Wcdma RND PDF

WCDMA Radio Network Design
INTRODUCTION
WCDMA network design | Public | © Ericsson AB 2010 | 2010-10-26 | Page 2

GSM WCDMA
› Orthogonal in time within a cell › Separate users through different codes
› Discontinuous transmission and › Large bandwidth
reception › Continuous transmission and reception
› Synchronization in time › Code planning - Frequency reuse is 1
› Frequency planning › No frequency planning
TDMA code
CDMA
e
e
ti m
ti m
Time-Division Code-Division
Multiple Access Multiple Access
frequency frequency

One cell frequency reuse
› In CDMA, all cells use the same carrier frequency

– Frequency reuse = 1
› No frequency planning!
FDMA/TDMA (reuse > 1) CDMA (reuse = 1)

Code multiplexing

Codes in WCDMA
› Codes are used for two purposes:
– Differentiate channels and users
– Spreading the data over the entire bandwidth
› Spreading code = Channelization code + Scrambling code

› Channelization codes
– Performs spreading
– Separates different channels that are transmitted on the same scrambling
code
– Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor (OVSF) codes
– SF codes with spreading factor SF (4 codes with SF4, 8 codes with SF8…)
› Scrambling codes (Repeat period 10 ms=38400 chip)
– Separates different cells (in downlink)
– Separates different mobiles (in uplink)
– Gold sequences, 512 sets

Channelization codes
c4,1 = {1 1 1 1}
c2,1 = {1 1}
cc c4,2 = {1 1 -1 -1}
c c1 = {1}
c -c c4,3 = {1 -1 1 -1}
c2,2 = {1 -1}
c4,4 = {1 -1 -1 1}
SF = 1 SF = 2 SF = 4 SF = 8
SF=8
SF=16
SF=32
S-CCPCH
For FACH
SF=64
S-CCPCH
For PCH
SF=128
SF=256
CPICH P-CCPCH AICH PICH
For BCH
Benefits of spreading
NBI
1 2 3 4 5
MOD WBI DEM F DET
384 kbps
3.84 Mcps Spreading code P
P NBI 3
Spreading factor WBI f

1 Processing gain
f Rchip
P
G= 4
P Rbit
2
f
MOD - modulation
DEM - demodulation
P
f F - filtering
5
DET - detection
NBI - narrow-band interference
WBI - wide-band interference f

Eb/No requirement to fulfill BLER
• Correlation of channel codes in receiver

• Own channel correlates well, i.e. peaks (Signal)
• Other channels appear as noise (Interference)
• More users  increased interference
Power
Energy per bit (Eb)
Interference (Io+Ior)
1 Carrier (3.84 MC)
Power need to be adjusted to retain the Signal to Interference Ratio (SIR)

I.e. fulfilling the BLER requirements for that specific service
C/I and processing gain
Power
+5 dB
C/I is before despreading.

Signal (Eb)
If the BLER requires Gp

A Eb/No of 5dB for a
certain service and the Total interference
processing gain (Gp) is Intra (Io)+ inter (Ior)
& Noise (Nthermal)
~25dB for the service –20 dB
1 Carrier (3.84 MC)
Meaning C/I can be as Gp

low as - 20dB, still keeping
acceptable quality C  Eb  10  log( Rc/Ri )
I No
Rc : Chiprate 3.84 Mc
Ri : Service bitrate

Coverage
› Depends on type of service (Processing gain, required Eb/No)
› Depends on Load – Cell Breathing:

high load = higher NR + less power available
Cell breathing
High load Low load

Traffic load sets the coverage
• WCDMA Coverage is traffic dependent
Load Planned
100% - coverage
Planned load
Higher load
reduces coverage
Noise floor
Coverage
• 2G Coverage is independent of traffic

Capacity
› WCDMA capacity is limited on uplink by interference

› WCDMA capacity is limited on downlink with channelization
codes and Node B power
Code limited scenario Power limited scenario

Soft handover
Downlink
Maximum Ratio Combining:
 Eb  E  E 
    b    b 
 I0  total  I 0 1  I 0 2
Uplink
Softer handover (2 cells on
same Node B):
Maximum Ratio Combining
Soft handover (2 cells,

different Node B):
Selection Combining in RNC

Network Design

Overview
Radio Planning Process
Use TEMS
Cellplanner and
digitized map
TRAFFIC AIR INTERFACE NOMINAL RADIO

MODELLING DIMENSIONING CELL PLAN NETWORK
DESIGN
• Site type
• Site Count
• Site to Site Distance
• Carrier Required
• Input Analysis Hardware dimensioning
• Mapping of Radio Access • Channel Elements
Bearer
Overview
Dimensioning Objective
› To dimension radio capacity with reasonable accuracy

before using planning tools
› To establish the parameters and assumptions to be used
throughout the project

Overview
Input Data
› Environment and Coverage

– Area to cover and coverage degree
– Channel Model for EbNos
– Propagation Model (Ok-Hata > 1km, Walfish < 1km)
› Service Characteristics
– Services and RABs
– Grade of Service
– UE Type

Overview
Input Data
› Subscriber Density and Subscriber Behaviour

– Number of Subs per area
– Traffic per Sub at Busy Hour
– Activity Factor for services
– Body Loss
› System Design Data
– Retransmissions
– Handover parameters
– Site Configuration
– Bandwidth (# carriers)
– Load

Overview
Traffic Profile
Traffic model in average Short term Medium term Long term

per user during BH after 1 year after 2-3 years after 4 to 6 years
Voice (mE) 8 to 30 10 to 30 10 to 30
Typical voice (mE) 15 to 20 15 to 20 15 to 20
Typical CS64 data (mE) 0,1 to 0,5 around 1 2 to 3
PS data (KByte/BH) 20 to 100 60 to 250 up to 500 to 600
Typical PS data(KB/BH) 40 to 60 100 to 150 200 to 300
› Average user in BH
– Voice/Video in mE
– PS in kB/BH
› UL/DL Asymmetry = 15-20%
› BH Traffic = 10-15% Daily Traffic

Link Budgets
Log Normal Fade Margin

 Propagation models predict only mean values of signal strength
 Mean signal strength value fluctuates, the deviation of the local has a
nearly normal distribution in dB, compared to the predicted mean
 Probability that the real signal strength will exceed the predicted one
on the cell border is around 50%
 For higher coverage probability than 50% an additional margin has to be
added to the predicted required signal strength
 The LNF margin depends on:
 Radio channel properties (channel model)
 Area type (Clutter type) Area coverage %
Environment
 Required coverage confidence 75 85 90 95 98
 soft handover gain Rural, Suburban –4.1 –1.7 0 2.3 4.6
Urban –3.9 –0.9 1.1 4.1 7.2
Urban Indoor –3.8 0.6 3.4 7.5 12.1
Dense Urban Indoor –3.8 1.1 4.3 9 14.3

Link Budgets
Air Interface Dimensioning

Input Data Assume an
uplink loading
Calculate uplink Calculate uplink Calculate PCPICH, ref

capacity coverage/Lmax based on UL Lmax
Estimate sitecount Estimate sitecount Calculate PCCH, ref

for capacity for coverage
Calculate PDCH
No
Balanced?
Yes Calculate
DL Capacity
No DL Capacity
fulfill req.
Yes
Finished

Link Budgets
Uplink Dimensioning
Max path loss due to propagation
Cell range and cell area can be calculated
The number of sites required for meeting

coverage requirement can be found

Link Budgets
Uplink Link Budget

Lpmax = PUE - SUL – BPC-BIUL-BLNF-LBL-LCPL-LBPL-Ga-LJ
where
Lpmax is the maximum path loss due to propagation in the air. The cell range
can be calculated based upon this figure [dB].
PUE is the maximum UE output power, 21 or 24 [dBm].
SUL is the UL sensitivity. Depends on the RAB and channel model [dBm].
BIUL is the noise rise [dB].
BLNF is the log-normal fading margin [dB].
BPC is the power control margin, dependent on channel model [dB].
LBL is the body loss [dB].
LCPL is the car penetration loss [dB].
LBPL is the building penetration loss [dB].
Ga is the sum of RBS antenna gain and UE antenna gain [dBi].
LJ is the jumpers loss [dB].

Link Budgets
UL System Sensitivity
SUL = SRBS + LF = Nt + Nf + 10logRinfo + Eb/N0 + LF [dBm]
SRBS is the RBS sensitivity. When an ASC is used, it is measured at the ASC port,
without ASC at the RBS
Eb/N0 is the bit energy divided by noise spectral density [dB]
Nt is the thermal noise power density (.174 dBm/Hz),
Nf is the noise figure (a typical cell planning value 2.3 dB with and 3.3 dB without ASC),
Rinfo is the information bit rate [bps].
LF is the feeder loss [dB]. The feeder loss becomes zero in uplink calculations for installations with
ASC.

Link Budgets
UL Noise Rise
BIUL - Noise Rise is referred as the increase in receiver noise floor

when a system is more loaded.
12
Interference increase I [dB]

10
where Q is the uplink system loading 4
0
E.g. 20%=0,97dB, 50%=3dB 0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9
Load

Link Budgets
Calculating Cell Range
› Maximum Pathloss (Okumura-Hata)

Lpath = A - 13.82log(ha) + (44.9 - 6.55log(ha))logR - a(hm) [dB]
Where the following A values are valid for 2050 MHz:

A = 155.1 in urban areas ha base station antenna height [m
= 147.9 in suburban and semi–open areas hm UE antenna height [m]
= 135.8 in rural areas R distance from transmitter [km]
= 125.4 in open areas a(1.5) = 0
› Range
R = 10,
where:  = [Lpath - A + 13.82logHb]/[44.9 - 6.55logHb]
› Use Walfish Ikegami if cell range <1km

Link Budgets
Calculating Site Distances
3 9 3
Area  Area  Area 
2 2 2
3R 3R 3R
2 8 2
R R
R
3
Site to Site 3R Site to Site R Site to Site 3R
2

Link Budgets
Site Count for Capacity
Suppose Q = 20 % = MSpeech / Mpole Speech

MSpeech = 20%*95= 19 simultaneous users or channels
Erlang B, 2% GoS 19 channels give 12.3 Erl. offered
traffic.
12.3/30 mE = 411 users (actual users in the network)
per cell
Divide total user by user per cell to get no. of cells
needed.

Link Budgets
UL Load & Simultaneous Users
M=Q * Mpole
where
Q is air interface load relative to the pole capacity
Mpole is maximum number of simultaneous users for this service;
given per cell for all site configurations.
M is number of simultaneous users for this service (calculated
from the traffic data: user profile, service rate, number of
users
Recommended maximum uplink load: Q = 60–70%

Link Budgets
Calculating Mpole
 1   1
M pole     1  
1 F    
( Eb / I 0 ) PG
10( Eb / I0 ) / 10
  10 10

Rchip
RInfo
 C/I target of the RAB

Rchip Chip rate (=3.84 Mcps) [cps]
Rinfo Information bit rate for the RAB
[bps]
PG Processing Gain
F Interference ratio other/own cell

Link Budgets
Balancing Coverage and Capacity

Link Budgets
Downlink Dimensioning
› Transmitter (RBS) is in a single point, Receivers (Terminals) are
distributed in the cell
› DL coverage and capacity are not only dependent on the number of
terminals, but also on their distribution in a cell and their relative
position towards other cells

Link Budgets
Downlink Link Budget

Lpmax = PTX,ref – SUE – BPC – BIDL – BLNF – LBL – LCPL – LBPL +Ga – LJ
Lpmax is the maximum path loss due to propagation in the air [dB].
PTX,ref is the transmitter power at the system reference point [dBm]
SUE is the UE sensitivity [dBm]
BPC is the power control margin [dB]
BLNF is the log-normal fading margin [dB]
BIDL is the noise rise or the downlink interference margin [dB]
LBL is the body loss [dB]
LCPL is the car penetration loss [dB]
LBPL is the building penetration loss [dB]
Ga is the sum of RBS antenna gain and UE antenna gain [dBi]
LJ is the jumper loss [dB]
•Above equation can be used as the link budget both for

dedicated (DCH) and common channels (CCH)

Link Budgets
UE Sensitivity
 for the dedicated channels

SUE = Nt + Nf + 10logRinfo + Eb/N0
Eb/N0 is the bit energy divided by noise spectral density [dB]. Downlink
Eb/N0 values depend on the RAB and the channel model.
Nt is the thermal noise power density (.174 dBm/Hz),
Nf is the noise figure (a typical cell planning value is 7 dB),
Rinfo is the information bit rate [cps].
 for CPICH
SUE, CPICH = Nt + Nf + 10logRchip + Ec/N0
Rchip is the system chip rate 3.84 Mcps

Ec/N0 is the chip energy divided by noise spectral density [dB]

Link Budgets
Downlink Power Limits

Nominal total output power at top of TMA
Ensure sufficient power is left for mobility
The powers of the common channels are set relative to the

CPICH output power.
Limits to max CPICH and DCH ensure sufficient capacity

Link Budgets
Downlink Noise Rise

 opposed to the uplink, the downlink noise rise depends on the
output power of the transmitter and the location of the users
αc is the non-orthogonality factor at the cell border,
is the average ratio between the received inter-cell

and intra-cell interference at the cell border
 By combining above equation with , the downlink noise
rise BIDL can be seen as a function of the average CCH power,
cell range by means of Lsa, and the load:

Link Budgets
Downlink CPICH Link Budget
 in order to estimate the coverage for an acceptable CPICH

power it is necessary to set up a separate CPICH link budget
Lpmax = PCPICH – SUE – BIDL – BLNF, HHO – LBL – LCPL – LBPL + Ga – LJ
 lognormal fading margin BLNF does not take into consideration

gain due to soft handover
There is no power control margin BPC , common channels are
not subject to power control
average total output power at the system reference point is set
to be equal to 75%-90% of the nominal total output power at the
system reference point
CPICH is transmitting continuously therefore the peak and
average powers are equal

Link Budgets
Downlink Capacity
Downlink capacity is given as the number of simultaneous users

per cell M.

Link Budgets
Downlink Balancing
Input Data Assume an
uplink loading
Calculate uplink Calculate uplink Calculate PCPICH, ref

capacity coverage/Lmax based on UL Lmax
Estimate sitecount Estimate sitecount Calculate PCCH, ref

for capacity for coverage
Calculate PDCH
No
Balanced?
Yes Calculate
DL Capacity
No DL Capacity
fulfill req.
Yes
Finished

Link Budgets
HSDPA Dimensioning
› Average cell throughput
– What is the expected average HSDPA capacity?
› Cell border throughput
– What is the expected HSDPA cell border throughput?
› Decided by:
– Signal Attenuation, Lsa
– Power left for HSDPA

Link Budgets
HS-DSCH power calculation

› Treated as true best effort in dimensioning
– Will take whatever power that is left in RBS after common channels
and dedicated channels has taken their part
– No ”headroom” is needed
Power
Max cell power
HS-DSCH power
Admission control threshold
DCH power
HS-SCCH power
CCH power
time

Link Budgets
HS-DSCH power calculation (2)

› PHS-DSCH calculated as:
RBS power at Power needed by Power needed for

Tx reference point DCH RABs (PS & CS) A-DCH on DL
PHS  DSCH  Ptot ,ref  PCCH  PDCH  PHS  SCCH  PA DCH
Common Channel High-Speed Shared Control Channel power

Power (CPICH, BCH, etc.)

RSCP plot

EcNo plot

Pilot pollution plot

HSPA Throughput plot

Thank You

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WCDMA Radio Network Design

WCDMA network design | Public | © Ericsson AB 2010 | 2010-10-26 | Page 2

WCDMA network design | Public | © Ericsson AB 2010 | 2010-10-26 | Page 3

› In CDMA, all cells use the same carrier frequency

FDMA/TDMA (reuse > 1) CDMA (reuse = 1)

WCDMA network design | Public | © Ericsson AB 2010 | 2010-10-26 | Page 4

WCDMA network design | Public | © Ericsson AB 2010 | 2010-10-26 | Page 5

› Spreading code = Channelization code + Scrambling code

WCDMA network design | Public | © Ericsson AB 2010 | 2010-10-26 | Page 6

Spreading factor WBI f

WCDMA network design | Public | © Ericsson AB 2010 | 2010-10-26 | Page 8

• Correlation of channel codes in receiver

Energy per bit (Eb)

Power need to be adjusted to retain the Signal to Interference Ratio (SIR)

C/I is before despreading.

If the BLER requires Gp

1 Carrier (3.84 MC)

Meaning C/I can be as Gp

WCDMA network design | Public | © Ericsson AB 2010 | 2010-10-26 | Page 10

› Depends on Load – Cell Breathing:

WCDMA network design | Public | © Ericsson AB 2010 | 2010-10-26 | Page 11

• WCDMA Coverage is traffic dependent

• 2G Coverage is independent of traffic

WCDMA network design | Public | © Ericsson AB 2010 | 2010-10-26 | Page 12

› WCDMA capacity is limited on uplink by interference

Code limited scenario Power limited scenario

WCDMA network design | Public | © Ericsson AB 2010 | 2010-10-26 | Page 13

Soft handover (2 cells,

WCDMA network design | Public | © Ericsson AB 2010 | 2010-10-26 | Page 14

WCDMA network design | Public | © Ericsson AB 2010 | 2010-10-26 | Page 15

Radio Planning Process

TRAFFIC AIR INTERFACE NOMINAL RADIO

› To dimension radio capacity with reasonable accuracy

WCDMA network design | Public | © Ericsson AB 2010 | 2010-10-26 | Page 17

› Environment and Coverage

WCDMA network design | Public | © Ericsson AB 2010 | 2010-10-26 | Page 18

› Subscriber Density and Subscriber Behaviour

WCDMA network design | Public | © Ericsson AB 2010 | 2010-10-26 | Page 19

Traffic model in average Short term Medium term Long term

WCDMA network design | Public | © Ericsson AB 2010 | 2010-10-26 | Page 20

Log Normal Fade Margin

Urban –3.9 –0.9 1.1 4.1 7.2

Urban Indoor –3.8 0.6 3.4 7.5 12.1

Dense Urban Indoor –3.8 1.1 4.3 9 14.3

WCDMA network design | Public | © Ericsson AB 2010 | 2010-10-26 | Page 21

Air Interface Dimensioning

Calculate uplink Calculate uplink Calculate PCPICH, ref

Estimate sitecount Estimate sitecount Calculate PCCH, ref

WCDMA network design | Public | © Ericsson AB 2010 | 2010-10-26 | Page 22

Max path loss due to propagation

Cell range and cell area can be calculated

The number of sites required for meeting

WCDMA network design | Public | © Ericsson AB 2010 | 2010-10-26 | Page 23

Uplink Link Budget

WCDMA network design | Public | © Ericsson AB 2010 | 2010-10-26 | Page 24

SUL = SRBS + LF = Nt + Nf + 10logRinfo + Eb/N0 + LF [dBm]

WCDMA network design | Public | © Ericsson AB 2010 | 2010-10-26 | Page 25

BIUL - Noise Rise is referred as the increase in receiver noise floor

Interference increase I [dB]

where Q is the uplink system loading 4

WCDMA network design | Public | © Ericsson AB 2010 | 2010-10-26 | Page 26

Calculating Cell Range

› Maximum Pathloss (Okumura-Hata)