Immunology

* recognize “self” from “non-self” and to defend body against “non-self”.

History

* Louis Pasteur – founder of immunology. First attenuated vaccine (rabies).

* Elie Metchnikoff/Haeckel – Phagocytosis, cellular theory of phagocytosis.

Types of Immunity

* Natural/Innate Immunity

- External Defense

- Internal Defense

* Acquired Immunity

- Cellular

- Humoral

Comparison of Types of Acquired Immunity

1.) Active – Type

* Natural * Artificial

Mode of Acquisition

* Infection * Vaccination

2.) Passive – Type

* Natural * Artificial

Mode of Acquisition

* Transfer in vivo/colostrum * Infusion of Serum/plasma

Immune Response

* LAG

* LOG
* STATIONARY/PLATEAU

* DECLINE

Lymphoid Organs

* Primary Lymphoid Organs

- Bone Marrow

- Thymus

* Secondary Lymphoid Organs

- Spleen

- Lymph Nodes

- Tonsils

- Appendix

Lymphocytes

- T-Cells

- B-Cells

- Natural Killer (NK) Cells

Immunoglobulins

* IgG – Monomer

* IgM – Pentamer

* IgA – Secretions

* IgD – IgM Stimulator

* IgE – Hypersensitivity

- IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, IgE ( G-A-M-D-E)

Phagocytosis
- Initiation

- Chemotaxis

- Engulfment

- Digestion

- Excretion

Inflammation

- Rubor

- Calor

- Dolor - pain

- Tumor - swelling

- Functio Laesa

Hypersensitivity

* Type I Hypersensitivity - Immediate

* Type II Hypersensitivity - HDN, Transfusion Related

* Type III Hypersensitivity - Rare in humans, Tetanus

* Type IV Hypersensitivity - Poison, Heavy Metals, Cosmetics, Topical Medicines, Fruits

Mycology

Fungi
- Any member of the group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as
the more familiar mushrooms.

- Kingdom Fungi

- Chitin – (Pathogenic to other species)

- Growth is their means of mobility, except for spores.

Fungi – Spores, Conidia, Hyphae

Reproduction – Budding, Spore Formation

Classifications – Cutaneous Mycoses, Superficial Mycoses, Subcutaneous Mycoses, Systemic Mycoses

1.) Cutaneous Mycoses

- Non-invasive

- Involve the top layer of the skin, hair, and nails.

- Causative agents are termed as Dermatophytes.

- Most Common: Ringworm Infection

a.) Ringworm Infection

Tinea/Ringworm Site of Infection

- Tinea Barbae - Beard

- Tinea Capitis - Scalp

- Tinea Corporis - Body

- Tinea Cruris - Groin

- Tinea Pedis - Feet

- Tinea Ungium - Nails

- Tinea Manuun - Hand

2.) Superficial Mycoses

- External Infection

- Epidermis

a.) Ptyriasis Versicolor

- Lyophilic

b.) Tinea Nigra

3.) Subcutaneous Mycoses

- Traumatic Skin Puncture

- Sometimes called as “Inoculation Mycoses”

- Most common: Gardener’s Disease

a.) Rose Gardener’s Disease - Causative Agent: Sporothrix Schenkii

4.) Systemic Mycoses

- Inhalation of Spores

- Affects major body systems.

- C. Neoformans

Yeast Infections

a.) Candidiasis - Candida Albicans

b.) Cryptococcus - Cryptococcus Neoformans

Mode of Transmission

- Inhalation of Spores

- Transdermal

- Sexual

- Direct Contact

VIROLOGY

Viruses

- “Obligate Intracellular Parasites”

- Classified as DNA or RNA

- VIRION – the virus particle

- CAPSID – Protein coat

- Virus (Species)

- Viridae (Family)

VIRAL REPLICATION

- Adsorption - Eclipse Stage

- Penetration - Assembly

- Uncoating - Release

VIRUSES

AGENT DISEASE

- Adenovirus - Conjuctival Infections

- Hepadnavirus - Hepatitus

- Herpesvirus - Herpes

- Varicella-Zoster Virus - Chicken pox / Shingles

- Papillomavirus - Warts

- Poxvirus - Smallpox

- Coronavirus - Common colds and cough

- Rhinovirus - Common colds and cough

- Retrovirus - HIV / AIDS