Literature review

1. Life Cycle Thinking

According to Mazzi, A. (2020). Life cycle thinking (LCT) provides this totality and is a
thorough study of the problem it needs, leading to an absolute and not a quantitative way of
reducing the impacts of solutions. As can say, product’s life cycle can begin with the
extraction of raw material from natural resources in the ground and with energy generation.
There are five mechanism would be used in action from a life cycle perspective to mitigate
impacts which is lifetime, dematerialization, productivity in production, replacement and
recovery. Actions are taken reflecting based on a full life cycle outlook and a wider
consequence for a stable planet’s environmental, cultural, and social pillars, enable to tackle
unintended trade-offs amongst these pillars and concentrate attention on the main drivers of
change. Actions taken reflecting a full life cycle outlook and wider consequences for a stable
planet’s environmental, cultural, and social pillars. It also enables to tackle unintended trade-
offs amongst these pillars and concentrate attention on the main drivers of change.

To sum up, LCT has taught to emphasise the key reasons why the international
community and the markets should follow LCT as their option, to sum up the highlight of
LCT history, exploring the linkages between LCT and sustainability, to implement the key
tools and initiatives to promote the adoption of a life-cycle strategy by states, businesses and
markets. Finally, the LCT’s chances of staying difficult in policies and procedures are
painted.

Ref: Mazzi, A. (2020). Introduction. Life cycle thinking. Life Cycle Sustainability

Assessment for Decision-Making, 1–19. doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-818355-7.00001-4

Nathan Pelletier, Patrick Henriksson (2019) also stated that life cycle thinking (LCT)
is at the core of sustainability research and progressively if the policy ang management are
focused on facts. Next, it said that try to understand and influence this entire network of
relationships is necessary for an effective management of sustainability. Then, it is not only
finding the most critical ways to achieve more sustainable outcomes. As example by
enhancing resource efficiencies or reducing pollution but most importantly is support
identification and handling possible trade-offs.

Ref: Pelletier, N., Parker, R., & Henriksson, P. (2019). Environmental nutrition and
LCA. Environmental Nutrition, 141–156.doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-811660-9.00009-6
 2. Eco Design Web

According to Esther Sanyé-Mengual (2014), eco-design is used as a tool in the manufacturing

and service industries to enhance product sustainability by incorporating environmental
considerations into design process, where majority of product impacts are found. Law and
international schemes have promoted the use of eco-design in businesses and the literature
has reflected improvement in methodology and the widespread use of case studies in various
economic sectors. It is explain to illustrate a combined Design for Environment (DfE) and
Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) that approach for the implementation of ecodesign in
companies. Product Carbon Footprint (PCF) has two key ways of playing an significant part
in the methodology. First, PCF is one of indicators that can be measured with LCA, being a
comprehensible environmental measure used in industries not just as quantitative data on
existing environmental progress but also as a benchmark for future upgrades. Next, PCF is
used as a tool for customer engangement with the environment through eco- labelling.

Ref: Sanyé-Mengual, E., Lozano, R. G., Farreny, R., Oliver-Solà, J., Gasol, C. M., &
Rieradevall, J. (2014). Introduction to the Eco-Design Methodology and the Role of Product
Carbon Footprint. Assessment of Carbon Footprint in Different Industrial Sectors, Volume 1
EcoProduction, 1–24. doi: 10.1007/978-981-4560-41-2_1

Li Yi (2019) stated that eco design aims is to reduce the environmental effects of product
during the design process. In the process, the study and solution of environmental issues has
advantages during the development phase. As example, referring to McAloone and Bey,
almost 80% in the development process is agreed on the predetermined environmental
impacts of the product life cycle. Thus, environmental impacts assessment review and
reduction should be considered during the conceptual process.

Ref: Yi, L., Glatt, M., Sridhar, P., Payrebrune, K. D., Linke, B. S., Ravani, B., & Aurich, J.
C. (2020). An eco-design for additive manufacturing framework based on energy
performance assessment. Additive Manufacturing, 33, 101120. doi:
10.1016/j.addma.2020.101120
 3. Eco Indicator

Eco indictor is an impact measurement tool for the life-cycle that has been developed by PRé
Consultants B.V. According to M. Manan, it helps the designer to carry out an environmental
assessment by measuring the eco-indicator scores for the products and processes used. Then,
the result will provide an overview of the areas for improving the product. The Eco-Indicator
is divided into three sections:

i. Production of raw material, processing and manufacture

ii. Transport of commodity resources, energy that used (electricity) and consumables
in use (paper)
iii. Disposal

It also stated that Eco-indicator offers a method to calculate various environmental effects
and displays the final result in a single score.

Ref: Mannan, M. S. (2012). Preface to Fourth Edition. Lees Loss Prevention in the Process
Industries, v-vii. doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-397189-0.00122-1

According to Vishavdeep Singh (2018), Eco-Indicator indicates environmental impact

according to numbers or rating. In summary, the understanding of a comparatively complex
LCA as stated below:

i. It will involve a weighting system in LCA and allows each product to be given a
single score based on the relative impact of the environment.
ii. Basic processes and material’s data will be collected. Eco-Indicator will calculate
from this. Score that obtained from LCA of a product is based on LCI. A higher value
represent greater severity of environmental impact.

Ref: Singh, V., Dincer, I., & Rosen, M. A. (2018). Life Cycle Assessment of Ammonia
Production Methods. Exergetic, Energetic and Environmental Dimensions, 935–959. doi:
10.1016/b978-0-12-813734-5.00053-6