvena gverdze, saxiT
meqis mimarTulebiT deben. saflavSi deben agreTve qaRalds, romelzedac aris
yuranis aiebi, raTa sikvdilis angelozebma (munkari da nakiri) gardacvlilis
dakiTxvamde icodnen, rom iq dakrZalulia „morwmune” da ara „urwmuno”.
dakrZalvis ceremonialis dros warmoTqvamen rwmenis simboloebs; qalis
saflavi unda iyos ufro Rrma, vidre mamakacis; islamuri samarTali ar iwonebs
did danaxarjebs saflavebis mdidrul gaformebaze, micvalebulis datirebas,
magram ar krZalavs; saflavis qvaze aRiniSneba micvalebulis saxeli,
dabadebisa da gardacvalebis TariRebi, aiebi yuranidan. xSir SemTxvevaSi
aris warwera: „aq ganisvenebs allahis msaxuri ....”; saflavis gaxsna
ikrZaleba. dasaSvebia mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu gardacvlili dakrZalulia
uzurpirebul an uwmindur adgilas; gardacvlilis axloblebma misi qonebidan
unda gascen mowyaleba Raribebze; gardacvlilis moxsenieba xdeba me-3,
me-7 da me-40 dRes.
tradiciebSi moxseniebulia, rom muhamadma daawesa glovis vada axlo
naTesavis gardacvalebis SemTxvevaSi 3 dRe, xolo qvrivebis SemTxvevaSi —
4 Tve da 10 dRe.

15
ikrZaleba aramuslimis dakrZalva muslimTa sasaflaoze. Tumca islamuri samarTali uSvebs
gamonakliss: Tu muslimis coli — qristiani an iudeveli — gardaicvala da ar arsebobs uaxloes
teritoriaze maTi sasaflao, daSvebulia misi dakrZalva muslimTa sasaflaoze. Tumca is unda
daikrZalos ise, rom zurgiT iyos mimarTuli meqisaken.