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Contents
 Introduction:........................................................................................................................3
 Objective:............................................................................................................................3
 Related Theory:...................................................................................................................3
 Apparatus:...........................................................................................................................4
 Procedure:...........................................................................................................................4
 Observations & calculations:..............................................................................................7
 Graphical Representation:...................................................................................................8
 Results:..............................................................................................................................10
 Discussion of results:........................................................................................................10
 Conclusion:.......................................................................................................................10

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 Testing the Bending Strength of different materials

 INTRODUCTION:
Every material carries different specific properties when a load is applied to it which shows
the strength of that material. Structural Members i.e. Beams and Columns are administered
on their flexural strength. In this experiment flexural strength of two materials steel and wood
will be determined by changing the orientation of fibres. Behaviour of these materials under
bending force will be observed. When force applied on material produces compression and
tension at the same time on opposite sides, material is in bending situation. The structural
member used to resist bending is called Beam. In beams bending and shear happen at the
same time.

Figure 1: SFD and BMD of Different loading conditions in beam

 OBJECTIVE:
The main purpose of this job is to observe how the different material react towards the
bending force.

 RELATED THEORY:
 Deflection:
It is defined as the degree to which the structural element is displaced under load.

WL3
δ=
48 EI

WL3
Or E=
48 EI
W = Loading at centre
L = Length of the beam between the supports
E = Young’s Modulus of material of the beam
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I = second moment of area of the beam about the neutral axis.

 Bending Stress:
According to bending equation:
M σb
=
I y
Here,
M = Bending moment
I = Moment of inertia
σ = Bending Stress
y = distance of extreme fibre from the neutral axis

 APPARATUS:
 Universal testing machine
 Measuring Tape
 Wood and steel sample
 Gloves and glasses
 Supports to form simply supported beam

 PROCEDURE:
1. First of all, take the measurement of wooden sample.
2. Then similarly took the measurement of steel sample.
3. Then set the wooden sample firstly in the machine.
4. The sample is placed in such a direction that the fibres of wood are parallel to each
other.
5. Measure the span of the sample.
6. Now enter the data into the computer attached to the machine.
7. Now the test is started.
8. After sometime you’ll hear the sound of the break of wooden sample.
9. The peak load is more than 15kN.
10. Now stop the test because we have the break detection.
11. Now test the steel sample.
12. Enter the parameter in the machine and start the test.
13. Now observe the break and stopped the test. The peak load is 30Kn.
14. Sometimes the break is not detected because it is steel.

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Figure 2:Deformed Wooden and steel sample

Figure 3: Sample is cracking

Figure 4: Cracked Sample

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 Figure 5: Cracked Steel Sample

Figure 6:Unloading the wooden sample

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  OBSERVATIONS & CALCULATIONS:
Wooden sample
 Length = 500 mm
 Height = 50mm
 Width = 50mm
 Span = 400mm
 Type of wood = hard wood
 Ful = 15kN
Calculations:
Area = b×h = 50×50= 2500mm2

bh3 50× 503

I= = = 520.83×103 mm4
12 12
FL 15000× 400
M= = = 1.5×106 N.mm2
4 4

MY 1.5 × 106
Sb = = ×25=72 Mpa
I 520.83× 103

Steel sample
 Length = 500 mm
 Thickness = 40mm
 Width = 80mm
 Span = 400mm
 Sample type = steel
 Ful = 30kN
Calculations:
Area = b×h = 40×80= 3200mm2

bh3 80 ×40 3
I= = = 426.66×103 mm4
12 12
FL 30000× 400
M= = = 1.0×106 N.mm2
4 4

MY 1.0 ×106
Sb = = × 20=46.87 Mpa
I 426.66 ×103

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  GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION:
Wooden sample

18

16

14

12

10
Load(kN)

0
5 115 225 335 445 555 665 775 885 995 110512151325143515451655176518751985209522052315

Time in seconds

The wooden sample with fibres perpendicular to the reach the ultimate load of 15kN before
decreasing. Graphs shows that it decreases suddenly, showing brittleness, which mean it will
break suddenly without giving any warning before failure. These types of sample are not
good for loading as they break with ease.

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 Steel sample

35

30

25

20
Load(kN)

15

10

0
8 184 360 536 712 888 106412401416159217681944212022962472264828243000317633523528

Time in seconds

The steel sample reaches the ultimate load of 30kN before it start decreasing. Graph shows
that there is gradual decrease in loading which shows the ductility of the material. These
samples are best because of their strength and ductility as these samples will not fail with
ease.

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  RESULTS:
Bending Strength of wooden sample is = 72Mpa
Bending Strength of Steel Sample = 48.87Mpa

 DISCUSSION OF RESULTS:
To perform test on wooden sample put the sample in the direction such that fibres are parallel
to each other. From the graph it is observed that in the start the wood take the load more and
more but suddenly the load value start decreasing and observe the failure of the sample. The
sample failed without giving any alarming signal and abruptly failed.
While in case of steel sample from the graph it is observed that the sample start taking load
and when the break is observed the load is decreasing gradually. The steel sample gives the
alarming situation before failure.

 CONCLUSION:
From the above results it can be concluded that wood, when fibres are perpendicular to
loading, is weak and brittle material. When the orientation of fibres is parallel, wood become
a ductile material. While steel is a ductile material have tendency to resit the loading for
longer period. Practically, we use both (i.e. ductile and brittle) materials to attain high
strength capacity and high yielding capacity.

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