DESIGN STUDIO VII

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 NEIGHBOURHOOD :
The term neighborhood has many meanings and uses. For example, neighborhood can be
used to refer to the small group of houses in the immediate vicinity of one's house or to a
larger area with similar housing types and market values.
Neighborhood is also used to describe an area surrounding a local institution patronized by
residents, such as a church, school, or social agency. It can also be defined by a political ward
or precinct. The concept of neighborhood includes both geographic (place-oriented) and
social (people-oriented) components.
1.2 NEIGHBOURHOOD PLANNING:
• A Neighborhood Plan is a community-led framework for guiding the future development,
regeneration and conservation of an area. It may contain a vision, aims, planning policies,
proposals for improving the area or providing new facilities, or allocation of key sites for
specific kinds of development. It may deal with a wide range of social, economic and
environmental issues (such as housing, employment, heritage and transport) or it may
focus on one or two issues only. These may be issues that are relevant to the whole
neighborhood or just to part of the neighborhood. This is for those producing the plan to
decide.

Fig : Neighborhood Concept

1.2.1 Opportunities and Advantages

A Neighborhood Plan offers several advantages over simply relying on the Local Plan
produced by the local council or on more informal plans, like community plans or parish
plans. Neighborhood Plans are led by authorized local community organizations (parish or
town councils or neighborhood forums) rather than the local council’s planning Department.
This means that community representatives write the plan themselves (or ask others to write
the plan, but under their control). Community groups or parish/town councils preparing plans
have the opportunity to engage properly with the wider Community right from the beginning
of the plan preparation Process, to make sure it genuinely represents the range of wants and
needs in the local area.

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DESIGN STUDIO VII

1.2.2 Evolution of neighborhood planning:

The concept of the neighborhood unit, crystallized from the prevailing social and intellectual
attitudes of the early 1900s by Clarence Perry, is an early diagrammatic planning model for
residential development in metropolitan areas. It was designed by Perry to act as a
framework for urban planners attempting to design functional, self-contained and desirable
neighborhoods in the early 20th century in industrializing cities. It continues to be utilized
(albeit in progressive and adapted ways, see New Urbanism), as a means of ordering and
organizing new residential communities in a way which satisfies contemporary "social,
administrative and service requirements for satisfactory urban existence The ‘Neighborhood
Unit’ as a planning concept evolved in response to the degenerated environmental and social
conditions fostered as a consequence of industrial revolution in the early 1900s

1.2.3 Purpose of Neighborhood Planning:

• Make people socialize with each other.
• Enable the inhabitants to share the public amenities and recreational facilities.
• Support a safe and healthy environment within the neighborhood.
• Provide safety and efficiency to road users and pedestrians

1.2.4 Principal of Neighborhood Planning

• Facilities
• Sector
• Size
• Street System
• Boundaries
• Protective strips
• Layout of building
• Shopping centre
• Community centre

Fig : Principle Of Neighborhood

1.2.6 BENEFITS OF NEIGHBOUHOOD PLANNING

• Makes people socialize with one and other
• Improves communication and focuses ideas
• A neighborhood identifies its strengths and evaluates its own resources.
• Builds consensus about what needs to be accomplished
• Encourages creativity and builds partnerships both within and outside the neighborhood
• Enables others to become more informed and responsive about the policy and financial
decisions of local government.

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DESIGN STUDIO VII

1.3 SUSTAINIBILITY
About one half of the world’s people live in cities/densely populated urban areas, drawn there
for better jobs and a better life. Cities provide jobs, food, housing, a better life, entertainment,
and freedom from the religious, racial, and political conflicts of village life. People are
pushed to cities by poverty, no land, declining work, famine, and war. Developing into
centers of poverty.
Due to the urban sprawl different problems have been arising such as:
• Decreased energy efficiency
• Increased urban flooding
• Destruction of cropland, forest and open space
• Increased pollution
• Climate Impacts

Sustainability is a balancing act. Sustainable

cities also known as ecological or ‘eco’ cities.
They are the settlements designed to have
minimum impact on the environment as
possible. Minimization of required inputs of
energy, water and food, and waste output of
heat, air pollution - CO2, methane, and water
pollution is the main concept of a sustainable
city. Sustainable city should meet the needs of
the present without sacrificing the ability of
future generations to meet their own needs.
The main goals of a sustainable development is :
• Environmental protection. Fig: Principle Of Neighborhood
• Social responsibility.
• Economic practice

Any city needs to fulfill these six criteria in order to become a sustainable city.
Resilient City : It should cope with city challenges like climate change, poverty, etc. The
city should withstand the social, physical and economic challenges.

Productive City : The city should focus on how to increase urban productivity. Improve
their overall resource efficiency and better manage their natural resources like soil, water,
fauna and flora, minerals and energy.

Green City : It is a city designed with consideration given to the impact on the environment,
the effort to minimize the required inputs of energy, water and food, and the elimination of
waste output of heat, air pollution (i.e.., carbon dioxide), methane and water pollution. A
sustainable city is a city with a livable environment, a strong economy, and a social and
cultural sense of community.

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DESIGN STUDIO VII

Smart City : A developed urban area that creates a sustainable economic development and
high quality of life through strong human capital and communication and internet
technology.
Well governed City : City where a local government is involved in making a city healthy,
attractive and sustainable to live.
Inclusive City : The city should focus on the population of all levels.

HOW DO WE MAKE OUR CITIES

SUSTAINABLE?
There are different ways to make a city sustainable and
environment friendly.
Highly efficient buildings : Around 40 percent of the
carbon dioxide is emitted from heating, cooling and
powering buildings. So the buildings should be designed
more efficient.
Preservation of historic and natural assets : It is the
architecture that makes the city unique. Preservation of
historic buildings minimizes the use of vehicles in that
area.
Waste Management : Waste management is very
necessary in order to maintain a clean and healthy
environment. Organic waste should be collected and
dumped far away whereas others may be collected
separately and recycled.
Ecological land use planning Fig : Waste Management System
Urban sprawl not allowed to gobble up : Proper
zonings should be zone so that the urban population is
limited with certain boundaries. It should be outlined
with green spaces. Greenbelt Urban center

Maximum use of renewable energy : Renewable

energy such as solar, wind, biomass energy should be
used instead of artificial energy

Urban Agriculture : Producing food within or near a

city reduces the distance the food has to travel before it
reaches the consumer.
No air conditioning : Air conditioning uses lots of
energy, but it's used because urban areas are artificially
warmer. Instead, taking steps to reduce the temperature
of a settlement by planting trees and lightening the
colors of buildings to increase albedo, can counter the
"urban heat island" effect Main Highways

Fig : City Zone

Eco Friendly Materials : Use of eco-friendly
materials and also re use of materials is highly
recommended.
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DESIGN STUDIO VII

CHAPTER 2 : LITERATURE STUDY

2.1 Planning Norms and Standard
2.1.1 Introduction
The process of preparing and implementing the Physical Development Plan of cities, towns
and market centres in Nepal have been going on since a long time. However, these Physical
Development Plans are not coherent and urban infrastructure and services lack appropriate
norms and standards. Consequently, many of these infrastructures have failed to provide an
appropriate level of services.. Hence, formulation of Planning Norms and Standard has
become necessary to manage an urban environment, improve an economic efficiency and the
quality of life of urban area. It is for this reason that the Department has undertaken this
initiative. For the sake of this Planning Norms and Standards, the term "Norms" has been
defined as the socially or institutionally set values which does shape and govern the
behaviour pattern including physical and social relations in a given space, while the term
"Standards" has been defined as level and quality of infrastructure services that would be
required to make the built environment functional and desirable.

2.1.2 Objective:
The main objective of this planning norms and standards are:
• To facilitate urban designers, planners and policy makers to identify and forecast essential
infrastructure need of an urban areas as well as help prepare urban plans and programs.
• To enrich understanding of urban form and land use and ensure balance between them.
• To guide the development and management of physical, social and economic
infrastructure services in a planned manner.

2.1.3 Scope of the Work

The scope of this planning Norms and Standards shall be limited to the following three
thematic areas namely a. Urban infrastructure services b. Land use and c. Urban form. This
theme is elaborated for all five urban hierarchies that have been identified for the purpose of
this planning norms and standards.
a. Urban Infrastructure
It has been classified into three categories as follows; the level of infrastructure services
becomes more specialized as we move up the urban hierarchy:
Physical Infrastructure: Road, Water Supply, Sanitation/ Sewerage, Solid Waste
management, Electricity, Tele communication.
Social Infrastructure : Education Institution, Health Institution, Open Space, Community
Hall, Library.
Economic Infrastructure : Parking Space, Stadium, Sports Complex, Movie Hall.

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DESIGN STUDIO VII

b. Land Use
Land use is the functional dimension of land for different human purposes or economic
activities and has been broadly divided into two categories. It corresponds to the Land Use
Policy-2069, Government of Nepal.
Settlement Discouraged Area: Some of the land uses within the area are Agriculture, Forest,
Water Bodies etc.
Settlement Encouraged Area: Land uses within this area are Residential, Commercial, Mixed
Use, Open Space, Industrial and Institutional.
c. Urban Form
It essentially depicts the city's built structure - comprising primarily of transportation
network, Central Business Districts (CBDs), prime activity zones, growth centres and
national resource areas. The form may preferably be conceived in three dimensional views.
Therefore, the density (population, dwellings and office space) becomes the key variables to
distinguish the various urban forms. Such form may vary from high densities-compact to low
density settings
The urban areas have been classified into 5 classes based on the population.
Metro city: It corresponds to the current metropolitan city i.e. Kathmandu. This is the
highest level in the urban area hierarchy. The population for this level of urban areas will be
above 300,000. This can include either a single city with population more than 300,000 or
neighboring settlements/cities within a certain distance of each other having a combined
population of more than 300,000 and who share the common resources and services.
Sub Metro City: It corresponds to the current sub metropolitan cities like Pokhara,
Biratnagar, Lalitpur etc. The population for this level of urban areas will be above 100,000
and equal to or less than 300,000.
City: It corresponds to the current municipalities like Bharatpur, Dhangadi, Bhaktapur etc.
The population for this level of urban areas will be above 40,000 and equal to or less than
100,000.
Sub City: It corresponds to the current small towns and the population for this level will be
above 10,000 and equal to or less than 40,000.
Market Center: It is at the lowest level in the urban hierarchy and corresponds to the current
market centers. Areas having at least 50 shops or outlets within 100 m from the center will be
categorized as market centers.
2.1.4 URBAN INFRASTRUCTURE
It has been classified into three categories as
shown below; the level of infrastructure services
becomes more specialized and assorted as we
move up the urban hierarchy:
Physical Infrastructure :
It covers the basic infrastructure needed for the
operation of a city such are road, water supply,
sanitation/ sewerage, solid waste management,
electricity and tele communication. It also
includes urban multi service to disaster Fig : Urban Development
management and climate change center.
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DESIGN STUDIO VII

Social Infrastructure
It is a complex system of facilities that aims to improve people’s quality of life. It range from
educations and health institutions, open spaces, library, ghaatto fire stations, religious
institutions, old age home, orphanage, center for differently able, community center and
security.
Economic infrastructure
The economic infrastructure covers those infrastructure which can generate income for the
local government. It covers, transportation system and airport.
2.1.5 LAND USE
Land use is the functional dimension of land for different human purposes or economic
activities and has been broadly divided into two categories as shown below. The categories of
land uses have haat bazar and parking space to service center, convention hall stadium /
sports complex, movie hall been based on national land use policy 2069 and defined from the
existing studies of urban areas done by the DUDBC. The natural resource area will decrease
and settlement promoted area will increase as we go above the urban hierarchy.

Natural Resource Promoted Area:

That urban area which is related undisturbed or less
intervenes by humanity but better upgraded and
preserved in a natural form. This includes all the natural
and manage greenery, water bodies, forest,
environmentally sensitive areas and agriculture.

Settlement Promoted Area

Those areas where settlement is encouraged and urban
expansion allowed. Land uses within this area are
residential, commercial and residential cum
commercial, mixed use, open space, industrial and
institutional.
Fig : Necessity Of Land Use
.2.1.6 NEEDED OF LAND USE
Land development projects encourage successful planning projects and policies which
eventually is for the betterment of lives of people. Land development is an urban management
approach that opens to the possibilities that government, without surrendering its
responsibilities, can utilize private sector initiative, energy, and resources to execute tasks
which it has traditionally thought government must do.

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DESIGN STUDIO VII

2.1.7 HISTORY OF LAND DEVELOPMENT IN NEPAL

Modern urban planning practices began in Nepal after 1950, when the country was freed
from the clutches of the Ranas.Nepal has passed through different policies and planning
phases for urban development.The Kathmandu Valley Town Development Committee was
established in 1976 which was the first formal planning and urban development authority in
Kathmandu Valley. In 1988, Kathmandu Valley Development Authority Act was passed
which eventually converted the Kathmandu Valley Town Development Committee into
Kathmandu Valley Town Development Authority

Fig : Aerial View Of Bauddha Nath Stupa Fig : Aerial View Of Swayambhunath Stupa

Fig : Newroad At 60’s FIg : Indrachok At 60’s

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DESIGN STUDIO VII

2.1.8 Infrastructure Norms and Standards

A ) Market Center (Above 50 shops)
S.N Types of NORMS STANDARDS
o Infrastructure
A Physical Infrastructure
1. Road

Carriage width

Design speed
Cycle Track

Single lane
Footpath
Setback

km/ hr
Collector street
Local Street
1 2 1.5 3.5 1.5

1 2 - 3.0 1-5

2. Water Supply Public Stand Post

3. Sanitation/ Sewerage On site sanitation with septic Water seal Toilet 1 public latrine/ bath house
tank(household) Provision of for 1 market center
public latrines (PL)
4. Solid Waste Collection Center with Bio Gas Communal Collection
Management Plant (Bio Gas Digester, Gas Max distance to disposal point < 500m from
Storage tank) compost plant at the market center.
houslehold level
5. Electricity National Grid supply line 100% electricity coverage
6. Tele communication Alternative energy (panels,battery 20 watt solar home systems
capacity 15AH) Community 1CTB per market center (standard booth)
telephone booth.
B Social
infrastructure
7. Educational Primary/basic level 1 per 3000 population at a distance of 0.4 – 0.8
Institution km (0.2 ha per site)
8. Health institution Sub health post 1 per 1000 population (0.04 ha per site)
9. Open space parks 2.5% of the total area neighbouring 1 per 800 population (0.4 ha per site)
park (serving surrouuunding
settlements )
10. Community center Community building including 1 community center per market center (0.2 ha
library per site)
11. Security Police post. 0.1 hectare site per market center
c. Economic
infrastructure
12. Hatbazaar Twice a week (open areas) 0.2 hectare per site
vegetable /meat market with cold
storage facilities
13. Parking space Public parking space for two /three 1 parking lot for one market center (0.2
/four wheeler. hectare per site)

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 DESIGN STUDIO VII

B ) Sub City (10.000 to 40.000 population)

S.No Standards
A Physical
Infrastructure

Foot path
1. Road ,and ( Alt or 90% of houses are

Carriage
Set back

Design
Single
within 2 kmfrom motorable road)

km/hr
ROW

Cycle

speed
width
track

lane
Sub arterial
Measurement minimum in meter

30 22 1 2 1.5 3.75

Local Street 20 14 1 2 1.5 3.5

10 10 1 2 - 3.0

2. Water Supply Courtyard Connection/ Provision Quantity: 60 - 80 Ipcd

of Rainwater Harvesting
Treatment plant (lab, dosing
andguanihouse) with
Storage : Reservoir
(24hrs requirement)
3. Sanitation/Sewerage 30% of the household is covered
System bylublic sewer system (pit latrine,
Storm Water septic ank etc)
Drainage Sewage Pumping Station
System Treatment plant
provision of public latrines
Accessibility :90% of household have tap
within 50m.
Area per treatment plant: 1 ha per site
(treatment plant and storage facility)
store capacity: 25% of the total treatment
capacity.
Min diameter of trunk line: 200mm
0.01 ha - 0.02 ha per site
2.5 ha-3-5 ha per site

4. Integrated Solid 25% of solid waste is collected and

Separation of domestic waste at household
Waste properly disposed Water Level
Management posed Communal Collection (1 collection
Sanitary Landfill point/container/ roadside pickup point
Site with separation and recycle serves a radius of 200m)
facility Small Size: Greater than 1 and less than 25
tons per day
5 Electricity National Grid supply line 100% of the household is covered by
Alternative energy (panels, battery electricity city supply line
capacity 100AH) Electric substation 33/11 KV : 0.07 ha per
Site
Transmission Tower: 80-100 sq. m
Distribution Tower: 20 - 25 sq. m
40 - 100 Watt Solar Home System
6 Tele-communication House connection 100 % coverage
Public telephone booth 1 telephone booth for 2 neighborhood
Standard booth)

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 DESIGN STUDIO VII

B Social Infrastructure
7 Educational instit ute
Primary/basic level Higher 1 per 3,000 population at a distance of 0.4 -
Secondary 0.8km Area: 0.2 ha per site 1 per 7500
Graduate/ Post Graduate population at a distance of 30min in public
transportation. Area: 0.65 ha per site 1 per
25,000 population at a distance of 45min in
public transportation Area per college: 4 ha

8 Health Institution Sub Health Post 1 per 1000 population {0.04 ha per site) 1 per
5000 population 10.15 per site)
Health Post

9 Open Space/ Disaster 5% of total sub city area

1@ 800 population (0.4 ha per site)
Management Neighborhood Park with
play equipments local Park 1 @ 10,000 population (1 ha per site)

10 library City level 1 per 7,500 population (0.5 hac per site)

11 security Police post 1 per 10,000 population /90.1 ha per site)

12 Fire Stations 100% coverage 1 fire station at every 3 to 4 km radius

1 fire engine @ 25,000 – 75,000 population
Site area :0.5 ha per sub city

C Economic infrastructure

13 hall multipurpose One number and area :0.2 ha per site

14 Vegetable market Neighborhood level 1 vegetable /meat market with cold storage
facility and other commodities 90.5 ha per
site)
15 Parking space Public parking for 1 parking lot. area : 0.8 ha per site
two/three/four wheeler (bus
park/truck park)

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 DESIGN STUDIO VII

C ) City (40.000 to 1 lakh population )

S.No Types of Norms Standards
Infrastructure
A Physical Infrastructure

width of set back

1. Road Expressway, Arterial, Sub 20% uftne total

single lane in M
Carriage width
width of cycle

Design speed
width of foot
arterial. Collector street and built up area
Local Street All or 90% of

Km/hr
household are within lkm from

ROW

track
path
motorabie road
1 2 2 3.75 80

5O 1 2 2 3.75 80

30 1 2 15 3 .75 60

20 1 2 1.5 03,5 50

10 1 2 3.8 30

2. Water Supply 80% household have metered Quantity : 80-10 lpcd 2 ha per site
System connection. Storage capacity:25% of (treatment plant
Provision of Rain Water the total treatment capacity and storage)
1ha – 0.02 ha
Harvesting.
per site (SPS)
3. Sanitation / Public sewer system. diameter of trunk line:
5 ha -7 ha per
Sewerage Treatment Plant (TP). 200mm
site
system Storm provision of public latrines.
Water Drainage
4. integrated Solid Collection Point (0.3 kg/ Separation of waste at 0.15 ha-0.2 ha
Waste person/day) household level Per site(waste only
management Total waste = Around 33 Community collection. gets collected and
system :ons/day Door to Door collection. 1 transferred)
tansfer Station (ST) initary collection point/container/
Landfill Site (SLfS) roadside pickup point.
5. electricity National grid supply line Consumption of 3 ha per site
supply system Electricity work out by 2 80-100 sq.m.
KW per households. 20-25 sq.m.
Distribution tower
150-200 watt solar home
system
6. Tele- Landline/mobile Public 100 % coverage 1 TEO:0.02 ha per
communicatio telephone booth (TB) Exchange with a capacity site ROW of 3T: 5
of 6500 line capacity m 1.0 ha Standard
Telephone Exchange booth
Office (TEO)

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 DESIGN STUDIO VII

B Social
infrastructure
7. Educational Primary Higher Secondary 1 per 3,000 population at a distance of 0.4 ha per site
Institution Graduate/ Post Graduate 0.4-0.8km. Max. number of the student: 1.60 ha per site
University 500 .1 per 7,500 population at a distance 4.00 ha 10.00
of 30min in public transportation. . ha

8. Health Institution District Hospital 1 per 50,000 population (25 - 50 beds) 0.25 ha per site
1.3 ha per site

9. Open Space: 5% of total city area @ 800 population @ 10,000 population 0.4 ha per site .
Parks Parade eighborhood Park @ 20,000 population @ 10,000
Ground population 1@ each city (15,000 seats)
(Tundskhel)
10. Library Community level 1 per 15,000 population
Central Level

11. Fire Stations City level service, 100% 1 fire station for 1,00,000 populations lha per site
overage Area with residential accommodation
within 5 to 7 km radius
12. Religious incineration /Cremation 1 number 0.5 ha per site
Institutions Cemetery/ Burial Ground
13. Museum/Art City Level 1 number each 0.5 ha per site
Gallery
14. Old age City and community level 1 Per 20,000 population 0.3 ha per site
home,orphanage,ce
nter for differently
able people
15. Security Police post 1 per 10,000 population 0.1 ha per
Police station 1. per 40,000 population site
16. Exhibition centers City level 1 per 50,000 population 4 ha per site

C Economic
infrastructure
17 Hall City hall (Multipurpose) 1 per 10,000 population 0.2 ha per site
18 Sport complex City level ,District Sports 1 per 50000 population 1 per 1,00,000 1 ha-3 ha per site
Centre population 3ha- 19ha per site
19 Movie Hall City and local level 5 seats per 1,000 population 0.6 so m/person
20. Vegetable Market Neighborhood Level 1 wholesale, 1 retail and 1 Slaughter 0.5 ha per site
House for 2 neighborhood (6,000
population)
21. Parking Space Parking for two/ three/ four 1 parking lot for each neighborhood 0.04 ha per site
wheeler (Bus and Taxi park) (3000 population)
22. Transposition Intra City Bus Terminal 1 parking lot for 100 buses and 100 4 ha per site
system (Linking with other cities) trucks 1 parking lot for 100 buses 2 ha per site
23. Airport National Airport 1 National Airport 134-227 hectares
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 DESIGN STUDIO VII

D ) SUB METRO CITY: 1 LAKH TO 3 LAKH AND ABOVE)

S.No. Types of Land Uses Norms Standards

A Physical infrastructure
1. Road All or 90% of household are Due TABLE
within 0.5km
Expressway 50
Arterial 30
Sub arterial 20
Collector street 10
Local Street

2. Water Supply 100% Household have Metered Quantity: 120 lpcd - Minimum dia of
System(with storage and house connection and distribution. distribution pipe: 80mm - 8 to 10% -2 Ha
treatment facilities) Non domestic demand Treatment per site(2 Nos) - Storage Capacity : 25% of
with storage facility: Provision of the total Treatment capacity -Storage
Rain water Harvesting in Public Capacity: 7 to 10 thousands liter
Buildings(catchment area, storage
and Treatment Facility)

3. Sanitation (Sewerage Full Coverage by Public sewer
system) system - Sewage Pumping
Station - Treatment plant
provision of public latrines (male,
female, disabled)
Min dia of trunk line : 200mm
5 ha- 7 ha per site (2nos)
1 public toilet at a distance of 5 km along
the main road

4. Integrated Solid waste Household level waste separation
Management Sanitary collection Point (.4
Landfill Site kg/person/day) - Transfer Station
-Sanitary Landfill Site : Large
(>then 500 tons per day)
Community collection/Door to Door
Collection. - 1 collection point/ Container/
roadside pickup point serves a radius of
200m

5. Electricity National grid supply line and Power access to 100% coverage. Electric
Alternative energy Alternative Sub Station: 3 ha
Energy (panels, battery) Transmission Tower: 80 -100 sq. m
Distribution Tower: 20 - 25 sq. m Solar

6. Tele-communication Landline/mobile 100 % coverage

Public telephone booth (TB) 1 Exchange with a capacity of 6500 line
Capacity - Telephone Transmission tower
(ROW: 5m) - 1 TB at a distance of 2.5km
along the main - road (Standard booth)

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 DESIGN STUDIO VII

B Social Infrastructure

8. Educational Institution Primary Higher Secondary
Graduate/ Post Graduate
University
1 per 3,000 population at a distance of 0.4-
0.8 km -0.2 ha per site 1 per 7,500
population at a distance of 30min in public
transportation - 0.65 ha per site 1 per 25,000
population at a distance of 45min in public
transportation

9. Health Institution District Hospital Zonal 1 per 50,000 population (25 - 50 beds) 1 per
Hospital 1,00,000 popln (50 – 100 beds)

10. Open Space 5% of total sub metro city area
Neighborhood Park (with play
equipment) Local Park,
Community Park Parad Ground
Zoo park Specialized Park
1 @ 800 population (0.4 ha per site) 1 @
10,000 population (1 ha per site) 1 @ 20,000
population (2 ha per site) 1@ each city
(30,000 seats) (4 ha per site) 1@ each city
1(5) each city

C Economic Infrastructure

19. Convention Hall City level 1 per 1,00,000 population (2ha per site)
20. Sports Complexes Regional level 1 per 1,00,000 population (3 ha per site)

21. Movie Hall Multiple halls 5 seats per 1,000 population

22. Vegetable Market Neighborhood level 1 wholesale, 1 retail and 1 Slaughter house
for 2 neighborhood (0.5 ha per site) 1
Neighborhood = 3,000 population
23. Parking space Public parking with two/ three / 1 parking lot for each neighborhood (1
four wheeler (including Neighborhood = 3,000 population)
provision for vertical parking)

24. Liquefied petroleum gas Storage and distribution 1 gas godown for 40,000 population
(LPG) Capacity: 500 cylinders or 8,000 Kg of LPG
Area: 520 sq.m. Location: In industrial area
of service centres

25. Transportation system Intra City Bus Terminal 1 parking lot for 200 buses and 200 trucks 1
(Linking with other cities) parking lot for 200 buses
along with urban service
centers/ motels/ gas stations
Inter City Bus Terminal (within
the city)

26. Airport National Airport 134-227 hectares

International Airport 346 hectares

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 DESIGN STUDIO VII

E Metro city (above 3 lakhs)

S.N Types of Land Uses Norms Standards
o.
A. Physical
Infrastructure

1. Road All household are in motorable road

Expressway
Arterial Way
Sub Arterial way
Collector Street

2. Water Supply 100% household have Metered house
System connection and Distribution Non
domestic demand Treatment Plant with
storage facility: and Provision of Rain
Water Harvesting in Public Buildings
Quantity: 120 Ipcd Minimum
diameter of distribution pipe:
80mm 8 to 10 % Storage
Capacity: 25 % of the total
treatment capacity

3. Sanitation/ Full coverage by public sewer system Min diameter of trunk line:
Sewerage System Sewage Pumping Station 200mm -0.01 ha-0.02 ha per
site --1 public toilet at a
Treatment plant
distance of
Provision of public latrines

4. Integrated Solid Household level waste separation 1 collection point/container/

Waste Management Collection Point (0.4 kg/person/day) roadside pickup point serves a
Transfer Station Sanitary Landfill Site radius of 200m --final
disposal is within a distance of
10 km Sanitary Landfill Site:

5. Electricity National grid supply line. Power access Electric Sub Station: 3 ha
to 100% coverage. Alternative Energy Transmission Tower: 80 -100
(panels, battery) sq. m Distribution Tower: 20 -
25 sq. m Solar Home System
6. Tele-communication Landline/mobile 100 % coverage Public 1 Exchange with a capacity of
telephone booth (TB) 6500 line capacity --1 TB at a
distance of 2.5km along the
main road (Standard booth)

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 DESIGN STUDIO VII

7.s Urban Service Center Includes all urban services
8. Climate Change Center/ Citylevel
Disaster Management
Center
.B. Social Infrastructure
9. Educational Institution Primary
Higher Secondary
Graduate/Post Graduate
University(Specialities)
10. Health Institution District hospital
Zonal hospital
Regional hospital
Teaching hospital/Specialized
hospital-per 50000 population
(25-50beds)
11. Open spaces 5% of total metro city area
Neighborhood park
Local park
Community park
Parad ground
District/regional parks
1 urban service at a distance of 2.5km along the
main road or near the bus/ truck stations
1 ha along with suitable open area (2ha) for soft
parking, temporary shelter etc .
per 3000 population at a walking distance of 0.4-
0.8 km-0.2 ha per site
per 7500 populaion at a distance of 30min in
public transportation-.65 ha per site school for
differently able:
1 per 25,000 population at a distance of 45min in
public transportation 1 per 40,000 population at a
distance of 1 hr in public transportation
1 per 50,000 population(25-50beds)
1 per 1,00,000 population50-100 beds)
1 per 5,00,000 population(above500 beds)
1 @ 800 population (0.4 ha) 1@10,000
population (1 ha) 1 @ 20,000 population (2 ha) 1
@ 50,000 population (3 ha)
1 @ each city (30,000 seats) (4 ha per site

12. Library Regional/national level Library with community hall: one for 15,000
population , area 2,000 sq.m
Community level (Children
library) Community room : one for 5,000 population,
Area : 660 sq.m
1 per 10,000 population (0.5 ha per site )
13. Fire Stations 100% area coverage 1 fire station per 1,00,000 population area with
residentioal accommodation: ---1.0 ha per site
within 1 to 3 km radius
14. Religious Institutions Incineration/Cremation areas/ 0.4 ha per site
Burial Ground
15. Museum National level 0.5 ha per site
16. Art gallery National level 0.5 ha per site

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DESIGN STUDIO VII

17 Old age home, orphanage , National level, regional level 1. per 20,000 population (0.3
center for differently able ha per site) 1 per 20,000
people , sanatorium population (0.3 ha per site)

18. Science and innovation National level 1 per 50,000 population (4 ha per
center (Exhibition Centers) site)

C. Economic Infrastructure

Convention Hall International State of the Art 1 per 1,00,000 population (2ha
per site)
21. Sports Complexes National level/ Specialized complexes 1 per 5,00,000 population (10 ha
per site)
22. Movie Hall with multiple Multiple halls Multiple halls, 5 seats per 1,000
halls population

23. Vegetable Market with Neighborhood level 1 wholesale, 1 retail and 1

wholesale(central/regional/l Slaughter house for 2
ocal/district) neighborhood (0.5 ha per site) 1
Neighborhood = 3,000
population
24. Parking space Public parking with two/ three / four 1 parking lot for each
wheeler (including provision for neighborhood (1 Neighborhood =
vertical parking) 3,000 population)

25. Liquefied petroleum gas Storage and distribution 1 gas godown for 40,000
(LPG) population Capacity: 500
cylinders or 8,000 Kg of LPG
Area: 520 sq.m.(20mX26m)
Location: In industrial area of
service centres
26. Transportation system Intra City Bus Terminal (Linking with 1 parking lot for 400 buses and
other cities) along with urban service 400 trucks
centers/ motels/ gas stations Inter City 1 parking lot for 400 buses
Bus Terminal (within the city)

27. Airport National Airport International Airport 134-227 hectares

346 hectares

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 DESIGN STUDIO VII
2.1.10 LAND USE NORMS AND STANDARDS
A ) MARKET CENTER (ABOVE 50 SHOPS)
S.No Types of Land Uses Norms Standards
1. Natural Resource Area Around 80 to 90% of land shall be separated for
natural resources, environmental sensitive areas
Agriculture • Fragmentation of land shall not be ashall be • Minimum land parcel will
protected be 1 hectare
Forest/ special • Preservation llowed and urban agriculture • A buffer of more than 15m
Geographic Features land of forest hillocks, scenic landscape as around the
well as historical/cultural assets environmentally sensitive
Environmentally
areas shall be separated as
sensitiveAreas • No construction shall be allowed in the
buffer area
environmentally sensitive areas
Water bodies
• The buffer area will be
• Construction around water bodies shall not
identified as a no go /use
be permitted
zone
2. Settle Promoted areas Around 10to20% of land shall be separated for Low density of allowable
future development development:
Residential cum • Following activities shall be allowed in this • Mixed land use shall be
commercial zone: encouraged along the
collector/main roads,
• Commercial: Restaurant , motels, guest
junctions.
house, multipurpose hall, vehicle repairing
center • Development of at least 5
home stays
• Institutional:
• Residential: Row housing, single and Group
housing hostel.

Residential • Residential land use consists of dwelling Residential land use will be
structures and other selected amenities and located at a distance of 1 km
services. away from the main market
center
• Any activity involving any kind of
obnoxious, hazardous, inflammable, non-
compatible and polluted substances or
process shall not be permitted in this land use
area
• Besides residential activities, following
activities shall be allowed in this zone:
• Commercial: Retail shops, offices, banks,
guest houses.
• Institutional: Religious centers, daycare/
nursery, library, health and education
institutions, police posts , etc.

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 DESIGN STUDIO VII

B ) Sub City (10,000 to 40,000 )

S.No. Types of Norms Standards
infrastructure

1. Natural Resource Area Around 65 to 80% of land shall be separated for

natural resources, environmental sensitive areas
Agriculture - Fragmentation of land shall not be allowed Minimum land parcel will be 0.5
and urban agriculture land shall be preserved. to 1 hactare
Land parcel for agriculture co-
Forest/Special
Provision of roads for agriculture activities - operative will be 5 to 10 times
Geographic Features
the minimum land parcel
Preservation of Forest hillocks, scenic
landscape as well as historical/cultural assets. buffer of more than 15m around
Environmentally the environmentally sensitive
Sensitive Area -No construction shall be allowed in the
areas shall be separated as buffer
environmentally sensitive areas
area
-Construction around water bodies shall not be
Water Bodies The buffer area will be identified
permitted. Provision of walkway and parks
as a no go zone A setback of 4 to
along the water bodies shall be allowed within
20m should be provided
the setback

2. Settlement Promoted Around 20 to 35% of land shall be separated or Around 20 to 35% of land shall
Area including roads future development be separated for future
development
Residential cum • Around 8 to 12% of land use shall be -High density mixed land use
Commercial separated for Residential cum Commercial use. shall be encouraged • Mixed
land use will be encouraged at a
• Following activities shall be allowed in
stretch of 0.5km both sides of
this zone :
the main road
Commercial: Institutional: Residential:
Residential Cum • Around 5 to 10% and 2 to 4% of the land • High density residential will
Institutional shall be separated for residential and be located at a distance of 1.5
institutional purpose. kms away from the city centre
• Residential land use consists of dwelling • Medium density residential
structures ,other selected amenities and land use will be encouraged: on
services. the secondary roads,
• Any activity involving any kind of • Distance from the residential
hazardous process shall not be permitted in this area for Education is according
land use area to the Planning Norms and
Standards-2013.
• Open spaces and playgrounds catered
towards residential dwellings shall also be
separated
• Besides residential activities, following
activities shall be allowed in this zone:
Commercial: Institutional: Residential
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DESIGN STUDIO VII
Industrial • Around 2 to 4% of the land shall be separated
for Industrial purpose.
• Industrial land use consists of factories,
workshops and warehousesBesides industrial
activities, following activities shall be allowed in
this zone
Commercial: Retail shop and outlets of banks.
Residential: Residential facilities for the employees
Others • Around 12 to 25% shall be separated for
infrastructure and services such as roads,
landfill site, bus staions, parking lots etc.
C ) City 40,000+ to 1 lakhs
S.N Types of land Norms
o Uses
1. Natural Around 55 to 65% of land shall be separated for
Resources Area Resource Area
Urban • Fragmentation of land shall not be allowed and
Agriculture urban agriculture land shall be protected and
preserved.
• Provision of roads for agriculture activities and
agro based/ processing small industries shall be
allowed.
• Incentives or tax cut will be provided to the
owners of agriculture land
Urban Forest/ • No construction shall be allowed in the
Environmentally environmentally sensitive areas like
sensitive areas • Urban forest will be conserved. No Permanent
construction
Recreational 2 to 6% of the total area will be separated for the
provision of the parks and other recreational
activities.
Recreational land use consists of public land, parks,
botanical garden, sport stadium, playground, barren
land, greenbelt,
Water bodies Construction around water bodies shall not be
Permitted. Waterfront recreational activities, vista
points and piers shall bp allowed within the setback
Provision of walkway and parks along the water
bodies shall be allowed within the setback
• Industrial area should be located
in the fringe but with access to the
main roads.
• industries should be located at a
distance of more than 2 km from
residential area
• A green buffer belt of 20m should
be provided around the industries.
• Landfill site will be located away
from the natural resource areas
& in the urban agricultural area
• City bus stations shall be within
the 0.3 km from the main road
Standards
• Minimum land parcel will
be 0.25 to 0.5hactare
• Land parcel for agriculture
co- operative will be 5 times the
rnin land parcel
• 15 m to 20 m around the
environmentally sensitive areas
shall be separated as buffer
area
Provision of bicycle track and
foot trail- single lane. Provision
of camping and picnic spots
Parks with playground should
be at a distance of 0.4 - 0.8 km
from the communities
A setback of 4 to 20m
depending on the flow and type
of water bodies should be
provided
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 DESIGN STUDIO VII

2.. Settlement Promoted Around 35 to 15% of land shall be
Area including roads separated for future development in
which settlements with urban
infrastructure/services shall be allowed.
Mixed Use • Commercial: Restaurant , motels,
(Residential Cum guest house, multipurpose hall,
Commeicial) Institutional:
• Residential: Row housing, single and
Group housing hostel.
Medium density of allowable Develop ment:
100-150 person per hactare
High density mixed land use shall be
encouraged along the arterial/ main roads,
junctions . Mixed land use wiil be
encouraged at stretch of 200 m strip from the
center line of the main road

Residential 10 to 20% of the land for residential This type of land use will be located
Cum purpose and around 2 to 5% of the land adjacent with buffer distance or at a distance
Institutional should be separated for institutional of 1.5 km. away from the city centre/main
purpose. mixed Land Use
Residential land use consists of dwelling Medium density residential land use will be
structures and other selected amenities encouraged on the secondary roads after the
and services mixed land use

Industrial • Around 2 to 5% of the land shall • Industrial area should be located in

be separated for Industrial purpose. the fringe but with access to the main roads.
• Industrial land use consists of • In general industries should be located
factories, workshops and warehouses. It at a distance of more than 2 km from
is generally an area generating residential area
considerable amount of traffic, noise, air • A green buffer belt of 20m should be
pollutants and waste provided around the industries.
Others • Around 12 to 25 % shall be • Landfill site will be located away from
separated for infrastructure and services the natural resource areas and in the urban
such as Roads, landfill site, bus stations agricultural area • City bus stations shall
be within the 0.3 km from the main road

D )City 40,000+ to 1 lakhs

S.No Types of land Norms Standards
Uses

1. Natural Resources Around 55 to 65% of land shall be separated for

Area Resource Area

Urban Agriculture • Fragmentation of land shall not be allowed and • Minimum land parcel will
urban agriculture land shall be protected be 0.25 to 0.5hactare
• Urban infrastructure will not be continued for • Land parcel for
urban agriculture land. agriculture co- operative will
• Provision of roads for agriculture activities and be 5 times the
agro based/ processing small industries shall be rnin land parcel
allowed.
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DESIGN STUDIO VII

Urban Forest/ • No construction shall be allowed in the • 15 m to 20 m around the

Environmentally environmentally sensitive areas environmentally sensitive areas
sensitive areas • Urban forest will be conserved.. shall be separated as buffer area

Recreational 2 to 6% of the total area will be separated for the Provision of bicycle track and
provision of other recreational activities. foot trail- single lane. ---
playground should be at a
distance of 0.4 - 0.8 km

Water bodies Construction around water bodies shall not be A setback of 4 to 20m
permitted depending on the flow and type
Waterfront recreational activities, vista points and of water bodies should be
piers shall bp allowed within the setback provided

2. Settlement Around 35 to 15% of land shall be separated for Medium density of allowable
Promoted Area future development in which settlements with urban Develop ment: 100-150 person
including roads infrastructure/services shall be allowed. per hactare

Mixed Use • Commercial: Restaurant , motels, guest house, High density mixed land use
(Residential Cum multipurpose hall, Institutional: shall be encouraged along the
Commeicial) arterial/ main roads, junctions
• Residential: Row housing, single and Group
housing hostel.

Residential Around 10 to 20% of the land shall be separated for This type of land use will be
Cum residential purpose and around 2 to 5% of the land located adjacent with buffer
Institutional should be separated for institutional purpose. • distance or at a distance of 1.5
km. away from the city
Any activity involving any kind of obnoxious. centre/main mixed
inftlammable, non compatible and polluted
subsances or process shall not be permitted

Industrial • Around 2 to 5% of the land shall be separated • Industrial area should be

for Industrial purpose. located in the fringe but with
• Industrial land use consists of factories, access to the main roads.
workshops and warehouses. • should be located at a
distance of more than 2 km
from residential area and at a
distance of more than 1 km
from institutional area.
Others • Around 12 to 25 % shall be separated for • Landfill site will be
infrastructure and services such as Roads, landfill located away from the natural
site, bus stations resource areas and in the urban
agricultural area • City bus
stations shall be within the 0.3
km from the main road
23
 DESIGN STUDIO VII

E ) METRO CITY (1 LAKH TO 3 LAKHS)/(ABOVE 3 LAKHS POPULATION)

S.No. Types of Land Norms Standards
. Uses
1. Natural Resource Around 40 to 55% of land shall be separated for
Area natural resources, environmental sensitive areas
Urban • Fragmentation of land shall not be allowed • Minimum land parcel will
Agriculture be 0.2 hectare
• Urban infrastructure will not be continued for
urban agriculture land. • Land parcel for agriculture
cooperative will be 5times
• Provision of roads for agriculture activities and
the min. land parcel
agro based/processing
• Promotion of agro tourism
• Open drains shall be preserved and allowed.
• Incentives or tax cut will be provided to the
owners of agriculture land
Urban forest/ • No construction shall be allowed in the • 20 m to 25 m around the
Environmentally environmentally sensitive areas environmentally sensitive
areas shall be separated as
Sensitive areas • Urban forest will be conserved. No permanent
buffer area
construction within the forest area shall be
allowed and there will be buffer area
Recreational • 2 to 6%of the total area will be separated for the • Provision of bicycle track
provision of recreational activities. and foot rail-single lane
• Recreational land use consists of public land, • Provision of camping and
parks, parkways, botanical garden, and picnic spots
playground. Barren land, sandy area, orchards,
• Promotion of eco-tourism
golf course, Zoo Park etc.
and cultural tourism
• Preservation of special urban natural landscape as
well as historical/cultural/ religious assets will be
encouraged.
Water bodies • Construction around water bodies shall not be • A setback of 4 to 25 m
permitted depending on the flow and
type of water bodies should
• Waterfront recreational activities, vista points and
be provided
piers shall be allowed within the setback
• Provision of walkway and parks along the water
bodies shall be allowed within the setback
• Traditional ponds , stone spouts, dug wells shall
be conserved

Residential cum • Around 10 to 15 % of land use shall be separated Medium to high density of
commercial for mixed use. allowable development: 150-
300 person per hectare
• Following activities shall be allowed in this zone:
High density mixed land use
shall be encouraged

24
 DESIGN STUDIO VII

Residential Around 10 to 20% of the land shall be separated for This type of land use will be
Cum residential purpose and around 2 to 5% of the land should located adjacent with buffer
Institutional be separated for institutional purpose. • distance or at a distance of 1.5
km. away from the city
Any activity involving any kind of obnoxious. centre/main mixed
inftlammable, non compatible and polluted subsances or
process shall not be permitted

Industrial • Around 2 to 5% of the land shall be separated for • Industrial area should be
Industrial purpose. located in the fringe but with
• Industrial land use consists of factories, workshops access to the main roads.
and warehouses. • should be located at a
distance of more than 2 km from
residential area and at a distance
of more than 1 km from
institutional area.
Others • Around 12 to 25 % shall be separated for • Landfill site will be located
infrastructure and services such as Roads, landfill site, away from the natural resource
bus stations areas and in the urban agricultural
area • City bus stations shall
be within the 0.3 km from the
main road

25
DESIGN STUDIO VII

2.2 Land Development Schemes

Land Development Schemes practiced by Kathmandu valley Town Development Committee
now Kathmandu Valley town Development Authority are :
Site and Services
Guided Land Development
Land Pooling
2.2.1 Site and Services
Site and services scheme is a programe carried out either by the government or private
organization which involves facilitating a particular area with the essential infrastructural
amenities so that private individuals or corporate bodies can carry out developments in such
area at affordable cost.
This technique are not feasible for the development country like Nepal . It is difficult to
manage a lot of money in the beginning. In addition, the original land owners are dispute in
this scheme so it is not accepted by land owner.
Advantages :
• provides the most difficult needs of individuals and communities
• organizes, facilitates and speeds up the incremental process.
• promotes community cohesion and shared responsibilities.
• gives participating households legitimate ownership with rights and obligations.
• has positive environmental impacts.
2.2.2 Guided Land Development
Its main purpose is to develop major roads and infrastructure in urban fringe and also to
widen the existing road. It is useful to accelerate the densification by providing access to
other community infrastructure. Land development guided through the development of
infrastructures: mainly road then drainage, water supply lines, streetlights, etc. along with
it.In our context, mainly consists of road widening and extension process.GLD program are
planned and implemented by the planning authority with support of local community and
landowners. There is no land acquisition and resettlement of the landowners. Here land
owner have to contribute some portion of their land for road and to develop infrastructure.
2.2.3 Land Pooling.
Land pooling/is a technique for managing the planned development of urban-fringe lands. It
is taken as one of the best readjustment technique for supplying residential plots and planned
urban infrastructure without external investment.
Objective :
• To control haphazard urban Growth.
• To provide developed residential plot.
• To make local active in the formulation and implementation of urban development
polices.

26
DESIGN STUDIO VII

Fig : Basic Principle Of Land Pooling

2.3 ELEMENTS OF PLANNING

2.3.1 INFRASTRUCTURE (PHYSICAL)
For a rapid growth of city, a good network of road is essential. It is the basic existence of
the city. The automobiles have become more and more popular on account of their high
speed and flexibility.

Physical Infrastructure: Road, Water Supply, Sanitation/ Sewerage, Solid Waste

management, Electricity, Tele communication.

Social Infrastructure: Education Institution, Health Institution, Open Space, Community

Hall, Library.

Economic Infrastructure: Parking Space, Stadium, Sports Complex, Movie Hall

Fig : Urban Sprwal In Kathmandu Valley

27
DESIGN STUDIO VII

2.3.2 FUNCTION OF ROADS :

The main functions of road are:
• To provide a channel of movement of people and goods between various center of the
town.
• To provide means of approach to all the residential places.
• To provide air and light to the building abutting on their edges.
• To provide space for laying the public utility service such as water means, drainage pipes,
telephone lines, cables, both overhead and underground.

2.3.4 CLASSIFICATION OF ROADS

The urban roads are classified as per their importance
such as;
Arterial roads : It provides for the through traffic
movement areas and across the city and divert access to
the abutting property subject to necessary control of
entrance exit and curbs. The width of arterial roads can
range from four lanes to ten or more. Intended to
accommodate major traffic .

Secondary or sub – arterial roads : Link between the

urban main road system (arterials) and neighborhoods.
Local roads
Other road

STREET AND LAYOUT

Fig : Street Layout

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DESIGN STUDIO VII

•2.3.5 TYPES OF STREET OR ROAD SYSTEM

Different pattern of roads could be planned, based on the
planning concept, existing network and the topography.

Radial pattern of roads

This kind of pattern tends to channel and concentrate the traffic
movement to a square or a place. In this pattern importance is
given to the place or square where many roads are converging
and most of the traffic is conveyed to the center.
Centers are emphasized in this kind of pattern. This kind of
pattern concentrates business and activities in the central
places and squares. Due to these facts traffic flow might be
concentrated on squares or in the central area and thereby
congestion problem might occur unless alternative linkages are
developed. In this case especially ring roads are important to
distribute the traffic flows.
Grid pattern of roads
In this pattern straight and continuous roads are arranged in a
parallel manner with certain spacing, crossing at 90 degree
with another row of parallel straight and continuous roads.
Traffic flow in this pattern is distributed in every direction.
Fig : Road Pattern
Loophole road pattern
This kind of pattern is used especially when there is a constraint for expansion like gorges,
mountains etc. on the right and left side of the main road forcing the city and its road network
to follow a linear pattern of development (like a bay). This kind of pattern is also designed for
quiet residential neighborhoods discouraging through traffic flows with dead ends treated by
cul-de-sacs and vicious circles road pattern.

Organic pattern of road

This kind of pattern is observed in spontaneously formed and developed cities and it is
usually formed due to unplanned and haphazard development. Narrow passageways and
bottlenecks might occur; wastage of spaces, costly for infrastructure provision and congestion
could be the disadvantages of such kind of pattern.

ROAD JUNCTIONS
A junction, or intersection, is the general area
where two or more roads join. A
disproportionate amount of traffic accidents
occur at junctions, and thus from a traffic
safety aspect junctions require attention and
careful design.
Types of Junctions
• T-Junctions
• Cross-Junctions
• Roundabouts
• Grade-Separated Junction Fig : Junction

29
DESIGN STUDIO VII

•T-Junctions
The basic junction layout for urban roads is the T-
junction with the major road traffic having priority
over the minor road traffic. Applications of T-
junctions include staggered T-junction, which caters
to cross-traffic.
Cross -Junctions
A cross junction has four legs and is present where
two highways cross each other. Overall principles of
design, island arrangements, use of turning lanes,
and other parameters are similar to those used in T-
junctions.
.Roundabouts
A roundabout is a one-way circulatory system around
a central island, entry to which is controlled by
markings and signs. Priority is given to traffic already Fig : Junction Details
in the roundabout.

Roundabouts provide high capacity and minimal delay. Roundabouts have a good safety
record. The following factors influence the choice of selecting a roundabout over some other
form of intersection control.

• Safety: Roundabouts should not be introduced on urban roads where the design speeds of
adjacent sections are 90 km/h or greater. For design speeds approaching this value,
consideration should be given to the use of rumble strips and warning signs at the approaches
to warn the driver to anticipate the roundabout.

• Traffic Flow: High proportions of turning movements favor roundabouts. Roundabouts

should generally be used if the minor road flow is greater than one third of the major road
flow. Roundabouts are also an advantage where peak flows are 50 percent greater than the
average flows. The roundabout shown below is acceptable for traffic volumes of up to 15,000.

• Site Conditions: Roundabouts generally take up more land than fully canalized junctions
do. The additional land acquisition costs for roundabouts should be balanced against the
increased capacity offered.

• Driver Behavior: Roundabouts regularize traffic flow and should reduce accidents as well
as increase capacity.

2.3.6 GENERAL STANDARDS FOR THE STREETS DESIGN

In an urban neighborhood the streetscape might represent as much as 35 percent of the total
neighborhood area, and include all of the public or common space. In most cases the greatest
direct environmental impact of development results from the construction and use of streets,
roads, and parking lots. Suburban street width design requirements range from 16 ft to 36 ft.
Although some regional differences are appropriate, the typical suburban residential cart way
need not be wider than 24 ft. This allows for parking on both sides and one clear traffic lane,
or two generous traffic lanes and parking limited to one side.
.
30
DESIGN STUDIO VII

Fig : Road Section

Standards for Pedestrian Ways

• Pedestrian ways should be provided on both sides of arterial roads.
• For collector and local streets provision, Local Development Plans, Detail Plans, and
other studies applicable should indicate location and size of pedestrian ways.
• Pedestrian ways should be raised 15-20 cm above the carriageways.
• Minimum drainage slope for such streets should be 2.5 percent.
• The capacity of footways should be 30 to 50 persons per minute per meter width after
deducing approximately 0.9 m dead width in shopping areas and 0.45m elsewhere.
• The gradient of continuous ramps should not be steeper than 10 percent.

Fig : Services Details

2.4 WATER SUPPLY

• Minimum design requirement to locate water supply lines is 3 m from the nearest sewer
or gas main.
• Water wells are recommended to be at minimum distances of 15 m from septic tanks and
sewers, 30 m from drainage fields, and 45 m from cesspools.
• Storm sewers should generally be located at one-third the distance from the curb line to
the centerline of the streets.
.
31
 DESIGN STUDIO VII
Type
• of Buildings Minimum requirement per head per day
1) Apartment Buildings 100 lit
2)Hospitals (including laundry) per bed
a) Number of beds <100 340 lit
b) Number of beds >100 450 lit
3) Buildings Higher than 4-Storey 45 lit
The Water demand in Nepal: 135 lpcd.

2.5 DRAINAGE
• Size of pipe is 200mm (8”) for mains
• laterals and 150mm (6”) pipe for house branches.
• Manholes placed not more than 100-150m apart,
• The minimum diameter of a sewer that drains a street is 300mm
• Sewer lines laid below the water mains
• The minimum diameter for water mains is 150mm (6”)

2.6 ELECTRICAL LINES

• Standard mounting height for lights is 9m (30’)
• over road ways at the spacing of 45m to 60m (150’-200’).
• 15 ft either side of the street right-of-way center line.

2.7 SIGNAGE
Traffic signs or road signs are signs erected at the side of roads
to provide information to road users.
Some color schemes:
• red with white for stop signs, yield, and forbidden actions
(such as No Parking)
• green with white letters for informational signs, such as
directions, distances, and places brown with white for signs
to parks, historic sites, ski areas, forests, and camp grounds
Fig : Sinage
2.8 SANITATION
• Size of sanitary pipe is 200mm (8”) for mains or laterals and 150mm (6”) pipe for house
branches.
• Manholes to be placed no more than 100-150m apart
• Minimum diameter of a sewer that drains a street is 300mm (12”) or 250mm (10”).

32
 DESIGN STUDIO VII

• 2.9 WASTE MANAGEMENT

2.10 HOUSING
• The important points to be considered in the planning of residential units are as below:
• Houses should be designed in different types with pleasing elevations.
• Houses should be planned in harmony with the surroundings like lake, streams,
greeneries etc.
• Houses should be properly oriented to get maximum advantage of the sun, wind and
topography.
• Density of population should be in accordance with the standards specified by the
competent authority.
• Houses for different income group should be grouped together to build the spirit of
neighborhood.

Fig : Housing Plan

33
 DESIGN STUDIO VII

2.10.1 CLASSIFICATION OF HOUSING

Detached houses, one story, density six units per acre

Detached houses on 0.46 ha site
units per side = 6 units per 0.46 ha- 13 per ha
Typical interior unit dimension 30' x 40' - 1100 sq. m.
3-bedroom unit
Parking: 6 on-site spaces

Two-story semidetached houses, density 16 units per acre

Semidetached on 0.46 ha site
8 units per side -- 16 units per 0.46 ha- 35 per ha
Typical interior unit dimension: 17' x 37 .6' x 2 stories = 119
sq. m.
1200 sq. N. - 3-bedroom unit, + 40 sq. k of stairs per floor
Parking: 16 on-site spaces

Three-story row houses on modified city block,

density 38 units per acre.
Row houses on 0.46 site
19 units per side - 38 units per 0.46 ha – 82 per ha
Typical interior unit dimensions: 13'x 34'x 3 stories – 11.5sq. m.
111 sq. m. - 3-bedroom unit, -F 3.5 sq. m. of stairs per floor

2.10.2 Planning of building on site Fig : Block Arrangement

Site Consideration and Planning
• Outdoor living area on south west side for protection from north winds.
• Deciduous vegetation on south
• Vegetation on north or northwest
• Building itself with slope on windward side
• Quiet space far from the main road
• Prevention from the reflection of sounds on the buildings

Fig : Buffer System

34
DESIGN STUDIO VII

2.11 SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURES

Detached houses, one story, density six units per acre
• Detached houses on 0.46 ha site
• units per side = 6 units per 0.46 ha- 13 per ha
• Typical interior unit dimension 30' x 40'
• 3-bedroom unit
• Parking: 6 on-site spaces

2.12 EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS

• Nursery Schools: (average=20 – 25 students per class )
• Accessible by pedestrian pathways without having to cross major streets
• Maximum travel time: 10 minutes (by foot or vehicle)
• Maximum walking distance- 750 m.
• Primary Schools
• Accessible by foot, bicycle and vehicle.
• Maximum travel time: 20 minutes (by foot, bicycle or by vehicle).
• Maximum walking distance: 1.5 km.
• High Schools(max=PER CLASS 40 students)
• Situated on a major transport route with public transport stops
• Maximum travel time: 30 minutes.
• Maximum walking distance: 2.25 km
• Minimum size: 4.6 ha
• Buildings: 2.6 ha
• Recreational space: 2 ha

2.13 HEALTH INSTITUTIONS

• Mobile clinic:
• Self-contained units
• Accessible by foot.
• Maximum walking distance: 1 km
• Population served: 5000
• Clinic
• Located close to public transport stops
• Maximum walking distance: 2 km
• Maximum travel time: 30 minutes to reach
• ha per 5 000 people

Hospitals
• Located along major transport routes in close proximity to public transport stops
• Bed: population= 5:1000
• Medical centres = minimum of 300 beds

35
DESIGN STUDIO VII

PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS
1. Libraries:
• Walking distance: 1.5 km – 2.25 km
• 5 minutes walking distance of a public transport stop
• Maximum travel time: 20 – 30 minutes
• Population served- 5000(3 books per capita)

2.Community centres:
• Walking distance: 1.5 km – 2.25 km
• 5 minutes walking distance of a public transport stop
• Maximum travel time: 20 – 30 minutes
• Estimated minimum size: 2500 m2 per 5000 people

3.Municipal office
• Easily accessible by public transport
• Maximum travel time: 30 mins
• Minimum size: 3000 m2

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DESIGN STUDIO VII

2.14 ECONOMIC INFRASTRUCTURE

PARKING SPACE
Parking lots can be massive seas of asphalt, contributing to the degradation of local water
quality and to increases in urban heat. In addition to the environmental consequences,
parking lots are, by function if not design, a place where people and vehicles mix fairly
freely, a contest to which the vehicle is better suited.
There are two types of parking facilities:
• On street facilities: On street curb can be divided into two, unrestricted curb parking and
restricted curb parking. The restricted curb parking could be police controlled (through
enforcing, restriction, posted sign or meter control).
• Off-street parking facilities: There two basic type of off street parking area, surface lots
and multi floor structure.

• The vehicles can be parked as follow in 30, 60,

and 45, 90 and / or parallel to the pedestrian or
the main street.
• The techniques shown are as below.
• Here, 8’6” is taken as the standard for a four
wheeler with a space for their doors to open.

Fig : Parking Arrangement System

37
DESIGN STUDIO VII

CHAPTER 3 : CASESTUDY
A. Dallu Awas
Location: Dallu (Kathmandu Metropolitan city)
Area: 20.14 Ha (396 ropani)
No. of plots: 693 DALLU
Plot sizes: 4 ana -6 ana, max. 4 ana plots
Block depths: 45 ft.-55 ft. AWAS
No. of households: 462
Population: 6020
Population density: 230/ Ha
Planning Approach: land pooling

LAND USE PLAN

Housing Plots –76% Fig : Location Plan
Road ways – 23%
Open Spaces for Recreation – 2%
Objective HOUSING
The general objective of the study is to understand PLOT
the household level water management practice and
ROADWAYS
its sustainability. The study also focuses on the
potential of rainwater harvesting to meet the daily
OPEN
domestic water demands in the residential area of SPACES
Dallu Awas, Swoyambhu, Kathmandu. The specific
objectives are: Fig : Land Use Plan

• To enumerate and map the residential buildings in the Dallu Awas

• To analyze the consumer's household water management practices and the potential of
rooftop rainwater harvesting system in meeting the daily household water demand at Dallu
residential area
• To conduct a household perception baseline survey of the residents on rainwater
harvesting and reuse of grey water.
• To review practices and policies on rainwater harvesting and recommend a strategy for the
promotion of rainwater conservation at the municipality level.

3.1 Roads
Road is important feature and physical aspect for
any settlement to grow and develop. Similarly,
Dallu Aawas is also develop along the road axis.
There are two types of roads of 10 meter wide
which is 914 meter long and other is 5 meter wide
which is 7500meter long. 10 meter road consists of
footpath with gutter for rain water to drain off. But
5 meter road doesn’t consists of footpath and
gutter. So it becomes less safe for the children or
student going to school on foot.
Fig : View Of Road

38
DESIGN STUDIO VII

3.2.1 Type and Use of Houses

The study has collected information on house
type, use of house and number of floor of 522 Pakki Pakki
Cemente Zinc Roof
houses of Dallu Aawas. The type of roof d Roof Kachchhi
6%
constructed such as cemented or roof with 88% Zinc Roof
galvanized zinc and use of house such as 6%
residential only, public, official, or mixed type
are used to categorize the type of house. The
majority of houses (i.e.., 88%) are made of
concrete and newly constructed. There are
about 12% houses which have galvanized zinc
roof which is less durable compared to the one
made of concrete roof. Fig: House Type By Roof

The study area, Dallu Aawas is usually residential area. All houses have black top road.
However, there are some houses with shops in the ground floor and the house owner living
upper floor. Such houses are categorized as mixed house. Among total surveyed houses, 346
houses (i.e.., 66.3%) are residential only, 163 houses (i.e.., 31.2%) are mixed house and the
remaining 13 houses (i.e.., 2.5%) includes other types such as corporate building, public
building, government building etc
400
346
350
300
Number of house

250
200 163
150
100
50 13
0
Residential House Mixed House Others
Figure : House Type

There are about 191 shops in 163 houses

100 72 82
surveyed, of which majority of the shops
Number of shop

80
60 22
(i.e.., 38%) are small grocery shops 40 5 7
20 3
including cold store. About 12% shops 0
are furniture and 9% shops include metal
Furniture

Meat
Iron shop

Restauran

Grocery

Others
shop
t and Bar

shop
shop

work shop, meat shop and restaurant and

bars. Beside these, there are other
varieties of shops (42%) such as
garments, medicine, carpet, workshop Figure : Type Of Shop In Mixed Type House
etc. in the study area

39
DESIGN STUDIO VII
3.2 Household and Demographic Characteristics
The houses in Dallu Awas are mostly three or three and half storeys. About 45% houses have
three or three and half storeys, 28% houses have two or two and half storeys, 8% houses have
only one storey and about 19% houses have four or more storeys

250 237

200
Number of house

144
150

101
100

50 40

0
One storey Two storeys Three storeys Four and more storeys

FIGURE : DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSES BY NUMBER OF STOREY

a. Rented Household
The survey shows that many House having
houses are providing rent for rent, 337,
family or office beside shops. 65%
About 65% houses are providing
some rooms for rent. Only 35% House
houses are occupied by house without rent,
185, 35%
owners themselves
FIGURE : DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSES BY HAVING
OR NOT HAVING RENT
3.3 Water and Waste Management Practices

3.3.1 Water Sources

The major sources of water in Dallu Awas are tap water either
public or private, well/tubewell, stone spout, rainwater, jar water
and tanker. Only 11% houses have single source. for all purposes
of water use such as drinking, cooking, washing, bathing, flushing
toilet and gardening. About 89% houses have more than one
source for daily use of water. Moreover, more than half of the
houses are using three or more sources of water (Figure 7). Among
11% houses (i.e.., 56 houses) using single source of water for all
purposes, 31 houses have only private tap, 3 houses have installed
only tubewell and some 2 houses have mentioned using rainwater
for all purposes

40
 DESIGN STUDIO VII

b. Land Use
Two 90% 83%
sources 80%
70% 65%
35%
Three 60% 49%
and more 50%
40% 36%
sources 27%
54% 30%
Single
20%
source
10% 3% 2%
11%
0%

Tanker
Tubewell
PrivateTap

PublicTap

Rainwater

Jar Water
StoneSpout
Fig : Distribution Of Houses By Number
Of Sources Of Water

Fig : Percent Of Houses With Different

Sources Of Water
However, majority of the houses are connected to private tap. There are 433 houses (i.e.., 83%)
connected to private tap. The water from tap was not enough for the residents of Dallu Awas as
about 65% houses are using water from tanker to meet the demand of water. About 49%
houses have installed tube well also for daily use of water. Some 36% houses are using jar
water for drinking and other sources for other purposes. The rainwater harvesting is not new
for Dallu Awas; about 27% houses are using rainwater to fulfill the demand of water in daily
life. In the old settlement of Dallu Awas, some houses are still using public tap and stone spout
. Among 433 houses connected to private tap; 6% houses are solely dependent on private tap
for all uses and 77% houses use other sources along with private tap. The remaining 17%
houses (i.e.., 89 houses) do not have private tap and using other sources such as tanker,
tubewell, jar water with single source or multiple sources. Out of such 89 houses, 4% houses
are using tanker only, 4% houses are using tanker and jar water, 2% houses are using tanker
and tubewell. some 4% houses are using tanker, jar water and tubewell, 1% houses are using
tubewell only, 1% houses are using tubewell and jar, and remaining 1% houses using mixed
sources including rainwater, stone spout, public tap and jar water

Tanker, Tubewell
and Jar water Tubewell only
Private tap with Tanker and 4.0% 0.6%
other sources Tubewell
77.0% 1.9% Tubewell and Jar
water
1.3%
Other sources Tubewell and
without private Public tap
tap 0.2%
17.0%
Rainwater only
0.4%

Tanker and Jar Tanker only Jar and Stone Jar and
Private tap only water 3.8% spout Public tap
5.9% 4.4% 0.2% 0.2%

Fig : Distribution Of Houses By Sources Of Water

41
 10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
10
20
30
40
60
70
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80

50
80

0
0
0
Private Tap Private Tap Private Tap
Public Tap Public Tap Public Tap
Tubewell Tubewell Tubewell
Stone Spout Stone Spout Stone Spout

Bathing
Drinking

Rainwater Rainwater Rainwater

DESIGN STUDIO VII

Flushing toilet
Jar Water Jar Water Jar Water
Tanker Tanker Tanker

10
20
30
40
60
70
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80

0
50
80
0

Private Tap Private Tap

Public Tap Public Tap
Tubewell Tubewell
Stone Spout Stone Spout
Cooking

Laundry
Rainwater Rainwater
Jar Water Jar Water
Tanker Tanker

10
20
30
40
60
70
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80

0
50
80
0

Private Tap Private Tap

Public Tap Public Tap
Tubewell Tubewell

Fig : Percent Of House Using Different Sources Of Water For Various Purposes.
Stone Spout Stone Spout
Gardening

Rainwater Rainwater
Dish washing

Jar Water Jar Water

Tanker Tanker

42
DESIGN STUDIO VII
350
294
3.3.2 Daily Water Consumption

Water consumption (in ltr)

300
The average daily water consumption of a
250
household is estimated to be about 294 litre
200 184
in Dallu Awas. Disaggregating the total
consumption into different purposes such 150
as for drinking, kitchen and other use, on
100 73
an average 37 litre water is consumed for
drinking, 73 litre for kitchen use and 184 50 37
litre for other use in a day for a household 0
Drinking Kitchen Other Total
Fig : Average Daily Water Consumption

3.3.3 Monthly Expenses on Water

The monthly expenses on water vary from
house to house. It ranges from minimum
charge of Rs 80 for government tap water to
more than Rs 5000 for various sources mainly
water tanker services. Looking at the trend of
houses on monthly expenses on water, more
than 50% of houses are paying more than Rs
1000 every month in general.
Among 58% of houses paying up to Rs 1000
every month, 17% houses are paying less than
Rs 100 only, 19% houses are paying Rs 101 to
Rs 500 and about 22% houses are paying Rs
501 to Rs 1000 every month. Among
remaining 42% houses paying more than Rs
1000 every month, 25.5% houses are paying
Rs 1001 to Rs 2000, 11% houses are paying
Rs 2001 to 3000, nearly 3% houses are paying
Rs 3001 to Rs 4000 and some 2.5% houses are
paying more than Rs4,000 (Figure 12, Figure
13, Figure 14, and Annex-Table 12). There are
some 15.7% houses could not respond on
monthly average expenses

3.3.4 Waste Management Practices

In Dallu Awas, majority of houses (i.e.., 52%) have two or three toilets. Only 14% houses have
one toilet whereas 34% houses have four or more toilets in the house. Regarding the type of
toilets of these houses, 30% houses have toilets without flush, 34% houses have toilets with flush
and 36% houses have both types of toilets – with and without flush (Figure 16, Figure 17, Annex-
Map 9, and Annex-Table 14). Most of the houses have direct sewerage pipe line are connected.
Only 3% houses have their own septic tank (Figure 18 and Annex-Table 15). Considering daily
waste collection practices of these houses, 85% houses’ waste are collected by private waste
collector. Some houses use private waste collector together with composting in the garden. There
are 13% houses that use the organic waste for composting and use for garden

43
DESIGN STUDIO VII

300

250
97
Number of houses

200

150
Both type
88
71 Without flush
100
With flush
50 29
56 85
43 20
15 7
0 11
Only one toilet Two to three Four to five More than five
toilets toilets toilets
Fig : Toilet Type

Connected
Sefty tank to sewerage
3% pipe line
97%

Fig : Distribution of Houses By Soil Disposal Practice

85%

13%
7% 5%

Regular collection Container outside Composting Burned

Fig : Percent of Houses By Waste Management Practices

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DESIGN STUDIO VII
3.3.5 Potentiality of Rainwater Harvesting
The study has tried to understand people’s perception on RWH in the study area. About 46%
houses were found to be aware of rainwater harvesting system. However, about 58%
households are collecting rain water for domestic use although they do not have much idea on
the rain water harvesting system. After briefing about the rain water harvesting system, 93%
house recognized the system as appropriate technique for fulfilling the demand of water and
about 88% houses are ready to install the system immediately .
Aware of RWH 45.8%

Recognised as
92.9%
appropriate technique

Collecting rain water 57.7%

Willingness to install
87.7%
RWH system

Fig : People’s Perception On Rainwater Harvesting System

While checking the possibility of installing rainwater

harvesting system, about 280 houses have well in the
compound of the house, of which 102 wells are in
very good condition and 146 wells are satisfactory but
32 wells are in poor condition. Among houses without
well, 77 houses have enough space to install the well
and 66 houses are ready to install the well
immediately.
Regarding the possibility of storage for rainwater, 460
houses have already reservoir tank in the house and
62 houses have no such tank. Three hundred seventy
six houses have both underground and overhead tanks
in the house, 70 houses have only overhead tank and
14 houses have underground tank only

Under ground
water tank
only, 14, 3%

Roof top water

tank only, 70,
13%

Both type of
No water tank, tanks, 376,
62, 12% 72%

Fig :Houses By Type Of Water Tanks

45
DESIGN STUDIO VII

Fig : Houses Type In Dallu Awas

46
DESIGN STUDIO VII

Fig : Houses Of Dallu Awas

47
DESIGN STUDIO VII

3.4 Analysis
Although, international standards and principles reveal that the ratio of the open spaces should
be at least 40 % of the overall land use, the Dallu planning falls short of those standards. These
standards though comply with the regulations set by the government of Nepal i.e. 1.99 %. The
high land demand and prices and the ever growing population density are a major factor
contributing to lack of open spaces in the Kathmandu Valley.
The open spaces in the form of playground, park in the Dallu planning provide the population
a space for recreational activities. The value of the open space was especially felt during the
recent earthquake. The open spaces served as sites for temporary shelter for the people of the
locality.
Other place that needs improvements :
• Add footpath in the roads
• Design more safe roads even for school children
• Encourage public transportation
• Improvement of road condition
• Add landmark to get the feeling of sense of place
• Use the buffer systems near army barrack
• Create more interactive places
• Things that can be learned
• Use of wide roads
• Encouraging sustainability development like water harvesting, compositing
• Efforts in including more open spaces.

48
DESIGN STUDIO VII

3.5 INTERNATIONAL CASESTUDY

B. Mississauga, Canada.
Mississauga is a city in Canadian province of Ontario situated in Southern Ontario, it lies on
the shores of lake Ontario in the Regional Municipality of Peel. The City of Mississauga was
a collection of small communities spread over a largely rural area. Mississauga is good at
growing and in the last 30 years, the City has more than quadrupled its population from
172,000 people to more than 741,000 today. There are 22 neighbourhoods in Mississauga,
they are:

• Applewood • Lakeview
• Central erin Mills • Lisgar
• Churchill Meadows • Malton
• Clarkson-Lorne Park • Meadowvale
• Cooksville • Meadowvale Village
• Creditview • Mineola
• East Credit • Mississauga Valleys
• Erindale • Port Credit
• Erin Mills • Rathwood
• Fairview • Sheridan
• Hurontario • Streetsville

3.5.1 Churchill Meadows

Churchill Meadows is located south
of Britannia Road between Winston Churchill and
Ninth Line. Churchill Meadows is very popular with
families looking for a modern, turnkey home in a
safe, well planned community. Homes in Churchill
Meadows were designed with a nod to old world
charm, and the neighborhood was designed to
become a walking community in generations to
come. The homes are tightly packed, and as more
amenities fill in, it will become a village with an
urban vibe, yet with all the benefits of suburbia.
In terms of the school zone,
Churchill Meadows has performed very well despite
being one of the younger communities in
Mississauga. You have two elementary schools in
the Top 20 and the 6-ranked middle school in Erin
Centre Middle.
Churchill Meadows is composed of five residential
Precincts. The Community Design policies must be
read in conjunction with the Land Use policies and
all other Urban Design policies including the
Neighborhood Concept Plan Principles and Urban
Design Guidelines, July 1997.

49
DESIGN STUDIO VII

Fig :Land Use Map Of Mississauga

50
DESIGN STUDIO VII

Community Focus (Precinct 1)

The lands surrounding the intersection of Thomas Street and Tenth Line West will form a
community focus for the city through the development of a retail commercial facility and
Residential High Density development.The form of development is to allow for transition of
conventional dwellings to mixed uses with store fronts addressing main streets to achieve an
urban character with a pedestrian friendly environment.
a. Buildings on Residential Low Density II and Residential Medium Density lands
located north and south of Thomas Street, fronting onto the east and west sides of Tenth Line
West, should have built forms located close to the street edge. While buildings may be
developed as residential units, mixed commercial/residential "live/work" units will be
permitted subject to: parking facilities being provided and designed in a manner that is
compatible with the main street character of the area; incorporation of measures such as
landscape space, planters or tree grates; or other elements which reinforce the urban street
wall.
b. Building heights for Residential High Density lands located to the east and south of the
Mixed Use designation will be limited to a range of five to eight storeys. Buildings located
at the intersection of Tenth Line West and Thomas Street will be a minimum of two storeys
and a maximum of five storeys. Building heights for Residential High Density lands located
on the west side of Tenth Line West, south of Thomas Street will be a minimum of three
storeys together with end units of a block development having a minimum building height of
two storeys.
c. Development of the retail commercial sites should discourage parking and loading areas at
the intersection of two streets in favour of built form.
d. The two Residential High Density sites west of the intersection of Thomas Street and
Winston Churchill Boulevard will generally be limited to a range of five to eight storeys in
height. This development will represent the secondary community gateway; therefore,
buildings at the higher end of the height range will be encouraged.

Winston Churchill Boulevard Linkage (Precinct 2)

This area relates to the development of the lands on the west side of Winston Churchill
Boulevard between Precinct 1 and 3. Built form within this linkage area should step down in
height from the two community gateway nodes at either end of this Precinct. In addition, the
goal of this area is to provide a coordinated built form image linking two Precincts
51
DESIGN STUDIO VII

a. Residential development should avoid reversed frontage lots abutting Winston Churchill
Boulevard.
b. Built form should frame the street line with a consistent streetscape along Winston
Churchill Boulevard.

Primary Community Gateway (Precinct 3)

This area, located at the intersection of Winston Churchill Boulevard and Eglin ton Avenue
West, has Residential High Density designations.
a. Building heights for the Residential High Density designation will generally be limited to a
range of five to eight storeys with the greatest heights to occur at the intersection of two
streets.
b. Open space/pedestrian corridors from these developments to the proposed transit terminal
will be encouraged. In support of this objective, evaluations of microclimatic conditions may
be required in the review of development applications in this Precinct.
c. At full development these parcels of land should provide continuity in built form and
landscape themes with the Residential High Density lands on the east side of Winston
Churchill Boulevard.

Eglin ton Avenue Linkage (Precinct 4)

This area is located on the north and south sides of Eglin ton Avenue West between Precinct
3 and 5. The goal of this area is to provide a coordinated built form image linking two
Precincts while having regard for the integration and significance of the retained woodlands
west of Tenth Line West.
a. The landscape treatment for development parcels adjacent to the retained woodlands
should be in the form of naturalized character to integrate development with these open
spaces. In addition, the built form along Eglin ton Avenue West is to be sympathetic in
height and scale to the retained woodlands/space, wherever possible.
b. The commercial facility is to avoid, wherever possible, parking and loading areas abutting
Eglin ton Avenue West and Tenth Line West, in favour of built form. The preferred character
is to create continuous landscape areas between the building and the street line.
c. The height of buildings are to step down from the Primary Community Gateway Precinct.
d. Buildings on Residential Medium Density lands fronting onto the north and south sides of
Eglinton Avenue West should have built forms located close to the street edge. Residential
development should front Eglinton Avenue West and be served by rear lane access to units.
While buildings may be developed as residential units, mixed commercial/residential
"live/work" units will be permitted subject to parking facilities being provided and designed
in a manner that is compatible with the main street character of the area; incorporation of
measures such as landscape space, planters or tree grates; or other elements that reinforce the
urban street wall

52
DESIGN STUDIO VII

City Entry Point (Precinct 5)

This area represents an entry point into the city and, therefore, will promote built form of
high architectural and landscaping standards.
a. Strong built form along the street frontage with massing emphasis at corners, thus
discouraging parking and loading areas at the street lines.
b. Landscape treatments at corners and extending along Eglin ton Avenue West should
generally be complimentary on either side of the street.
General
The retention/preservation of woodlands, wherever possible, will be a priority in establishing
a community identity for the Character Area.
Buildings located on lands designated Residential Medium Density, adjacent to detached or
semi-detached dwellings, will be subject to a two storey height restriction. Others will be
subject to a maximum four storey height restriction.
3.5.2 Transportation
Not withstanding the policies of this Plan, the following policies will apply:
a. where feasible, the alignment of individual roads will recognize the need to preserve
natural features, including woodland edges and hedgerows. Detailed road design will include
mitigating and rehabilitation measures to address any disturbance of these features;
b. Mississauga will be pursuing other possible opportunities for improving Provincial
Highway access to Churchill Meadows. A further detailed study will be required, involving
the approval of appropriate agencies, to determine the feasibility and timing of these
improvements;
c. direct access will be permitted on Major Collectors, with 30 m rights-of-way, for uses
other than residential detached, semi-detached, or on-street townhouses. The access location
will require the approval of the Transportation and Works Department;

Fig :Typical Section Of Road.

53
DESIGN STUDIO VII

d. during the review of development applications, consideration may be given to reducing the
right-of-way widths of minor collector roads according to the guidelines established in the
Neighbourhood Concept Plan Principles and Urban Design Guidelines. Any such
consideration would require a detailed analysis of the municipal servicing, utility and
planting constraints within the right-of-way, to ensure that adequate corridors are maintained
to the satisfaction of the City, Region and the Public Utilities Co-ordinating Committee;
e. guidelines regarding the treatment of Buffer Roads and Public Lanes are established in the
Neighbourhood Concept Plan Principles and Urban Design Guidelines. Buffer Roads will
have a right-of-way width of 17 m in direct frontage situations, and consideration will be
given to reducing this right-of-way width to 15 m where there is no direct frontage. Public
Lanes will have a minimum right-of-way width of eight meters.

3.5.3 Physical Services and Utilities

The area comprises two drainage systems: the Credit River and the Sixteen Mile Creek
watersheds. This Plan will be subject to drainage plans for the two watersheds. Before being
permitted to proceed, all new development will have adequate storm drainage facilities
which conform to the requirements of the relevant drainage plans.
b. Applicants for development of lands which drain to the Region of Halton will be required
to obtain approval from Conservation Halton for the design, installation and maintenance of
the storm drainage works required in the Sixteen Mile Creek watershed area.
c. All proposed drainage works are to be compatible with the Provincial Government plans
for the future extension of Provincial Highway 407 from Provincial Highway 403 to
Provincial Highway 401.
d. An Environmental Assessment Report, satisfactory to the City, Provincial Government,
and other public agencies, will be prepared in support of proposed drainage works which are
subject to the Environmental Assessment Act.
e. All development within Churchill Meadows will be in accordance with the Sawmill Creek
Sub-watershed Plan, the Sixteen Mile Creek Master Drainage Plan and the Lisgar Region
Water Quality Study.
f. Additional off-site lands associated with the construction of the storm water management
facilities recommended by the Sawmill Creek Sub-watershed Study may be needed.
g. Storm water management facilities are located on the west side of Ninth Line, to
accommodate post-development runoff from those portions of Churchill Meadows drained
by the Sixteen Mile Creek.

54
DESIGN STUDIO VII

CHAPTER 4 : SITE ANALYSIS

Location
Purposed site is about 3.5 km outside of the Ring Road, on the way to south-east Godawari.
There is a historical village named Harisiddhi Village where surname Maharjan of Newar
caste is lived most. The purposed site is in between two traditional settlements Harisiddhi
and Thaiba. Acess to the site is by Micro bus using public transportation system and private
vechicle.
General Information
4400ft high from the sea-level.
Latitude -270 38' north
Longitude is 850 21' east
Temperature - 20˚c – 34˚c
East - siddipur vdc
West - dhapakhel vdc
North -imadol vdc
South -

Fig: Google Map Of Site

Hospital
Nepal Cancer Hospital
Heath Clinics

Police station

School
Shree Harisiddhi High School,
Other 3
private school.
Little Angles School, I.J pioneer.

Water Supply
Fig: Site Surrounding
Partly through Water Reservior
Tank
Wells
55
DESIGN STUDIO VII

Fig: Land Use

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DESIGN STUDIO VII

4.1HISTORY
This village Harissidi is named after goddess Harsiddhi,
whose 4 storied temple is situated in the middle of the
village. The word Harisiddhi is by mistakenly used.
Actually, it should be Hara (Shiva) and Siddhi (Parbati) or
Harasiddhi which indicates a half of body is Shiva and the
remaining half is Parbati or the attribute of Shiva Parbati.
According to the Hindu Econography goddess Harsiddhi
has 4 hands with Damaru, Kamandalu, Khadga and
Kalash. The origin of this goddess is Ujjain India.

In the middle of the village, the temple of goddess

Harsiddhi is established. Instead of the recognition of
"Bhairab, Harsiddhi and Kumari" three clay-pot with full
of water are set in the temple towards west direction. This
goddess is also known as Tri-Shakti, Tri-Devi, Fig: Harissidi Temple
Maheswori, Amba Maa, Baishnavi and Jagdambba.

4.2 Architectural Style

4.2.1 Core Settlement

Harisiddi is old traditional newari settlement, suitated on

southern side of the Valley. It is 6 km away from the
valley. Harissidi consists of a temple of Harisidhi
remarking the identity of the town at the center in which
civilization has been developing. The residential building
in the core area main flow the traditional newari
architecture with brick expose row housing with a
courtyard at center. Which can be still being seen in
existing present days cities in valley
Fig: Principle Of Neighborhood

4.2.2 New Settlement

Haphazard development of new settlement in this area. Fast encroachment of agricultural
zone. Buildings are rcc framed structure. Brick, cement, wood are common building
material used. Despite being modern, high rise buildings are not developed. The height of
the building is maximum 4 storey.

4.3 Karmanasha River

It’s a river originated from the forest “Kudku “ on the south east of Harisiddi. The special
feature about the river is its
only river in the Kathmandu valley that flow from south to the north direction. Other
feature is its unpredictable zig-zack nature of the flow. Looking 10 years back the river
position is not same as today.

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DESIGN STUDIO VII

4.4 Urban utility and service

Electricity: Present of electricity supply by NEA. Overhead transmission line is place on
the side of the road and distributed in the area.

Drainage: No any proper drainage system is present solid waste is treated in the septic tank

Water Supply: Communal distribution system has been provided for drinking water, the
overhead tank water reservoir is not functioning in full capacity. The Source of Drinking
water is from Gurindhar , Godawari

Telephone line: Present of all the communicational feature like telephone, Internet etc.

School : Little Angles School is at the nearest in comparison to the access and Shree
Harissidi High School is present in Harissidi which is the only government school in the
area. Other small secondary level school in the area is Preana Secondary School, I.J pioneer.
There are 3 private schools near the site that lies in ward no. 29. There is one childcare
center in Harissidi name Rose petals adjacent to the purposed site.

Hospital: Nearest Hospital from the Site is Nepal Cancer Hospital. Patan Hospital at
lagankhel, or the next closest is B&B hospital at Gwarko. But for the minor checkup is one
community Hospital at Hasrisiddhi.

4.5 Socio - cultural analysis:

The people living in the area are 90% Newars . So we can see the cultural integrity can be
seen in the area. Social status of harissidi and Thaiba are similar

STATISTICAL DATA ON CASTE OF THAIBA 14% 9%

9%
5% CHHETRI STATISTICAL DATA ON CASTE OF
HARISSIDI CHHETRI
3% 17% 8% BHARMIN
5% 8% BHARMIN
TAMANG
11% TAMANG
NEWAR
58% 53% NEWAR
MAGAR
RAI/ LIMBU
OTHER
Fig: Graph of People Living In Harrisiddhi

4.4 The first mask dance of Nepal

According to the history of Nepal, the mask dance of
goddess Harsiddhi is the "First Mask Dance" of
Nepal. It is well known that there is no vocal and
instrumental music and dramatic performance equal
to that of Harsiddhi. The dance is very fantastic still.
One cannot satisfied with his first seen.

Fig: Mask Dance

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DESIGN STUDIO VII

The combination of music with different instruments and the

vocal which is believed the original voice of the god at that
time is very charming.
In the old days, this dance is performed three months
continuously. The people were not interested to watch such
a long period dance and the value of it was going
decreasing. So that the dance is completed within a day
accumulating the main events of the dance. So, it is a little
difficult to understand the nature of dance in a day, said the
priest. Now-a-days, the dance is performed two times in a
year. First is at the time of "Yomari Purnima" and the 2nd is Fig: Harrisiddhi Temple Complex
at "Holy Purnima".

4.6 Economic Analysis

4.6.1 Agriculture
Because of the plane surface, easy irrigation, fertile soil, the
agricultural production is good here. Most of the people
depend on farming. Nearly 5000 ropanies (74 square feet
5000) of land is used for rice crop. Other productions are
wheat, maize, soya bean and some vegetables. Villagers
need not have to starve as they have a plot of land of their
own. One ropani of land produces nearly 5 quintals of rice. Fig: Agricultural Land
No- a-days the farming land is going on decreasing because
of higher population

4.6.2 Business
The people are attracted on business to fulfill the
requirement of the family. The agricultural production is not
sufficient for bread and butter.
So many people in the area are in transportation business.
Most of the people acquire microbus, running in Ratna park
and Godavari route.
Fig: Vehicle Possession
4.6.3 Industrial
Brick factories, Iron industries, furniture, oil, rice mill, pottery and cattle farming, textile, saw-
mill, fabrication etc are established in this village. So that most of the people are engaged on
those works.
4.6.4 Services
The people of this village are employed in various offices. Some are gone aboard. But the
political knowledge is not developed yet so that local development work is not gone forward,
though the natural condition is very pleasant. Without leadership social works will not go ahead.
They place obstacle on development works. It is regret to mention here because it is the truth of
the condition. On the other hand political parties of the nation are not in mutual co-operation for
the development work. They are not anxious about the country. They are anxious only about their
post and party. It impacts the local development.
Fig: Mask Dance
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DESIGN STUDIO VII

Fig: Agricultural Land

Fig: Construction Work

Fig: Brick Factory

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DESIGN STUDIO VII
4.7 SWOT Analysis :
STRENGTH
• plain landform with the incorporation of water resources
• Outskirt of ring road
• Present of all type of urban utility service like transportation, telephone service,
electricity , water supply
• Emerging urban area
• present of many nodes for the development in urban area
• In between two traditional old Newari settlement

WEAKNESS
• on the wind ward side of brick factory
• no highly facilities hospital near by
• privately owned property
• most of the people are engaged in agriculture

OPPORTUNITY
• present of small scale textile industry
• present of river karmanasa on the edge of the site
• location and site condition

THREAT
• conservative society
• privately owned property
• influence the Newari tradition

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DESIGN STUDIO VII

Fig: Physical Aspect of Site

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 DESIGN STUDIO VII

4.8 PROGRAM FORMULATION :

Allocation of spaces :
Residential Blocks
Open spaces (parks , playground , sense of place )
Utilities ( services )
Social Infrastructures
Institutional
Industrial : small industry (weaving)
Economic
Data from
Programme
Literature or
Formulation
P.N. Programme Case Study Remarks Justification
Popula Popula Area/
Area/ha
tion tion ha
1 HOUSING 8.5 UNITS
100m2
1.1 Row Housing 900 1.5 140 low cost housing
per unit
Semi 200m2
1.2 900 2.2 110
Detached per unit
clustter 100m2 50 traditinal buildings with
1.3 450 1
housing per unit multiple houshold
400 m2
1.4 Detached 250 3.8 100
per unit
TOTAL 8.5
COMMERCI
2 0.756
AL AREA
60 sq ft/family due to lack of rental space
Department Adding 20% circulation i.e. and departmental stores it is
2.1 2500 0.34 2500 0.216
Store 0.216 ha in 400 metre max to be built around connector
walking distance road
720 sq. ft. in the ground
2.2 Retail outlets
floor of row houses
Population on served: 2500
floor area required: 20 sq ft/
family (10000sq)
local shop for encouraging
customer parking area (2 to
local activities and other
Commercial 1) : 20000 sq circulation
2.3 2500 0.34ha 2500 0.34 commercial activites are to
Area area: 25% (7500 sq)
be encouraged as it is
total area required: 0.34
lagging
hecters max
walking distance :1/4 miles

Community Restaurant that

16 sq ft/person. Assuming will help serve the people in
Restaurant or restaurant for 125 people community as well as
2.4 1000 0.054 2500 0.2
Café (5% of 2500), area = 2000 generate some funds for
sq ft. i.e. 0.2 ha maintenance of community
areas.
TOTAL 0.756
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DESIGN STUDIO VII

SOCIAL
3 INSTITUTIO 0.215
NS
Max distance should not
exceed ½ mile. for secondary and higher
3.1 Pre school 150 0.1 150 0.1 Distance between two secondary level education 3
schools -300m shools are present

The floor area depends on the

size of collection. There
should be 300 m² of usable
floor area for every 10000
3.2 Library 2500 0.015 units of media in the there is no library in the area.
collection.
Walking distance: Max 1.5-
2.25km

lack of proper healthposts

and hospitals in the
proximity of the site. General
3.3 Hospital 1000 0.04 2500 0.1 beds ratio 1: 36 hospital required to provide
health facilities to the new
population of the
neighbourhood.
TOTAL 0.215
OPEN
4 2.1
SPACES
to be designed at river side
so that irrigation doesn't
become a problem and reed
Vegetable
4.1 1 bed concept ,
gardens
waterharvesting and safe
disposal of wastge is done in
river
park to be used as a
Neighborhoo
4.2 1000 0.5 2500 0.5 refreshment area near temple
d park
area
Children's 6 sq. m per child ( including
4.3 1000 0.6 500 0.3
Playground circulation and equipments)
4.4 Temple area 800 0.3 800 0.3
TOTAL 2.1
RECREATIO
5 NAL 0.73
SPACES

16 sq ft/person. Assuming
Gym ,Yoga 15% population will use such
such spaces are not available
5.1 and Fitness 2500 0.07 services, population is 375.
in present
centre Area is 6000 sq. ft. Adding
20% circulation 0.07 ha

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 DESIGN STUDIO VII
43 sq ft/person. Assuming
5% population will use this
service, population is 125.
5.2 Water Bodies 2500 0.06
Area is 5375 sq. ft. Adding
20% circulation 6450 sq. ft.
i.e. 0.06 ha

Multipurpose can be used as community hall

5.3 2500 0.6
hall and also as rental space
TOTAL 0.73

ROAD 2.145
7
NETWORKS 15
around 15% of total of
TOTAL
above

TOTAL
Population Density Total
200
(p/ha)
6.3151
OPEN
5
7.9148
BUILT UP
5

LAND USE PERCENTAGES HOUSING BY POPULATION

15%
10%
5%
36%
18%
59%
15%

1% 5%

36%
HOUSING COMMERCIAL AREA
SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS OPEN SPACES

Row Housing Semi Detached clustter housing Detached

17%

44% 45%

56% 26%

12%

OPEN BUILT UP Row Housing Semi Detached clustter housing Detached

BUILT UP AREA HOUSING BY AREA

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DESIGN STUDIO VII
CHAPTER 5 : CONCEPT

For the design of neighborhood, we have taken a concept of “TRANSITION –

Acknowledging the past and meeting the present“. As our site is located within the
traditional settlement of Harisiddhi our concept is to merge the new design of the settlement
with the traditional settlement. Our traditional settlement is present in the north side of our
site. As coming from north to south the settlement transforms into a modern one.

EXISTING CORE AREA

SPACE COMPLIMENTING OLD SETTLEMENT

MODERN HOUSING DEVELOPED PEDESTRIAN AREA

Transition – Acknowledging the past and meeting the present
The concept is to add spaces complementing the old settlement as well as fulfilling the need of
today. At the north part of the site near the traditional settlement a temple is present which
complements our concept as that area can be used as a transition settlement which has the look
of the traditional settlement but also consists of the modern facilities. It also has a socio-
cultural connectivity. At that part of the site, compact settlement with row housing are
provided. Coming down to the southern side the settlement gets less compacted with semi
detached houses and wider roads. At the lower portion of the site we can find the modern
commercial complexes and detached housing.
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 DESIGN STUDIO VII

CHAPTER 6 : MASTER PLAN

Master plan is derived from the concept “Transition”. It
shows the transition in terms of development and settlement.
There are various things that determine our site boundary. At
north side there is old settlement of Harsiddhi, the present
settlement at the east side, contour and river at the south part
and the existing road and the existing temple at the west.
Since, there is traditional settlement at the north we have
designed space for row housing complementing the traditional
settlement. Temple complex is also designed as the interaction
space for the people living in traditional settlement and the
people living in our site. The temple area also act as an open
space for our site and people living around.

We have tried to design pedestrian friendly space in north part of our site. The road is
accessible for pedestrians, two wheeler vehicle and service vehicle which has the width of 8m-
6m. The northern part of the site also has an open space in the concept of dabali. We also have
placed a mix use housings of shops at the ground floor and residences at the upper floors like
in traditional settlements.

Accessible For
Wheelers and
pedestrians

Temple
Complex

Fig. North part of Plan

At the center part of our site we have tried to design space for semi-detached housings. People
who have slightly better economy may settle in semi-detached housing. Roads are accessible
for all type of vehicles. Roads also consist of footpath for pedestrians. The central-left part of
our site has semi-detached house where road is more dedicated for pedestrians and space is
dedicated for people living in that place for interactions. It also consist of communal parking
beside node. It also consists of and open space in the concept of dabali but in more
contemporary manner.
Open Space
Open Space

Semi Detatched Semi Detatched

Housing Housing

Fig. Middle part of Plan

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 DESIGN STUDIO VII

The central- lower part of our site consist of detached housing and communal space such as
primary school, community center and mix use housing of shops at ground floor and residence
at upper floor. Detached housings are more dedicated to the people with good economy.
Community center is one of the center space of our planning dedicated to all type of people, all
generation of people. Community center has many functions so people can use it for different
function. It is easily accessible and visible. Beside community center there is primary school.
It is in silent zone and more safe for walking. It consist of a node to manage vehicular
movement. And it also consists of bus stop for public vehicle so that people can go out and
visit the site easily.

Community Detatched
centre Housing

Collector Road

Fig. Central lower Part of Plan

The upper part of the south consists of apartment buildings, detached buildings, commercial
and mix use buildings. Commercial buildings are more situated along the road. Apartment
consist of more of open space for the people to interact. The mix use building consists of a
square for people to spend their leisure time and have interaction with each other. The people
in the square can also have access to the commercial building and the main plaza space of the
planning. The southern part which is a slope is dedicated to agriculture as a terrace farming.
The river front is developed as riverfront park dedicated to people.

Appartment

Agricultural
land
Gathering Space

Fig. Southern Part of the plan

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DESIGN STUDIO VII

Fig. Master Plan

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DESIGN STUDIO VII

CHAPTER 7 : UNIT DETAILS

Different units according to the demand of the present community are provided in the site.
They are described below:
 Row housing
Two types of row housing are provided in the
neighborhood :
Row housing for single household
This type of row housing provides accommodation
for a single family. The building goes upto two
storeys with ground floor containing a living room,
kitchen with store, a bedroom and a toilet whereas
the first floor consist of a living room, master
bedroom, bedroom, store and a toilet. For the
construction of row housing, hollow cement blocks
are used to reduce the cost. Fig. 3D views

Fig. Ground Floor Plan Fig. SitePlan

ROW HOUSE
( Hollow Cement Block )
-For Low Income group

Fig. First Floor Plan

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DESIGN STUDIO VII

Row housing for multiple household

This type of row housing provides
accommodation for a multiple households. The
building goes upto two storeys with ground
floor containing shops along with toilet whereas
the first floor consist of two flats with a living
room, kitchen, two bedrooms and a toilet in
each flat.
COMMERCIAL ROW HOUSE

Fig. 3D views

Fig. Site Plan

Fig. Ground Floor Plan

Fig. Upper Floor Plan

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DESIGN STUDIO VII
 Semi detached housing
 Two types of semi detached housing are
provided in the neighborhood :
Semi detached housing for single household
This type of row housing provides
accommodation for a single family. The
building goes upto three storeys with ground
floor containing a living room, kitchen and
dining, a bedroom and a toilet whereas the
first floor consist of a living room, three
bedrooms and a toilet. The second floor plan Fig. Site Plan
consist of a puja room along with the terrace.

SEMI DETATCHED HOUSE

( For medium Income )

Fig. Ground Floor Plan

Fig. First Floor Plan Fig. 3D Views

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DESIGN STUDIO VII
Semi detached housing for multiple household
This type of row housing provides accommodation for a multiple households. The building
goes upto four storeys with ground floor containing a living room, kitchen and two bedrooms
whereas the first floor and the second floor consist of a living room, kitchen and three
bedrooms. The third floor consist of a puja room along with the terrace.

Fig. Ground Floor Plan

SEMI DETATCHED HOUSE Fig : Typical Upper Floor Plan

( For medium Income )

Fig : Typical Upper Floor Plan

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DESIGN STUDIO VII

 Detached housing
This type of housing provides accommodation
for a single and high class family. The building
goes upto three storeys with ground floor
containing a living room, kitchen and dining, a
guest bedroom and a toilet whereas the first floor
consist of a living room, four bedrooms and a toilet.
The second floor plan consist of a bedroom and a
puja room along with the terrace.

DETATCHED HOUSE
( For high Income ) Fig. Site Plan

Fig. Ground Floor Plan

Fig. First Floor Plan Fig. 3d Views

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DESIGN STUDIO VII

 Commercial building
This type of building goes upto three storeys with ground floor, first floor and second
floor consist of various rental spaces whereas the third floor consist of a restaurant.

Fig. Ground and First Floor Plan

Fig. Upper Floor Plan

Fig. 3d Views
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DESIGN STUDIO VII

 Apartment
Apartment provides accommodation for four
families in each floor. The building goes upto
four storeys with each flat containing a living
room, kitchen and dining, two bedrooms and a
toilet.

Fig. Typical Floor Plan of Appartment

Fig. 3d Views

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DESIGN STUDIO VII

 School
A primary school of total floor area 305 sq. m is provided at the western part of the site near
the community center. The building goes upto two storeys with a courtyard in the center.
The ground floor plan consist of classrooms, dining area for students as well as for the
teachers. Nap Room, toddlers room and dispensary is also provided in the ground floor.
Similarly, the first floor consist of classrooms recreational room, nap room, art room and
teaching department.

Fig. Ground Floor Plan of School

Fig. 3d Views

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DESIGN STUDIO VII

 Community Centre
Community center is situated near to the collector road so that it can be easily visible and
have easy access to it. Community center is dedicated to the people so it is designed with
more friendly activities. Community center has two blocks. One block consists of formal
space like medical center, administration and conference hall. Second block is more
dedicated to the recreational activity. It consist of gym and fitness center where people can
go and exercise. Building have large glass façade so that people can have visual connection
with the outside environment. The second floor is dedicated to the cardio part of the fitness
center.

Fig. Ground Floor Plan

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DESIGN STUDIO VII

Fig. First Floor Plan

Fig. 3D Views

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DESIGN STUDIO VII

CHAPTER 8 : POCKET DETAILS

As the neighborhood consist of various types of settlements along with the recreational spaces,
these spaces with various functions carry a great value in our society. The various spaces are
described below :
Plaza space around temple complex
The plaza around the existing temple
complex provides a big open space
within the core traditional settlement.
The temples address the cultural needs
of society. It will serve the compact row
housing of the neighborhood. This
space consist of temple complex
surrounded with patis and green spaces
as well as hard surfaces are provided
with seating. This space is necessary for
the socio cultural connectivity of the
traditional settlement with the new
emerging settlement. Fig. View of Temple Complex

Plaza space around semi detached

housing
The triangular plaza around semi
detached housing provides a big
open space within the settlement. It
will serve the semi detached
housing of the neighborhood. This
space provides green space as well
as hard surfaces with seating spaces.
This space is provided with covered
spaces along with the pathways.
This space is necessary for the
social interaction between the
Fig. View of Semidetatched House (3 Houses Hold )
people.

Plaza space around semi detached

housing
The plaza around the housing
provides a big open space within the
settlement. It will serve the semi
detached housing as well as the row
housing of the neighborhood. This
space provides an interesting social
interactive spaces with the brick blocks
of different heights. A large chautari is
provided at the center of the plaza. This
space is necessary for the social
interaction between the people.
Fig. View of Plaza space around row house
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DESIGN STUDIO VII

CHAPTER 9 : INSFRASTRUCTURE

Roads
The main entrance road is the collector road
which is 15m wide. Road length depends on the
width of available area at different junctions.
Road networks constitute 15.3% of the total area. Fig. Collector road

The public transportation is only available in

the collector road whereas heavy vehicles are
strictly prohibited. The roads on the north side
are pedestrian roads.

Fig. Pedestrian road

Water Supply
A water tank is present near the site which has a capacity of
5 lakhs litres. At present situation the tank is not in use .
It will soon come in use after its inugration. Currently water
is being provided through pipeline from Godawori.

Electricity Fig. Water tank

For the electricity supply to the neighborhood, the electricity is transmitted from the
NEA to the Harisiddhi substation where voltage is converted through transformer
mounted on the electric Poles, the wires from which are taken to the individual house.
For the areas which have high electricity consumption, a generator house is also
provided. This is located in the southern part of the site near the commercial areas.

Harisiddhi substation

Drainage
Manhole
The covered drainage runs along the road network through manhole to the reed bed
plant. It is treated and then dumped in the river.

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 DESIGN STUDIO VII

Fig. Pedestrain Path Plan Fig. Section at Y-Y

82
Fig. Site Section
DESIGN STUDIO VII

Rain Water Harvesting

A concept of rain water harvesting is also implemented in our design. The rain
water from various buildings is collected to a reservoir present at the southern side of
the planning where contour is present. The water is treated there and used for the
agriculture purpose.

Fig. Rain water harvesting

Reed Bed
A concept of reed bed is also implemented in
our design. Since, big treatment plants are not
feasible for our context and this reed bed
technology is a small scale treatment plant which is
easy as well as economical in our case so we have
implemented this in our design. The waste water
from various households is collected to a Septic
Tank. The water is treated there through various
process of reed bed which includes screeding
chamber and reed plant which treats the waste
water and makes it usable. This water is can be
used for the agricultural purpose or even
discharged to the river as it is treated water. Fig. Reed bed System

Agricultural Land
A piece of agricultural land is provided at the
southern side where the contour is present. This
land is provided in order to make the
neighborhood self sustainable. The people can
be involved in agriculture as most of the
population of that area is still engaged in
agriculture and they don’t have to be dependent.
We have taken existing contour in our site so
that it can be used for terrace farming and as this
land is along the river bank so it will be easy for
the supply of water for agriculture.

Fig. Terrace Farming

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DESIGN STUDIO VII

CONCLUSION
A Neighbourhood Plan is a community-led framework for guiding the future development,
regeneration and conservation of an area. It may contain a vision, aims, planning policies,
proposals for improving the area or providing new facilities, or allocation of key sites for
specific kinds of development. It may deal with a wide range of social, economic and
environmental issues (such as housing, employment, heritage and transport) or it may focus
on one or two issues only. These may be issues that are relevant to the whole neighbourhood
or just to part of the neighbourhood. This is for those producing the plan to decide.

84