Periodic Table of Elements SR: Strontium 2, 8, 18, 8, 2

I Periodic Table Of Elements XVIII
1 2
Atomic Number
H The Atomic Number = the # of protons
38 Element Symbol He
1 Hydrogen
II
an atom has.
Sr One or two letter symbol used to
identify the element.
XIII XIV XV XVI XVII
Helium
ˈhaɪdrədʒən ˈhiːliəm
3 4 Element Name 87.62 Atomic Mass 5 6 7 8 9 10
This is the name of the element.
Li Be Strontium The Atomic Mass = average mass of B C N O F Ne
2 an element's atom. We also use it to
Lithium Beryllium 2, 8, 18, 8, 2 find the # of neutrons an atom has. Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Flourine Neon
ˈlɪθiəm bəˈrɪliəm Protons + neutrons = atomic mass. ˈbɔːrɑːn ˈkɑːrbən ˈnaɪtrədʒən ˈɑːksɪdʒən ˈflɔːriːn* ˈniːɑːn
Electron Configuration Atomic Mass - Atomic # = # of
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Each # shows how many electrons fit in the energy level. neutrons.
Na Mg To find the total # of electrons add up the numbers. Al Si P S Cl Ar
3
Sodium Magnesium Aluminum Silicon Phosphorous Sulfur Chlorine Argon
ˈsoʊdiəm mæɡˈniːziəm III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII ˌæləˈmɪniəm ˈsɪlɪkən ˈfɑːsfərəs ˈsʌlfər ˈklɔːriːn ˈɑːrɡɑːn
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
4
Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton
pəˈtæsiəm ˈkælsiəm ˈskændiəm tɪˈteɪniəm vəˈneɪdiəm ˈkroʊmiəm ˈmæŋɡəniːz ˈaɪərn ˈkoʊbɔːlt ˈnɪkl ˈkɑːpər zɪŋk ˈɡæliəm dʒɜːrˈmeɪniəm ˈɑːrsnɪk səˈliːniəm ˈbroʊmiːn ˈkrɪptɑːn
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
5
Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon
rʊˈbɪdiəm ˈstrɑːnʃiəm ˈɪtriəm zɜːrˈkoʊniəm naɪˈoʊbiəm məˈlɪbdənəm tekˈniːʃɪəm ruːˈθiːniəm ˈroʊdiəm pəˈleɪdiəm ˈsɪlvər ˈkædmiəm ˈɪndiəm tɪn ˈæntɪmoʊni teˈlʊriəm ˈaɪədaɪn ˈziːnɑːn
55 56 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
Cs Ba Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
6
Cesium Barium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon
ˈsiːziəm ˈberiəm ˈhæfniəm ˈtæntələm ˈtʌŋstən ˈriːniəm ˈɑːzmiəm ɪˈrɪdiəm ˈplætnəm ɡoʊld ˈmɜːrkjəri ˈθæliəm led ˈbɪzməθ pəˈloʊniəm ˈæstətiːn ˈreɪdɑːn
87 88 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112
Fr Ra Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt
7
Francium Radium
Rutherfordiu
Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium
Uum Uuu Uub Gas Liquid Solid
m
ˈfrænsiəm ˈreɪdiəm ˌrʌðərˈfɔːrdiəm ˈduːbniəm siːˈbɔːrɡiəm ˈbɔːriəm ˈhæsiəm maɪtˈnɪriəm
Legend 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71
Non-Metal La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
Alkali Metals
Lanthanum Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium
Alkaline Earth Metals
Transition Metals ˈlænθənəm ˈsɪriəm ˌpreɪzioʊˈdɪmiəm ˌniːoʊˈdɪmiəm prəˈmiθiəm səˈmeriəm jʊrˈoʊpiəm ˌɡædəˈlɪniəm ˈtɜːrbiəm dɪsˈproʊziəm ˈhoʊlmiəm ˈɜːrbiəm ˈθjuːliəm ɪˈtɜːrbiəm luːˈtiːʃiəm
Other Metals 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103
Metalloids Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
Halogen
Noble Gases
Actinium Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium
Rare Earth ækˈtɪniəm ˈθɔːriəm ˌproʊtækˈtɪniəm juˈreɪniəm nepˈtuːniəm pluːˈtoʊniəm ˌæməˈrɪʃiəm ˈkjʊriəm ˈbɜːrkliəm ˌkælɪˈfɔːrniəm aɪnˈstaɪniəm ˈfɜːrmiəm ˌmendəˈliːviəm noʊˈbiːliəm lɔːˈrensiəm
Atomic Atomic
Name Sym Number Group Crystal Structure Weight
Hydrogen H 1 Non-Metal Hexagonal 1.00794
Helium He 2 Noble Gas Hexagonal 4.002602
Lithium Li 3 Alkali Metal Cubic: Body centered 6.941
Beryllium Be 4 Alkali Earth Metal Hexagonal 9.012182
Boron B 5 Non-Metal Rhombohedral 10.811
Carbon C 6 Non-Metal Hexagonal 12.011
Nitrogen N 7 Non-Metal Hexagonal 14.00674
Oxygen O 8 Non-Metal Cubic 15.9994
Fluorine F 9 Halogen Cubic 18.9984032
Neon Ne 10 Noble Gas Cubic: Face centered 20.1797
Sodium Na 11 Alkali Metal Cubic: Body centered 22.989768
Magnesium Mg 12 Alkali Earth Metal Hexagonal 24.305
Aluminum Al 13 Metal Cubic: Face centered 26.981539
Silicon Si 14 Non-Metal Cubic: Face centered 28.0855
Phosphorus P 15 Non-Metal Monoclinic 30.973762
Sulfur S 16 Non-Metal Orthorhombic 32.066
Chlorine Cl 17 Halogen Orthorhombic 35.4527
Argon Ar 18 Noble Gas Cubic: Face centered 39.948
Potassium K 19 Alkali Metal Cubic: Body centered 39.0983
Calcium Ca 20 Alkali Earth Metal Cubic: Face centered 40.078
Scandium Sc 21 Transition Metal Hexagonal 44.95591
Titanium Ti 22 Transition Metal Hexagonal 47.88
Vanadium V 23 Transition Metal Cubic: Body centered 50.9415
Chromium Cr 24 Transition Metal Cubic: Body centered 51.9961
Manganese Mn 25 Transition Metal Cubic: Body centered 54.93805
Iron Fe 26 Transition Metal Cubic: Body centered 55.847
Cobalt Co 27 Transition Metal Hexagonal 58.9332
Nickel Ni 28 Transition Metal Cubic: Face centered 58.6934
Copper Cu 29 Transition Metal Cubic: Face centered 63.546
Zinc Zn 30 Metal Hexagonal 65.39
Gallium Ga 31 Metal Orthorhombic 69.723
Germanium Ge 32 Metal Cubic: Face centered 72.61
Arsenic As 33 Non-Metal Rhombohedral 74.92159
Selenium Se 34 Non-Metal Hexagonal 78.96
Bromine Br 35 Halogen Orthorhombic 79.904
Krypton Kr 36 Noble Gas Cubic: Face centered 83.8
Rubidium Rb 37 Alkali Metal Cubic: Body centered 85.4678
Strontium Sr 38 Alkali Earth Metal Cubic: Face centered 87.62
Yttrium Y 39 Transition Metal Hexagonal 88.90585
Zirconium Zr 40 Transition Metal Hexagonal 91.224
Niobium Nb 41 Transition Metal Cubic: Body centered 92.90638
Molybdenum Mo 42 Transition Metal Cubic: Body centered 95.94
Technetium Tc 43 Transition Metal Hexagonal -97.9072
Ruthenium Ru 44 Transition Metal Hexagonal 101.07
Rhodium Rh 45 Transition Metal Cubic: Face centered 102.9055
Palladium Pd 46 Transition Metal Cubic: Face centered 106.42
Silver Ag 47 Transition Metal Cubic: Face centered 107.8682
Cadmium Cd 48 Metal Hexagonal 112.411
Indium In 49 Metal Tetragonal 114.818
Tin Sn 50 Metal Tetragonal 118.71
Antimony Sb 51 Metal Rhombohedral 121.757
Tellurium Te 52 Non-Metal Hexagonal 127.6
Iodine I 53 Halogen Orthorhombic 126.90447
Xenon Xe 54 Noble Gas Cubic: Face centered 131.29
Cesium Cs 55 Alkali Metal Cubic: Body centered 132.90543
Barium Ba 56 Alkali Earth Metal Cubic: Body centered 137.327
Lanthanum La 57 Transition Metal Hexagonal 138.9055
Cerium Ce 58 Rare Earth Cubic: Face centered 140.115
Praseodymium Pr 59 Rare Earth Hexagonal 140.90765
Neodymium Nd 60 Rare Earth Hexagonal 144.24
Promethium Pm 61 Rare Earth Hexagonal -144.9127
Samarium Sm 62 Rare Earth Rhombohedral 150.36
Europium Eu 63 Rare Earth Cubic: Body centered 151.965
Gadolinium Gd 64 Rare Earth Hexagonal 157.25
Terbium Tb 65 Rare Earth Hexagonal 158.92534
Dysprosium Dy 66 Rare Earth Hexagonal 162.5
Holmium Ho 67 Rare Earth Hexagonal 164.93032
Erbium Er 68 Rare Earth Hexagonal 167.26
Thulium Tm 69 Rare Earth Hexagonal 168.93421
Ytterbium Yb 70 Rare Earth Cubic: Face centered 173.04
Lutetium Lu 71 Rare Earth Hexagonal 174.967
Hafnium Hf 72 Transition Metal Hexagonal 178.49
Tantalum Ta 73 Transition Metal Cubic: Body centered 180.9479
Tungsten W 74 Transition Metal Cubic: Body centered 183.84
Rhenium Re 75 Transition Metal Hexagonal 186.207
Osmium Os 76 Transition Metal Hexagonal 190.23
Iridium Ir 77 Transition Metal Cubic: Face centered 192.22
Platinum Pt 78 Transition Metal Cubic: Face centered 195.08
Gold Au 79 Transition Metal Cubic: Face centered 196.96654
Mercury Hg 80 Metal Rhombohedral 200.59
Thallium Tl 81 Metal Hexagonal 204.3833
Lead Pb 82 Metal Cubic: Face centered 207.2
Bismuth Bi 83 Metal Rhombohedral 208.98037
Polonium Po 84 Metal Monoclinic -208.9824
Astatine At 85 Halogen Unknown -209.9871
Radon Rn 86 Noble Gas Cubic: Face centered -222.0176
Francium Fr 87 Alkali Metal Cubic: Body centered -223.0197
Radium Ra 88 Alkali Earth Metal Cubic: Body centered -226.0254
Actinium Ac 89 Transition Metal Cubic: Face centered -227.0278
Thorium Th 90 Rare Earth Cubic: Face centered 232.0381
Protactinium Pa 91 Rare Earth Orthorhombic 231.03588
Uranium U 92 Rare Earth Orthorhombic 238.0289
Neptunium Np 93 Rare Earth Orthorhombic -237.0482
Plutonium Pu 94 Rare Earth Monoclinic -244.0642
Americium Am 95 Rare Earth Hexagonal -243.0614
Curium Cm 96 Rare Earth Hexagonal -247.0703
Berkelium Bk 97 Rare Earth Unknown -247.0703
Californium Cf 98 Rare Earth Unknown -251.0796
Einsteinium Es 99 Rare Earth Unknown -252.083
Fermium Fm 100 Rare Earth Unknown -257.0951
Mendelevium Md 101 Rare Earth Unknown -258.0984
Nobelium No 102 Rare Earth Unknown -259.1011
Lawrencium Lr 103 Rare Earth Unknown -262.1098
Rutherfordium Rf 104 Transition Metal Unknown -261.1089
Hahnium Ha 105 Transition Metal Unknown -262.1144
Seaborgium Sg 106 Transition Metal Unknown -263.1186
Nielsbohrium Ns 107 Transition Metal Unknown -262.1231
Hessium Hs 108 Transition Metal Unknown -265.1306
Mietnerium Mt 109 Transition Metal Unknown -266.1378
Unnunnilium Unn 110 Transition Metal Unknown -268
Unnununium Unu 111 Transition Metal Unknown -269
Shells Orbitals Valence Melting Point
1 1s1 1 -255.34°C
2 1s2 0 -272.2°C @ 26 atmos.
2,1 [He] 2s1 1 180.54°C
2,2 [He] 2s2 2 1287°C
2,3 [He] 2s2 2p1 3 2079°C
2,4 [He] 2s2 2p2 2,3,4 3825°C (Sublimes)
2,5 [He] 2s2 2p3 3,5 -209.86°C
2,6 [He] 2s2 2p4 2 -218.4°C
2,7 [He] 2s2 2p5 1 -219.62°C
2,8 [He] 2s2 2p6 0 -248.67°C
2,8,1 [Ne] 3s1 1 97.81°C
2,8,2 [Ne] 3s2 2 648.8°C
2,8,3 [Ne] 3s2 3p1 3 660.37°C
2,8,4 [Ne] 3s2 3p2 4 1410°C
2,8,5 [Ne] 3s2 3p3 3,5 44.1°C
2,8,6 [Ne] 3s2 3p4 2,4,6 115.21°C
2,8,7 [Ne] 3s2 3p5 1,3,5,7 -100.98°C
2,8,8 [Ne] 3s2 3p6 0 -189.2°C
2,8,8,1 [Ar] 4s1 1 63.25°C
2,8,8,2 [Ar] 4s2 2 839°C
2,8,9,2 [Ar] 3d1 4s2 3 1541°C
2,8,10,2 [Ar] 3d2 4s2 2,3,4 1668°C ±10°C
2,8,11,2 [Ar] 3d3 4s2 2,3,4,5 1890°C ±10°C
2,8,13,1 [Ar] 3d5 4s1 2,3,6 1857°C
2,8,13,2 [Ar] 3d5 4s2 1,2,3,4,6,7 1244°C
2,8,14,2 [Ar] 3d6 4s2 2,3,4,6 1535°C
2,8,15,2 [Ar] 3d7 4s2 2,3 1495°C
2,8,16,2 [Ar] 3d8 4s2 0,1,2,3 1453°C
2,8,18,1 [Ar] 3d10 4s1 1,2 1083°C
2,8,18,2 [Ar] 3d10 4s2 2 419.58°C
2,8,18,3 [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p1 2,3 29.78°C
2,8,18,4 [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p2 2,4 937.4°C
2,8,18,5 [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p3 -3,0,3,5 817°C @ 28 atmos.
2,8,18,6 [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p4 -2,4,6 217°C
2,8,18,7 [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p5 1,3,5,7 -7.2°C
2,8,18,8 [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p6 0 -156.6°C
2,8,18,8,1 [Kr] 5s1 1,2,3,4 38.89°C
2,8,18,8,2 [Kr] 5s2 2 769°C
2,8,18,9,2 [Kr] 4d1 5s2 3 1522°C ±8°C
2,8,18,10,2 [Kr] 4d2 5s2 2,3,4 1852°C ±2°C
2,8,18,12,1 [Kr] 4d4 5s1 2,3,5 2468°C ±10°C
2,8,18,13,1 [Kr] 4d5 5s1 2,3,6 2617°C
2,8,18,13,2 [Kr] 4d5 5s2 0,2,4,5,6,7 2172°C
2,8,18,15,1 [Kr] 4d7 5s1 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8 2334°C
2,8,18,16,1 [Kr] 4d8 5s1 2,3,4,5,6 1966°C ±3°C
2,8,18,18 [Kr] 4d10 2,3,4 1552°C
2,8,18,18,1 [Kr] 4d10 5s1 1,2 961.93°C
2,8,18,18,2 [Kr] 4d10 5s2 2 320.9°C
2,8,18,18,3 [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p1 1,2,3 156.61°C
2,8,18,18,4 [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p2 2,4 231.97°C
2,8,18,18,5 [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p3 0,-3,3,5 630.74°C
2,8,18,18,6 [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p4 2,4,6 449.5°C
2,8,18,18,7 [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p5 1,3,5,7 113.5°C
2,8,18,18,8 [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p6 0 -111.9°C
2,8,18,18,8,1 [Xe] 6s1 1 28.4°C
2,8,18,18,8,2 [Xe] 6s2 2 725°C
2,8,18,18,9,2 [Xe] 5d1 6s2 3 918°C
2,8,18,20,8,2 [Xe] 4f1 5d1 6s2 3,4 798°C ±3°C
2,8,18,21,8,2 [Xe] 4f3 6s2 3 931°C
2,8,18,22,8,2 [Xe] 4f4 6s2 3 1021°C
2,8,18,23,8,2 [Xe] 4f5 6s2 3 1042 °C
2,8,18,24,8,2 [Xe] 4f6 6s2 2,3 1074°C
2,8,18,25,8,2 [Xe] 4f7 6s2 2,3 822°C
2,8,18,25,9,2 [Xe] 4f7 5d1 6s2 3 1313°C
2,8,18,27,8,2 [Xe] 4f9 6s2 3,4 1356°C
2,8,18,28,8,2 [Xe] 4f10 6s2 3 1412°C
2,8,18,29,8,2 [Xe] 4f11 6s2 3 1474°C
2,8,18,30,8,2 [Xe] 4f12 6s2 3 1529°C
2,8,18,31,8,2 [Xe] 4f13 6s2 3 1545°C
2,8,18,32,8,2 [Xe] 4f14 6s2 2,3 819°C
2,8,18,32,9,2 [Xe] 4f14 5d1 6s2 3 1663°C
2,8,18,32,10,2 [Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2 4 2227°C
2,8,18,32,11,2 [Xe] 4f14 5d3 6s2 3,5 2996°C
2,8,18,32,12,2 [Xe] 4f14 5d4 6s2 2,3,4,5,6 3410°C ±20°C
2,8,18,32,13,2 [Xe] 4f14 5d5 6s2 -1,1,2,3,4,5,6,7 3180°C
2,8,18,32,14,2 [Xe] 4f14 5d6 6s2 0,3,4,6,8 3054°C
2,8,18,32,15,2 [Xe] 4f14 5d7 6s2 3 2410°C
2,8,18,32,17,1 [Xe] 4f14 5d9 6s1 2,3,4 1772°C
2,8,18,32,18,1 [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s1 1,3 1064.43°C
2,8,18,32,18,2 [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 1,2 -38.87°C
2,8,18,32,18,3 [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p1 1,3 303.5°C
2,8,18,32,18,4 [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p2 2,4 327.502°C
2,8,18,32,18,5 [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p3 3,5 271.3°C
2,8,18,32,18,6 [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p4 -2,0,2,4,6 254°C
2,8,18,32,18,7 [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p5 1,3,5,7 302°C
2,8,18,32,18,8 [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p6 0 -71°C
2,8,18,32,18,8,1 [Rn] 7s1 1 27°C
2,8,18,32,18,8,2 [Rn] 7s2 2 700°C
2,8,18,32,18,9,2 [Rn] 6d1 7s2 -- 1050°C
2,8,18,32,18,10,2 [Rn] 6d2 7s2 4 1750°C
2,8,18,32,20,9,2 [Rn] 5f2 6d1 7s2 4,5 1600°C
2,8,18,32,21,9,2 [Rn] 5f3 6d1 7s2 2,3,4,5,6 1132°C
2,8,18,32,22,9,2 [Rn] 5f4 6d1 7s2 3,4,5,6 640°C
2,8,18,32,24,8,2 [Rn] 5f6 7s2 3,4,5,6 641°C
2,8,18,32,25,8,2 [Rn] 5f7 7s2 2,3,4,5,6 994°C
2,8,18,32,25,9,2 [Rn] 5f7 6d1 7s2 3,4 1340°C
2,8,18,32,26,9,2 [Rn] 5f9 7s2 3,4 --
2,8,18,32,28,8,2 [Rn] 5f10 7s2 -- --
2,8,18,32,29,8,2 [Rn] 5f11 7s2 -- --
2,8,18,32,30,8,2 [Rn] 5f12 7s2 -- --
2,8,18,32,31,8,2 [Rn] 5f13 7s2 2,3 --
2,8,18,32,32,8,2 [Rn] 5f14 7s2 -- --
2,8,18,32,32,9,2 [Rn] 5f14 6d1 7s2 3 --
2,8,18,32,32,10,2 [Rn] 5f14 6d2 7s2 -- --
2,8,18,32,32,11,2 [Rn] 5f14 6d3 7s2 -- --
2,8,18,32,32,12,2 [Rn] 5f14 6d4 7s2 -- --
2,8,18,32,32,13,2 [Rn] 5f14 6d5 7s2 -- --
2,8,18,32,32,14,2 [Rn] 5f14 6d6 7s2 -- --
2,8,18,32,32,15,2 [Rn] 5f14 6d7 7s2 -- --
2,8,18,32,32,16,2 [Rn] 5f14 6d9 7s1 -- --
2,8,18,32,32,17,2 [Rn] 5f14 6d10 7s1 -- --
Electro- Covalent Atomic
Boiling Point Negativity Radius Ionic Radius Radius Atomic Volume
-252.87°C 2.2 0.32 Å 1.54 (+1) Å 0.79 Å 14.4 cm³/mol
-268.934°C 0 0.93 Å -- 0.49 Å 19.5 cm³/mol
1342°C 0.98 1.23 Å .76 (+1) Å 2.05 Å 13.10 cm³/mol
2472°C 1.57 0.90 Å .45 (+2) Å 1.40 Å 05.0 cm³/mol
4000°C 2.04 0.82 Å .23 (+3) Å 1.17 Å 04.6 cm³/mol
4827°C 2.55 0.77 Å .16 (+4) Å 0.91 Å 04.58 cm³/mol
-195.8°C 3.04 0.75 Å 1.71 (-3) Å 0.75 Å 17.3 cm³/mol
-182.962°C 3.44 0.73 Å 1.40 (-2) Å 0.65 Å 14.0 cm³/mol
-188.14°C 3.98 0.72 Å 1.33 (-1) Å 0.57 Å 12.6 cm³/mol
-246.048°C 0 0.71 Å -- 0.51 Å 17.3 cm³/mol
882.9°C 0.93 1.54 Å 1.02 (+1) Å 2.23 Å 23.7 cm³/mol
1090°C 1.31 1.36 Å .72 (+2) Å 1.72 Å 13.97 cm³/mol
2519°C 1.5 1.18 Å .54 (+3) Å 1.82 Å 10.0 cm³/mol
3265°C 1.8 1.11 Å .26 (+4) Å 1.46 Å 12.1 cm³/mol
277°C 2.19 1.06 Å .17 (+5) Å 1.23 Å 17.0 cm³/mol
444.6°C 2.58 1.02 Å .29 (+6) Å 1.09 Å 15.5 cm³/mol
-34.6°C 3.16 0.99 Å 1.81 (-1) Å 0.97 Å 16.9 cm³/mol
-185.7°C 0 0.98 Å -- 0.88 Å 23.9 cm³/mol
759.9°C 0.82 2.03 Å 1.51 (+1) Å 2.77 Å 45.46 cm³/mol
1484°C 1 1.74 Å 1.00 (+2) Å 2.23 Å 25.9 cm³/mol
2830°C 1.36 1.44 Å .75 (+3) Å 2.09 Å 15.0 cm³/mol
3287°C 1.54 1.32 Å .61 (+4) Å 2.00 Å 10.64 cm³/mol
3407°C 1.63 1.22 Å .54 (+5) Å 1.92 Å 08.78 cm³/mol
2672°C 1.66 1.18 Å .62 (+3) Å 1.85 Å 07.23 cm³/mol
2061°C 1.55 1.17 Å .67 (+2) Å 1.79 Å 07.39 cm³/mol
2861°C 1.83 1.17 Å .55 (+3) Å 1.72 Å 07.1 cm³/mol
2927°C 1.88 1.16 Å .65 (+2) Å 1.67 Å 06.7 cm³/mol
2913°C 1.91 1.15 Å .69 (+2) Å 1.62 Å 06.59 cm³/mol
2567°C 1.9 1.17 Å .73 (+2) Å 1.57 Å 07.1 cm³/mol
907°C 1.65 1.25 Å .74 (+2) Å 1.53 Å 09.2 cm³/mol
2204°C 1.81 1.26 Å .62 (+3) Å 1.81 Å 11.8 cm³/mol
2830°C 2.01 1.22 Å .53 (+4) Å 1.52 Å 13.6 cm³/mol
Sublimes at 613°C 2.18 1.20 Å .58 (+3) Å 1.33 Å 13.1 cm³/mol
684.9°C 2.55 1.16 Å .50 (+4) Å 1.22 Å 16.45 cm³/mol
58.78°C 2.96 1.14 Å 1.96 (-1) Å 1.12 Å 25.6 cm³/mol
-152.3°C 0 1.12 Å -- 1.03 Å 38.9 cm³/mol
686°C 0.82 2.16 Å 1.61 (+1) Å 2.98 Å 55.9 cm³/mol
1384°C 0.95 1.91 Å 1.26 (+2) Å 2.45 Å 33.7 cm³/mol
3338°C 1.22 1.62 Å 1.02 (+3) Å 2.27 Å 19.8 cm³/mol
4377°C 1.33 1.45 Å .84 (+4) Å 2.16 Å 14.1 cm³/mol
4742°C 1.6 1.34 Å .64 (+5) Å 2.08 Å 10.87 cm³/mol
4612°C 2.16 1.30 Å .59 (+6) Å 2.01 Å 09.4 cm³/mol
4877°C 1.9 1.27 Å -- 1.95 Å 08.5 cm³/mol
4150°C 2.2 1.25 Å .62 (+4) Å 1.89 Å 08.3 cm³/mol
3695°C 2.28 1.25 Å .67 (+3) Å 1.83 Å 08.3 cm³/mol
2940°C 2.2 1.28 Å .64 (+2) Å 1.79 Å 08.9 cm³/mol
2162°C 1.93 1.34 Å 1.15 (+1) Å 1.75 Å 10.3 cm³/mol
765°C 1.69 1.48 Å .95 (+2) Å 1.71 Å 13.1 cm³/mol
2080°C 1.78 1.44 Å .80 (+3) Å 2.00 Å 15.7 cm³/mol
2602°C 1.96 1.41 Å .71 (+4) Å 1.72 Å 16.3 cm³/mol
1587°C 2.05 1.40 Å .76 (+3) Å 1.53 Å 18.23 cm³/mol
989.9°C 2.1 1.36 Å .97 (+4) Å 1.42 Å 20.5 cm³/mol
184.35°C @ 35 atmos. 2.66 1.33 Å 2.20 (-1) Å 1.32 Å 25.74 cm³/mol
-107.1°C 0 1.31 Å -- 1.24 Å 37.3 cm³/mol
669.3°C 0.79 2.35 Å 1.74 (+1) Å 3.34 Å 71.07 cm³/mol
1897°C 0.89 1.98 Å 1.42 (+2) Å 2.78 Å 39.24 cm³/mol
3464°C 1.1 1.69 Å 1.16 (+3) Å 2.74 Å 20.73 cm³/mol
3433°C 1.12 1.65 Å 1.14 (+3) Å 2.70 Å 20.67 cm³/mol
3520°C 1.13 1.65 Å 1.13 (+3) Å 2.67 Å 20.8 cm³/mol
3074°C 1.14 1.64 Å -- 2.64 Å 20.6 cm³/mol
3000 °C (estimated) 1.13 1.63 Å 1.09 (+3) Å 2.62 Å 22.39 cm³/mol
1794°C 1.17 1.62 Å 1.08 (+3) Å 2.59 Å 19.95 cm³/mol
1527°C 1.2 1.85 Å 1.07 (+3) Å 2.56 Å 28.9 cm³/mol
3273°C 1.2 1.61 Å 1.05 (+3) Å 2.54 Å 19.9 cm³/mol
3230°C 1.2 1.59 Å 1.18 (+3) Å 2.51 Å 19.2 cm³/mol
2567°C 1.22 1.59 Å 1.03 (+3) Å 2.49 Å 19.0 cm³/mol
2700°C 1.23 1.58 Å -- 2.47 Å 18.7 cm³/mol
2868°C 1.24 1.57 Å 1.00 (+3) Å 2.45 Å 18.4 cm³/mol
1950°C 1.25 1.56 Å 1.09 (+3) Å 2.42 Å 18.1 cm³/mol
1196°C 1.1 1.74 Å .99 (+3) Å 2.40 Å 24.79 cm³/mol
3402°C 1.27 1.56 Å .98 (+3) Å 2.25 Å 17.78 cm³/mol
4602°C 1.3 1.44 Å .83 (+4) Å 2.16 Å 13.6 cm³/mol
5425°C ±100°C 1.5 1.34 Å .64 (+5) Å 2.09 Å 10.90 cm³/mol
5660°C 2.36 1.30 Å .60 (+6) Å 2.02 Å 09.53 cm³/mol
5627°C (estimated) 1.9 1.28 Å .53 (+7) Å 1.97 Å 08.85 cm³/mol
5027°C 2.2 1.26 Å .63 (+4) Å 1.92 Å 08.49 cm³/mol
4130°C 2.2 1.27 Å .63 (+4) Å 1.87 Å 08.54 cm³/mol
3827°C 2.28 1.30 Å .63 (+4) Å 1.83 Å 09.10 cm³/mol
2808°C 2.54 1.34 Å .85 (+3) Å 1.79 Å 10.2 cm³/mol
356.58°C 2 1.49 Å 1.02 (+2) Å 1.76 Å 14.82 cm³/mol
1457°C ±10°C 2.04 1.48 Å 1.59 (+1) Å 2.08 Å 17.2 cm³/mol
1740°C 2.33 1.47 Å 1.19 (+2) Å 1.81 Å 18.17 cm³/mol
1560°C ±5°C 2.02 1.46 Å 1.03 (+3) Å 1.63 Å 21.3 cm³/mol
962°C 2 1.46 Å -- 1.53 Å 22.23 cm³/mol
337°C 2.2 1.45 Å -- 1.43 Å --
-61.8°C 0 -- -- 1.34 Å 50.5 cm³/mol
677°C 0.7 -- -- -- --
1140°C 0.9 -- 1.62 (+2) Å -- 45.20 cm³/mol
3200°C (±300°C) 1.1 -- -- -- 22.54 cm³/mol
4000°C 1.3 1.65 Å 1.05 (+4) Å -- 19.9 cm³/mol
-- 1.5 -- -- -- 15.0 cm³/mol
3818°C 1.38 1.42 Å .81 (+6) Å -- 12.59 cm³/mol
3902°C 1.36 -- -- -- 11.62 cm³/mol
3232°C 1.28 -- -- -- 12.32 cm³/mol
2607°C 1.3 -- -- -- 17.86 cm³/mol
-- 1.3 -- -- -- 18.28 cm³/mol
-- 1.3 -- -- -- --
-- 1.3 -- -- -- --
-- 1.3 -- -- -- --
-- 1.3 -- -- -- --
-- 1.3 -- -- -- --
-- 1.3 -- -- -- --
-- -- -- -- -- --
-- -- -- -- -- --
-- -- -- -- -- --
-- -- -- -- -- --
-- -- -- -- -- --
-- -- -- -- -- --
-- -- -- -- -- --
-- -- -- -- -- --
-- -- -- -- -- --
First Second Third
Ionization Ionization Ionization Oxydation
Potential Potential Potential States Density @ 293 K Specific Heat
13.5984 V -- -- ±1 0.00008988 g/cm³ 14.304 J/gK
24.5874 V 54.416 V -- 0 0.0001787 g/cm³ 5.193 J/gK
5.3917 V 76.638 V 122.451 V 1 0.53 g/cm³ 3.6 J/gK
9.3226 V 18.211 V 153.893 V 2 1.848 g/cm³ 1.82 J/gK
8.2980 V 25.154 V 37.93 V 3 2.34 g/cm³ 1.02 J/gK
11.2603 V 24.383 V 47.887 V (±4),2 2.62 g/cm³ 0.71 J/gK
14.5341 V 29.601 V 47.448 V (±3),5,4,±2,±1 0.0012506 g/cm³ 1.04 J/gK
13.6181 V 35.117 V 54.934 V -2 0.001429 g/cm³ 0.92 J/gK
17.4228 V 34.97 V 62.707 V -1 0.001696 g/cm³ 0.82 J/gK
21.5645 V 40.962 V 63.45 V 0 0.0008999 g/cm³ 0.904 J/gK
5.1391 V 47.286 V 71.641 V 1 0.971 g/cm³ 1.23 J/gK
7.6462 V 15.035 V 80.143 V 2 1.738 g/cm³ 1.02 J/gK
5.9858 V 18.828 V 28.447 V 3 2.702 g/cm³ 0.90 J/gK
8.1517 V 16.345 V 33.492 V 2,(4),-4 2.33 g/cm³ 0.71 J/gK
10.4867 V 19.725 V 30.18 V ±3,(5),7 1.82 g/cm³ 0.77 J/gK
10.3600 V 23.33 V 34.83 V ±2,4,(6) 2.07 g/cm³ 0.71 J/gK
12.9676 V 23.81 V 39.611 V (±1),3,5,7 0.003214 g/cm³ 0.48 J/gK
15.7596 V 27.629 V 40.74 V 0 0.0017824 g/cm³ 0.520 J/gK
4.3407 V 31.625 V 45.72 V 1 0.862 g/cm³ 0.75 J/gK
6.1132 V 11.871 V 50.908 V 2 1.55 g/cm³ 0.63 J/gK
6.5614 V 12.80 V 24.76 V 3 3.0 g/cm³ 0.6 J/gK
6.8282 V 13.58 V 27.491 V (4),3,2 4.50 g/cm³ 0.52 J/gK
6.7463 V 14.65 V 29.31 V (5),4,3,2 5.8 g/cm³ 0.49 J/gK
6.7666 V 16.50 V 30.96 V 6,(3),2 7.19 g/cm³ 0.45 J/gK
7.4340 V 15.64 V 33.667 V 7,6,4,(2),3 7.43 g/cm³ 0.48 J/gK
7.9024 V 16.18 V 30.651 V 2,(3) 7.86 g/cm³ 0.44 J/gK
7.8810 V 17.06 V 33.50 V (2),3 8.90 g/cm³ 0.42 J/gK
7.6398 V 18.168 V 35.17 V (2),3 8.90 g/cm³ 0.44 J/gK
7.7264 V 20.292 V 36.83 V (2),1 8.96 g/cm³ 0.38 J/gK
9.3941 V 17.964 V 39.722 V 2 7.14 g/cm³ 0.39 J/gK
5.9993 V 20.51 V 30.71 V 3 5.907 g/cm³ 0.37 J/gK
7.900 V 15.934 V 34.22 V (4),2 5.323 g/cm³ 0.32 J/gK
9.8152 V 18.633 V 28.351 V (±3),5 5.72 g/cm³ 0.33 J/gK
9.7524 V 21.19 V 30.82 V -2,(4),6 4.79 g/cm³ 0.32 J/gK
11.8138 V 21.8 V 36.0 V (±1),5 3.119 g/cm³ 0.473 J/gK
13.9996 V 24.359 V 36.95 V 0 0.003708 g/cm³ 0.248 J/gK
4.1771 V 27.28 V 40.0 V 1 1.53 g/cm³ 0.363 J/gK
5.6948 V 11.03 V 43.60 V 2 2.6 g/cm³ 0.30 J/gK
6.217 V 12.24 V 20.52 V 3 4.47 g/cm³ 0.30 J/gK
6.6339 V 13.13 V 22.99 V 4 6.4 g/cm³ 0.27 J/gK
6.7589 V 14.32 V 25.04 V (5),3 8.57 g/cm³ 0.26 J/gK
7.0924 V 16.461 V 27.16 V (6),5,4,3,2 10.2 g/cm³ 0.25 J/gK
7.28 V 15.26 V 29.54 V (7),6,4 11.5 g/cm³ 0.21 J/gK
7.3605 V 16.76 V 28.47 V 2,(3,4),6,8 12.2 g/cm³ 0.238 J/gK
7.4589 V 18.08 V 31.06 V 2,(3),4 12.4 g/cm³ 0.242 J/gK
8.3369 V 19.63 V 32.93 V (2),4 12.02 g/cm³ 0.24 J/gK
7.5762 V 21.49 V 34.83 V 1 10.5 g/cm³ 0.235 J/gK
8.9937 V 16.908 V 37.48 V 2 8.65 g/cm³ 0.23 J/gK
5.7864 V 18.869 V 28.03 V 3 7.31 g/cm³ 0.23 J/gK
7.3438 V 14.632 V 30.502 V (4),2 7.30 g/cm³ 0.227 J/gK
8.64 V 16.53 V 25.30 V (±3),5 6.684 g/cm³ 0.21 J/gK
9.0096 V 18.60 V 27.96 V -2,(4),6 6.24 g/cm³ 0.20 J/gK
10.4513 V 19.131 V 33.0 V (±1),5,7 4.93 g/cm³ 0.214 J/gK
12.1299 V 21.21 V 32.10 V 0 0.00588 g/cm³ 0.158 J/gK
3.8939 V 25.10 V -- 1 1.873 g/cm³ 0.24 J/gK
5.2117 V 10.004 V -- 2 3.51 g/cm³ 0.204 J/gK
5.5770 V 11.059 V 19.174 V 3 6.7 g/cm³ 0.19 J/gK
5.5387 V 10.851 V 20.20 V (3),4 6.78 g/cm³ 0.19 J/gK
5.464 V 10.551 V 21.62 V (3,4) 6.77 g/cm³ 0.19 J/gK
5.5250 V 10.727 V 22.076 V 3 7.0 g/cm³ 0.19 J/gK
5.55 V 10.903 V 22.283 V 3 6.475 g/cm³ 0.18 J/gK
5.6437 V 11.069 V 23.423 V (3),2 7.54 g/cm³ 0.20 J/gK
5.6704 V 11.245 V 24.926 V (3),2 5.259 g/cm³ 0.18 J/gK
6.1500 V 12.095 V 20.635 V 3 7.895 g/cm³ 0.23 J/gK
5.8639 V 11.525 V 21.91 V (3),4 8.27 g/cm³ 0.18 J/gK
5.9389 V 11.67 V 22.802 V 3 8.536 g/cm³ 0.17 J/gK
6.0216 V 11.805 V 22.843 V 3 8.80 g/cm³ 0.16 J/gK
6.1078 V 11.929 V 22.739 V 3 9.05 g/cm³ 0.17 J/gK
6.1843 V 12.054 V 26.367 V (3),2 9.33 g/cm³ 0.16 J/gK
6.2542 V 12.188 V 25.03 V (3),2 6.98 g/cm³ 0.15 J/gK
5.4259 V 13.888 V 20.957 V 3 9.85 g/cm³ 0.15 J/gK
6.8251 V 14.925 V 23.32 V 4 13.2 g/cm³ 0.14 J/gK
7.89 V -- -- 5 16.6 g/cm³ 0.14 J/gK
7.98 V -- -- (6),5,4,3,2 19.3 g/cm³ 0.13 J/gK
7.88 V -- -- (7),6,4,2,-1 21.0 g/cm³ 0.13 J/gK
8.7 V -- -- 2,3,(4),6,8 22.40 g/cm³ 0.13 J/gK
9.1 V -- -- 2,3,(4),6 22.42 g/cm³ 0.130 J/gK
9.0 V 18.563 V -- 2,(4) 21.45 g/cm³ 0.13 J/gK
9.2257 V 20.521 V -- (3),1 19.32 g/cm³ 0.128 J/gK
10.4375 V 18.759 V 34.202 V (2),1 13.546 g/cm³ 0.139 J/gK
6.1083 V 20.428 V 29.829 V 3,(1) 11.85 g/cm³ 0.13 J/gK
7.4167 V 15.028 V 31.943 V 4,(2) 11.34 g/cm³ 0.13 J/gK
7.289 V 16.687 V 25.559 V (3),5 9.8 g/cm³ 0.12 J/gK
8.4167 V -- -- (4),2 9.4 g/cm³ 0.12 J/gK
9.5 V -- -- (±1),3,5,7 -- --
10.7485 V -- -- 0 0.00973 g/cm³ 0.09 J/gK
-- -- -- 1 -- --
5.2789 V 10.148 V -- 2 5 g/cm³ 0.12 J/gK
5.17 V 12.126 V -- 3 10.07 g/cm³ --
6.08 V 11.504 V 20.003 V 4 11.7 g/cm³ 0.12 J/gK
5.89 V -- -- (5),4 15.4 g/cm³ 0.12 J/gK
6.1941 V -- -- (6),5,4,3 18.9 g/cm³ 0.12 J/gK
6.2657 V -- -- 6,(5),4,3 20.45 g/cm³ 0.12 J/gK
6.06 V -- -- 6,5,(4),3 19.8 g/cm³ 0.13 J/gK
5.993 V -- -- 6,5,4,(3) 13.6 g/cm³ 0.11 J/gK
6.02 V -- -- (3),4 13.5 g/cm³ --
6.23 V -- -- 4,(3) -- --
6.30 V -- -- 4,(3) -- --
6.42 V -- -- (2),3 -- --
6.50 V -- -- 3 -- --
6.58 V -- -- 2,3 -- --
6.65 V -- -- 2,3 -- --
-- -- -- 3 -- --
-- -- -- 4 -- --
-- -- -- -- -- --
-- -- -- -- -- --
-- -- -- -- -- --
-- -- -- -- -- --
-- -- -- -- -- --
-- -- -- -- -- --
-- -- -- -- -- --
Heat of Thermal Modulus of
Vaporization Heat of Fusion Electrical Conductivity Conductivity Elasticity
0.44936 kJ/mol 0.05868 kJ/mol -- 0.001815 W/cmK --
0.0845 kJ/mol -- -- 0.00152 W/cmK --
145.920 kJ/mol 3.00 kJ/mol 0.108 10^6/cm ohm 0.847 W/cmK 10 10³ MPa
489.70 kJ/mol 50.20 kJ/mol 1.0e-12 10^6/cm ohm 0.270 W/cmK 441 10³ MPa
355.80 kJ/mol -- 0.00061 10^6/cm ohm 1.29 W/cmK 7 10³ MPa
2.7928 kJ/mol 0.3604 kJ/mol -- 0.0002598 W/cmK --
3.4099 kJ/mol 0.22259 kJ/mol -- 0.0002674 W/cmK --
3.2698 kJ/mol 0.2552 kJ/mol -- 0.000279 W/cmK --
1.7326 kJ/mol 0.3317 kJ/mol -- 0.000493 W/cmK --
127.40 kJ/mol 8.954 kJ/mol 0.226 10^6/cm ohm 1.56 W/cmK 44.4 10³ MPa
-- 1.7175 kJ/mol 0.5e-23 10^6/cm ohm 0.00269 W/cmK 19 10³ MPa
10.20 kJ/mol 3.203 kJ/mol -- 0.000089 W/cmK --
6.447 kJ/mol 1.188 kJ/mol -- 0.0001772 W/cmK 3 10³ MPa
34.760 kJ/mol -- 0.0345 10^6/cm ohm 0.500 W/cmK 39 10³ MPa
15.438 kJ/mol 5.286 kJ/mol -- 0.00122 W/cmK --
9.029 kJ/mol 1.638 kJ/mol -- 0.0000949 W/cmK --
20.752 kJ/mol 7.824 kJ/mol 8.0e-16 10^6/cm ohm 0.00449 W/cmK --
12.636 kJ/mol 2.297 kJ/mol -- 0.0000569 W/cmK --
-- -- -- 0.179 W/cmK 42 10³ MPa
-- -- 0.0219 10^6/cm ohm 0.20 W/cmK 26 10³ MPa
-- -- -- 0.017 W/cmK --
16.40 kJ/mol 2.890 kJ/mol -- 0.0000364 W/cmK --
-- -- 0.03 10^6/cm ohm 0.15 W/cmK 2 10³ MPa
-- -- -- 0.186 W/cmK 16 10³ MPa
-- -- -- 0.12 W/cmK 34 10³ MPa
-- 12.30 kJ/mol 0.0529 10^6/cm ohm 0.47 W/cmK 100 10³ MPa
-- 5.190 kJ/mol 0.00822 10^6/cm ohm 0.063 W/cmK 900 10³ MPa
-- 14.40 kJ/mol 0.022 10^6/cm ohm 0.1 W/cmK --
-- 15.0 kJ/mol -- 0.1 W/cmK --
-- -- -- 0.1 W/cmK --
-- -- -- 0.1 W/cmK --
-- -- -- 0.1 W/cmK --
-- -- -- 0.1 W/cmK --
-- -- -- 0.1 W/cmK --
-- -- -- 0.1 W/cmK --
-- -- -- 0.1 W/cmK --
-- -- -- 0.23 W/cmK --
-- -- -- 0.58 W/cmK --
-- -- -- -- --
-- -- -- -- --
-- -- -- -- --
-- -- -- -- --
-- -- -- -- --
-- -- -- -- --
Coeficient of Lattice Lattice
Thermal Expansion parm parm Lattice parm Pronounced
-- -- HI-dreh-jen
-- -- HEE-li-em
46 10^-6 K^-1 3.5101 Å LITH-i-em
11.3 10^-6 K^-1 2.286 Å 3.584 Å beh-RIL-i-em
4.7 10^-6 K^-1 8.80 Å 5.05 Å BO-ron
1.0 10^-6 K^-1 2.4619 Å 6.7080 Å KAR-ben
240 10^-6 K^-1 -- NYE-treh-gen
780 10^-6 K^-1 -- OK-si-jen
1800 10^-6 K^-1 -- FLU-eh-reen
1900 10^-6 K^-1 -- NEE-on
71 10^-6 K^-1 4.2908 Å SO-di-em
24.8 10^-6 K^-1 3.2095 Å 5.2107 Å mag-NEE-zih-em
23.1 10^-6 K^-1 4.0497 Å ah-LOO-men-em
2.6 10^-6 K^-1 5.4309 Å SIL-i-ken
127 10^-6 K^-1 3.3137 Å 10.478 Å 4.3765 Å FOS-fer-es
70 10^-6 K^-1 10.4650 Å 12.8665 Å 24.4869 Å SUL-fer
-- -- KLOR-een
618 10^-6 K^-1 -- AR-gon
82 10^-6 K^-1 5.247 Å pe-TASS-i-em
22.3 10^-6 K^-1 5.5886 Å KAL-si-em
10.0 10^-6 K^-1 3.3091 Å 5.2735 Å SKAN-di-em
8.6 10^-6 K^-1 29512 Å 4.6845 Å tie-TAY-ni-em
8.4 10^-6 K^-1 3.0232 Å veh-NAY-di-em
4.9 10^-6 K^-1 2.8847 Å KROH-mi-em
21.7 10^-6 K^-1 8.9142 Å MAN-ge-nees
11.8 10^-6 K^-1 2.8665 Å EYE-ern
13 10^-6 K^-1 2.507 Å 4.070 Å KO-bolt
13.4 10^-6 K^-1 3.5239 Å NIK-l
16.5 10^-6 K^-1 3.6148 Å KOP-er
30.2 10^-6 K^-1 2.6650 Å 4.9470 Å ZINK
19.7 10^-6 K^-1 4.523 Å 7.661 Å 4.524 Å GAL-i-em
5.7 10^-6 K^-1 5.677 Å jer-MAY-ni-em
15.4 10^-6 K^-1 4.1319 Å a=54° 8' AR-s'n-ik
45.0 10^-6 K^-1 4.3658 Å 4.9592 Å si-LEE-ni-em
-- -- BRO-meen
425 10^-6 K^-1 -- KRIP-ton
91 10^-6 K^-1 5.70 Å roo-BID-i-em
22.5 10^-6 K^-1 6.0851 Å STRON-she-em
11.3 10^-6 K^-1 3.6475 Å 5.7308 Å IT-ri-em
5.7 10^-6 K^-1 3.2313 Å 5.1479 Å zer-KO-ni-em
7.3 10^-6 K^-1 3.3067 Å ni-OH-bee-em
4.8 10^-6 K^-1 3.1469 Å meh-LIB-deh-nem
8 10^-6 K^-1 2.735 Å 4.388 Å tek-NEE-shi-em
6.4 10^-6 K^-1 2.7059 Å 4.2818 Å roo-THE-ni-em
8.2 10^-6 K^-1 3.8045 Å RO-di-em
11.8 10^-6 K^-1 3.8908 Å peh-LAY-di-em
18.9 10^-6 K^-1 4.0863 Å SIL-ver
30.8 10^-6 K^-1 2.9789 Å 5.6169 Å KAD-me-em
32.1 10^-6 K^-1 4.5981 Å 4.9469 Å IN-di-em
22.0 10^-6 K^-1 5.8317 Å TIN
11.0 10^-6 K^-1 4.5069 Å a=57° 6'27" AN-teh-MOH-ni
18.8 10^-6 K^-1 4.4568 Å 5.9270 Å te-LOOR-i-em
87 10^-6 K^-1 4.79 Å 7.25 Å 9.78 Å EYE-eh-dine
253 10^-6 K^-1 -- ZEE-non
100 10^-6 K^-1 6.0797 Å SEE-zi-em
20.6 10^-6 K^-1 5.013 Å BAR-i-em
5.2 10^-6 K^-1 3.770 Å 12.159 Å LAN-the-nem
5.2 10^-6 K^-1 5.1603 Å SER-i-em
5.4 10^-6 K^-1 3.6726 Å 11.8358 Å pra-si-eh-DIM-i-em
6.9 10^-6 K^-1 3.6580 Å nee-eh-DIM-i-em
-- -- pro-MEE-thi-em
-- 8.996 Å a=23° 13' seh-MER-i-em
41 10^-6 K^-1 4.5822 Å yoo-RO-pi-em
-2 10^-6 K^-1 3.6361 Å 5.7828 Å GAD-eh-LIN-i-em
9.4 10^-6 K^-1 3.6011 Å 5.6938 Å TUR-bi-em
9.6 10^-6 K^-1 3.5904 Å 5.6477 Å dis-PRO-si-em
9.8 10^-6 K^-1 3.5774 Å 5.6160 Å HOLE-mi-em
9.4 10^-6 K^-1 3.5589 Å 5.5876 Å UR-bi-em
12 10^-6 K^-1 3.5346 Å 5.5548 Å THOO-li-em
25.1 10^-6 K^-1 5.4864 Å i-TUR-bi-em
8.2 10^-6 K^-1 3.5032 Å 5.5511 Å loo-TEE-shi-em
5.9 10^-6 K^-1 3.1947 Å 5.0513 Å HAF-ni-em
6.3 10^-6 K^-1 3.298 Å TAN-te-lem
4.5 10^-6 K^-1 3.1653 Å TUNG-sten
6.2 10^-6 K^-1 2.760 Å 4.458 Å REE-ni-em
5.1 10^-6 K^-1 2.7354 Å 4.3193 Å OZ-mi-em
6.4 10^-6 K^-1 3.8390 Å i-RID-i-em
8.8 10^-6 K^-1 3.9240 Å PLAT-n-em
14.2 10^-6 K^-1 4.0786 Å GOLD
49 10^-6 K^-1 3.005 Å a=70° 32' MER-kyoo-ri
29.9 10^-6 K^-1 3.4567 Å 5.5250 Å THAL-i-em
28.8 10^-6 K^-1 4.9504 Å LED
13.4 10^-6 K^-1 4.736 Å a=57° 14' BIZ-meth
23 10^-6 K^-1 3.345 Å peh-LOW-ni-em
-- -- AS-teh-teen
-- -- RAY-don
-- -- FRAN-si-em
8 10^-6 K^-1 -- RAY-di-em
-- 5.311 Å ak-TIN-i-em
11.0 10^-6 K^-1 5.0847 Å THOR-i-em
9.7 10^-6 K^-1 3.925 Å 3.238 Å PRO-tak-tin-eh-em
13.9 10^-6 K^-1 2.8538 Å 5.8697 Å 4.9550 Å yoo-RAY-ni-em
28 10^-6 K^-1 6.663 Å 4.723 Å 4.887 Å nep-TOO-ni-em
46.7 10^-6 K^-1 6.183 Å 4.822 Å 10.963 Å ploo-TOE-ni-em
7.1 10^-6 K^-1 3.4681 Å 11.240 Å am-er-ISH-i-em
-- -- KYOOR-i-em
-- -- BURK-li-em
-- -- kal-eh-FOR-ni-em
-- -- ine-STINE-i-em
-- -- FER-mi-em
-- -- men-deh-LEE-vi-em
-- -- no-BELL-i-em
-- -- lor-ENS-i-em
-- -- ruth-er-FORD-i-em
-- -- HA-ni-em
-- -- see-BORG-i-em
-- -- neels-BOR-i-em
-- -- HES-i-em
-- -- MITE-ner-i-um
-- -- oon-nun-NIL-i-em
-- -- oon-nun-OON-i-em
Name Origin
Greek: hydro (water) and genes (generate)
Greek: hêlios (sun).
Greek: lithos (stone).
Greek: beryllos, "beryl" (a mineral).
From Arabic and Persian words for borax.
Latin: carbo, (charcoal).
Greek: nitron and genes, (soda forming).
Greek: oxys and genes, (acid former).
Latin: fluere (flow).
Greek: neos (new).
Medieval Latin: sodanum, (headache remedy); symbol from Latin natrium, (sodium carbonate).
From Magnesia ancient city in district of Thessaly, Greece.
Latin: alumen, aluminis, (alum).
Latin: silex, silicus, (flint).
Greek: phosphoros, (bringer of light).
Latin: sulphur (brimstone).
Greek: chlôros (greenish yellow).
Greek: argos (inactive).
English: pot ash; symbol from Latin: kalium, (alkali).
Latin: calx, calcis (lime).
Latin: Scandia, Scandinavia.
Greek: titanos (Titans).
From Scandinavian goddess, Vanadis.
Greek: chrôma (color).
Latin: magnes (magnet); Italian: manganese.
Anglo-Saxon: iron; symbol from Latin: ferrum (iron).
German: kobold (goblin).
German: kupfernickel (false copper).
Symbol from Latin: cuprum (island of Cyprus famed for its copper mines).
German: zink (German for tin).
Latin: Gallia (France).
Latin: Germania (Germany).
Greek: arsenikon; Latin: arsenicum, (both names for yellow pigment).
Greek: selênê (moon).
Greek: brômos (stench).
Greek: kryptos (hidden).
Latin: rubidus (deep red); the color its salts impart to flames.
From the Scottish town, Strontian.
From the Swedish village, Ytterby, where one of its minerals was first found.
From the mineral, zircon.
From Niobe; daughter of the mythical Greek king Tantalus.
Greek: molybdos (lead).
Greek: technêtos (artificial).
Latin: Ruthenia (Russia).
Greek: rhodon (rose). Its salts give a rosy solution.
Named after the asteroid, Pallas, discovered in 1803.
Anglo-Saxon: siolful, (silver); symbol from Latin: argentium.
Greek: kadmeia (ancient name for calamine (zinc oxide)).
Latin: indicum (color indigo), the color it shows in a spectroscope.
Named after Etruscan god, Tinia; symbol from Latin: stannum (tin).
Greek: anti and monos (not alone); symbol from mineral stibnite.
Latin: tellus (earth).
Greek: iôeides (violet colored).
Greek: xenos (strange).
Latin: coesius (sky blue); for the blue lines of its spectrum.
Greek: barys (heavy or dense).
Greek: lanthanein (to be hidden).
Named after the asteroid, Ceres, discovered two years before the element.
Greek: prasios and didymos (green twin); from its green salts.
Greek: neos and didymos (new twin).
Named for the Greek god, Prometheus.
Named after the mineral samarskite.
Named for the continent of Europe.
Named after the mineral gadolinite.
Named after Ytterby, a village in Sweden.
Greek: dysprositos (hard to get at).
From Holmia, the Latinized name for Stockholm, Sweden.
Named after the Swedish town, Ytterby.
From Thule ancient name of Scandinavia.
Named for the Swedish village of Ytterby.
Named for the ancient name of Paris, Lutecia.
From Hafnia, the Latin name of Copenhagen.
From king Tantalus of Greek mythology, father of Niobe.
Swedish: tung sten (heavy stone): symbol from its German name wolfram.
Latin: Rhenus, the Rhine River.
Greek: osmê (odor).
Latin: iris (rainbow).
Spanish: platina (little silver).
Anglo-Saxon: geolo (yellow); symbol from Latin: aurum (shining dawn).
From the Roman god Mercury; symbol from Latin: hydrargyrus (liquid silver).
Greek: thallos (green twig), for a bright green line in its spectrum.
Anglo-Saxon: lead; symbol from Latin: plumbum.
German: bisemutum, (white mass), Now spelled wismut.
Named for Poland, native country of Marie Curie.
Greek: astatos (unstable).
Variation of the name of another element, radium.
Named for France, the nation of its discovery.
Latin: radius (ray).
Greek: akis, aktinos (ray).
Named for Thor, Norse god of thunder.
Greek: proto and actinium (parent of actinium); it forms actinium when it radioactively decays.
Named for the planet Uranus.
Named for the planet Neptune.
Named for the planet Pluto.
Named for the American continent, by analogy with europium.
Named in honor of Pierre and Marie Curie.
Named after Berkeley, California the city of its discovery.
Named after the state and University of California.
Named in honor of the scientist Albert Einstein.
Named in honor of the scientist Enrico Fermi.
Named in honor of the scientist Dmitri Ivanovitch Mendeleyev, who devised the periodic table.
Named in honor of Alfred Nobel, who invented dynamite and founded Nobel prize.
Named in honor of Ernest O. Lawrence, inventor of the cyclotron.
Named in honor of Ernest Rutherford
Named in honor of Otto Hahn
Named in honor of Glenn Seaborg, American physical chemist known for research on transuranium elements.
Named in honor of Niels Bohr
Named in honor of Henri Hess, Swiss born Russian chemist known for work in thermodydamics.
Named in honor of Lise Mietner
Un (one) nun (one) nilium (zero)
Un (one) nun (one) unium (one)
Description
Tasteless, colorless, odorless gas. The most abundant element in the universe. Tenth most abundant element i
Light, odorless, colorless, tasteless inert gas. Second most abundant element in the universe. Sixth most abund
Soft silvery-white metal. Lightest of metals. Accounts for only 0.0007% of the earth's crust.
Hard, brittle, steel-gray metal. Lightest rigid metal. Formerly called glucinium (Gl) for its sweet but deadly taste
Hard, brittle, lustrous black semimetal. Exists in the earth's crust at an average proportion of about 10 parts pe
Allotropic forms include diamonds and graphite. Sixth most abundant element in the universe.
Colorless, odorless, tasteless, generally inert gas. Fifth most abundant element in the universe. Makes up abou
Colorless, odorless, tasteless gas; pale blue liquid. Third most abundant element in the universe. It is the most
Greenish-yellow, pungent, corrosive gas. Extremely reactive. Does not occur uncombined in nature.
Colorless, odorless, tasteless inert gas. Fourth most abundant element in the universe and fifth most abundant
Soft silvery-white metal. Sixth most abundant element in the earth's crust. Burns in air with a brilliant white flam
Lightweight, malleable, silvery-white metal. Eighth most abundant element in the universe. Seventh most abun
Soft, lightweight, silvery-white metal. Third most abundant element in the earth's crust.
Amorphous form is brown power; crystalline form has gray metallic appearance. Seventh most abundant eleme
Soft white waxy phosphorescent solid, brownish-red powder or black solid.
Tasteless, odorless, pale yellow, brittle solid. Tenth most abundant element in the universe.
Greenish-yellow, disagreeable gas. Never found in free form in nature.
Colorless, odorless, tasteless noble gas. It is the third most abundant element in the earth's atmosphere and m
Soft, waxy, silver-white metal. Eighth most abundant element in the earth's crust (20,900 ppm). Occurs only in
Fairly hard, silvery-white metal. Fifth most abundant element in the earth's crust (41,500 ppm). Occurs only in
Fairly soft, silvery-white metal. Eighth most abundant 'rare earth' found in the earth's crust (5.0 ppm).
Shiny, dark-gray metal. Ninth most abundant element in the earth's crust (5700 ppm). It can be highly polished
Soft, ductile, silvery-white metal. Resistant to corrosion by moisture, air and most acids and alkalis at room tem
Very hard, crystalline, steel-gray metal. The pure metal has a blue-white color. It is hard, brittle and corrsion-re
Hard, brittle, gray-white metal with a pinkish tinge. Rusts like iron in moist air.
Malleable, ductile, silvery-white metal. Fourth most abundant element in the earth's crust (56,300 ppm). Ninth
Hard, ductile, lustrous bluish-gray metal. Exists in the earth's curst in cocentrations of about 25 ppm. It has rem
Hard, malleable, silvery-white metal. Found in the earth's crust in portions averaging 70 ppm. It can be polishe
Malleable, ductile, reddish-brown metal.
Bluish-silver, ductile metal.
Soft, blue-white metal.
Grayish-white metal.
Steel-gray, brittle semi-metal.
Soft metalloid similar to sulfur. Ranges from gray metallic to red glassy appearance.
Redish-brown liquid.
Colorless, odorless, tasteless rare noble gas.
Soft, silvery-white, highly reactive metal.
Soft, malleable, silvery-yellow metal.
Silvery, ductile, fairly reactive metal.
Gray-white, lustrous, corrosion-resistant metal.
Shiny white, soft, ductile metal.
Hard, silvery-white metal.
Silvery-gray metal. First synthetically produced element.
Rare, extremely brittle, silver-gray metal.
Hard, silvery-white metal
Soft, malleable, ductile, silvery-white metal.
Silvery-ductile, and malleable metal
Soft, malleable, blue-white metal.
Rare, very soft, silver-white metal
Silvery-white, soft, malleable and ductile metal.
Hard, brittle, silvery-white semimetal.
Silvery-white, brittle simi-metal.
Shiny, black, non-metalic solid; as a gas it is violet and intensely irritating to the eyes, nose and throat.
Heavy, colorless, odorless, noble gas.
Very soft, light gray, ductile metal.
Soft, slightly malleable, silvery-white metal.
Soft, silvery-white, malleable, ductile metal.
Malleable, ductile, iron-gray metal.
Silvery white, moderately soft, malleable, ductile metal.
Silvery-white, rare-earth metal that oxidizes easily in air.
Rare earth metal of synthetic origin on the earth, naturally made in stars.
Silvery rare earth metal.
Soft, silvery-white metal.
Soft, ductile, silvery-white metal.
Soft, ductile, silvery-gray, rare earth metal.
Soft, lustrous, silvery metal.
Fairly soft, malleable, lustrous, silvery metal.
Soft, malleable, silvery metal.
Soft, malleable, ductile, silvery metal
Silvery, lustrous, malleable, and ductile metal.
Silvery-white, hard, dense, rare earth metal.
Silvery, ductile metal.
Rare, gray, heavy, hard but ductile, metal with a high melting point.
Hard, steel-gray to white metal. Highest melting point of all metals.
Rare and costly, dense, silvery-white metal.
Hard fine black powder or hard, lustrous, blue-white metal.
Heavy, brittle, white metal.
Rare, very heavy, soft, silvery-white metal.
Soft, malleable, bright yellow metal.
Heavy, silver-white metal, liquid at ordinary temperatures.
Soft gray metal that looks like lead.
Very soft, highly malleable and ductile, blue-white shiny metal.
Hard, brittle, steel-gray metal with a pink tint.
Silvery-gray, extremely rare, radioactive metal.
Unstable, radioactive member of the halogen group.
Colorless, odorless, tasteless, radioactive, heavy, noble gas.
Highly rare and unstable, radioactive metal.
Silvery-white metal. Intensely radioactive.
Heavy, silvery-white, very radioactive metal
Heavy, gray, soft, malleable, ductile, radioactive metal.
Very rare, silvery-white, extremely radioactive metal.
Silvery-white, dense, ductile, malleable, radioactive metal.
Rare, silvery radioactive metal.
Silvery-white, extremely radioactive artificially produced metal.
Silvery-white, artificially produced radioactive metal.
Silvery, malleable, synthetic radioactive metal.
Synthetic radioactive metal.
Synthetic radioactive metal. Powerful neutron emitter.
Discovered By Year
Henry Cavendish 1766
Sir William Ramsey, Nils Langet, P.T.Cleve 1895
Johann Arfwedson 1817
Fredrich Wöhler, A.A.Bussy 1798
Sir H. Davy, J.L. Gay-Lussac, L.J. Thénard 1808
Known to the ancients Unknown
Daniel Rutherford 1772
Joseph Priestly, Carl Wilhelm Scheele 1774
Henri Moissan 1886
Sir William Ramsey, M.W. Travers 1898
Sir Humphrey Davy 1807
Hans Christian Oersted 1825
Jöns Berzelius 1824
Hennig Brand 1669
Known to the ancients. Unknown
Carl Wilhelm Scheele 1774
Sir William Ramsey, Baron Rayleigh 1894
Lars Nilson 1879
William Gregor 1791
Nils Sefström 1830
Louis Vauquelin 1797
Johann Gahn 1774
George Brandt 1739
Axel Cronstedt 1751
Paul Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran 1875
Clemens Winkler 1886
Antoine J. Balard 1826
Sir William Ramsey, M.W. Travers 1898
R. Bunsen, G. Kirchoff 1861
A. Crawford 1790
Johann Gadolin 1789
Martin Klaproth 1789
Charles Hatchet 1801
Carl Wilhelm Scheele 1778
Carlo Perrier, Émillo Segrè 1937
Karl Klaus 1844
William Wollaston 1803
William Wollaston 1803
Fredrich Stromeyer 1817
Ferdinand Reich, T. Richter 1863
Franz Müller von Reichenstein 1782
Bernard Courtois 1811
Sir William Ramsay; M. W. Travers 1898
Gustov Kirchoff, Robert Bunsen 1860
Carl Mosander 1839
W. von Hisinger, J. Berzelius, M. Klaproth 1803
C.F. Aver von Welsbach 1885
C.F. Aver von Welsbach 1925
J.A. Marinsky, L.E. Glendenin, C.D. Coryell 1945
Eugène Demarçay 1901
Jean de Marignac 1880
Carl Mosander 1843
J.L. Soret 1878
Carl Mosander 1843
Per Theodor Cleve 1879
Jean de Marignac 1878
Georges Urbain 1907
Dirk Coster, Georg von Hevesy 1923
Anders Ekeberg 1802
Fausto and Juan José de Elhuyar 1783
Walter Noddack, Ida Tacke, Otto Berg 1925
Smithson Tenant 1804
S.Tenant, A.F.Fourcory, L.N.Vauquelin, H.V.Collet-Descoltils 1804
Julius Scaliger 1735
Sir William Crookes 1861
Pierre and Marie Curie 1898
D.R.Corson, K.R.MacKenzie, E.Segré 1940
Fredrich Ernst Dorn 1898
Marguerite Derey 1939
Pierre and Marie Curie 1898
André Debierne 1899
Fredrich Soddy, John Cranston, Otto Hahn, Lise Meitner 1917
Martin Klaproth 1789
E.M. McMillan, P.H. Abelson 1940
G.T.Seaborg, J.W.Kennedy, E.M.McMillan, A.C.Wohl 1940
G.T.Seaborg, R.A.James, L.O.Morgan, A.Ghiorso 1945
G.T.Seaborg, R.A.James, A.Ghiorso 1944
G.T.Seaborg, S.G.Tompson, A.Ghiorso 1949
G.T.Seaborg, S.G.Tompson, A.Ghiorso, K.Street Jr. 1950
Argonne, Los Alamos, U of Calif 1952
Argonne, Los Alamos, U of Calif 1953
G.T.Seaborg, S.G.Tompson, A.Ghiorso, K.Street Jr. 1955
Nobel Institute for Physics 1957
A.Ghiorso, T.Sikkeland, A.E.Larsh, R.M.Latimer 1961
A. Ghiorso, et al 1969
A. Ghiorso, et al 1970
Soviet Nuclear Research/ U. of Cal at Berkeley 1974
Heavy Ion Research Laboratory (HIRL) 1976
Location
England
Scotland/Sweden
Sweden
Germany/France
England/France
Unknown
Scotland
England/Sweden
France
England
England
England
Denmark
Sweden
Germany
Unknown
Sweden
Scotland
England
England
Sweden
England
Sweden
France
Sweden
Unknown
Sweden
Sweden
Unknown
Germany
France
Germany
Unknown
Sweden
France
Great Britain
Germany
Scotland
Finland
Germany
England
Sweden
Italy
Russia
England
England
Unknown
Germany
Germany
Unknown
Unknown
Romania
France
England
Germany
England
Sweden
Sweden/Germany
Austria
Austria
United States
France
France
Switzerland
Sweden
France
Switzerland
Sweden
Sweden
Switzerland
France
Denmark
Sweden
Spain
Germany
England
England/France
Italy
Unknown
Unknown
England
Unknown
Unknown
France
United States
Germany
France
France
France
Sweden
England/France
Germany
United States
United States
United States
United States
United States
United States
United States
United States
United States
Sweden
United States
United States
United States
USSR/United States
Germany
Germany
Germany
Germany
Germany
Commercial quantities are produced by reacting superheated steam with methane or carbon. In lab work from
Found in natural gas deposits & in the air (5 parts per billion) Constantly lost to space; replenished by radioacti
Obtained by passing electric charge through melted lithium chloride and from the silicate mineral called spodu
Found mostly in minerals like beryl [AlBe3(Si6O18)] and chrysoberyl (Al2BeO4). Pure beryllium is obtained by c
Obtained from kernite, a kind of borax (Na2B4O7.10H2O). High purity boron is produced by electrolysis of molt
Made by burning organic compounds with insufficient oxygen.
Obtained from liquid air by fractional distillation.
Obtained primarily from liquid air by fractional distillation. Small amounts are made in the laboratory by electro
Found in the minerals fluorite (CaF2) and cryolite(Na3AlF6). Electrolysis of hydrofluoric acid (HF) or potassium a
Obtained from production of liquid air as a byproduct of producing liquid oxygen and nitrogen.
Obtained by electrolysis of melted sodium chloride (salt), borax and cryolite.
Usually obtained by electrolysis of melted magnesium chloride (MgCl2) found in sea water. Each cubic mile of s
Never occurs in free form. Obtained by electrolysis from bauxite (Al2O3).
Makes up major portion of clay, granite, quartz (SiO2), and sand. Commercial production depends on a reaction
Found most often in phosphate rock. Pure phosphorus is obtained by heating a mixture of phosphate rock, coke
Found in pure form and in ores like cinnabar, galena, sphalerite and stibnite. Pure form is obtained from underg
Salt (sodium chloride, NaCl) is its most common compound. Commercial quantities are produced by electrolysis
Continuously released into the air by decay of radioactive potassium-40. Pure form is obtained from fractional d
Found in minerals like carnallite [(KMgCl3).6H2O] & sylvite (potassium chloride, KCL). Pure metal is produced b
Obtained from minerals like chalk, limestone & marble. Pure metal is produced by replacing the calcium in lime
Occurs mainly in the minerals thortveitile (~34% scandium) and wiikite. Also in some tin and tungsten ores. Pu
Usually occurs in the minerals ilmenite (FeTiO3) or rutile (TiO2). Also in Titaniferous magnetite, titanite (CaTiSiO
Found in the minerals patronite (VS4), vanadinite [Pb5(VO4)3Cl], and carnotite [K2(UO2)2(VO4)2.3H2O]. Pure m
Chromite [Fe,Mg(CrO4)] is its most important mineral. Produced commercially by heating its ore in the presenc
Most abundant ores are pyrolusite (MnO2), psilomelane [(Ba,H2O)2Mn5O10] and rhodochrosite (MnCO3). Pure
Obtained from iron ores. Pure metal produced in blast furnaces by layering limestone, coke and iron ore and fo
Occurs in compounds with arsenic, oxygen and sulfur as in cobaltine (CoAsS) and linneite (Co3S4). Pure cobalt
Chiefly found in pentlandite [(Ni,Fe)9S8] ore. The metal is produced by heating the ore in a blast furnace which
Pure copper occurs rarely in nature. Usually found in sulfides as in chalcopyrite (CuFeS2), coveline (CuS), chalc
Found in the minerals zinc blende (sphalerite) (ZnS), calamine, franklinite, smithsonite (ZnCO3), willemite, and
Found throughout the crust in minerals like bauxite, germanite and coal.
Obtained from refining copper, zinc and lead.
Found in mispickel (arsenopyrite)
Obtained from lead, copper and nickel refining. Conducts electricity when struck by light.
Occurs in compounds in sea water.
Forms 1 millionth of the atmosphere. Obtained from production of liquid air.
Occurs abundantly, but so widespread that production is limited. Usually obtained from lithium production.
Found in minerals celestite and strontianite.
Found in minerals such as monazite, xenotime, and yttria.
Found in many minerals such as zircon and baddeleyite.
Occurs in a mineral columbite. Formerly known as colombium (Cb). It is used in stainless steel alloys for nuclea
Found in the minerals molybdenite (MoS2) and wulfenite (MoO4Pb).
Made first by bombarding molybdenum with deuterons (heavy hydrogen) in a cyclotron.
Found in pentlandite and pyroxinite.
Obtained as a by-product of nickel production.
Obtained with platinum, nickel, copper and mercury ores.
Found in ores called argentite (AgS), light ruby silver (Ag3AsS3), dark ruby silver(Ag3SbS3) and brittle silver.
Obtained as a by product of zinc refining.
Found in certain zinc ores.
Principally found in the ore cassiterite(SnO2) and stannine (Cu2FeSnS4).
Found in stibnite (Sb2S3) and in valentinite (Sb2O3).
Obtained as a by-product of copper and lead refining.
Occurs on land and in the sea in sodium and potassium compounds.
Obtain from the small quantities in liquid air.
Found in pollucite [(Cs4Al4Si9O26).H2O] and as trace in lepidolite.
Found in barytine (BaSO4) and witherite (BaCO3), never found in pure form due to its reactivity. Must be stored
Found with rare earths in monazite and bastnasite. Monazite sand typicall contains 25% lanthanum.
Most abundant rare earth metal. Found in many minerals like monazite sand [Ce(PO4)].
Obtained from same salts as neodymium.
Made from electrolysis of its halide salts, which are made from monazite sand.
Does not occur naturally. Found among fission products of uranium, thorium, and plutonium.
Found with other rare earths in monazite sand. The sand is often 50% rare earths by weight and 2.8% samarium
Obtained from monazite sand, which is a mixture of phosphates of calcium, thorium, cerium, and most other ra
Found with other rare earths in gadolinite and monazite sand.
Found with other rare earths in monazite sand, which typically contain 0.03% terbium. Other sources are xenot
Usually found with erbium, holmium and other rare earths in some minerals such as monazite sand, which is of
Occurs in gadolinite. Most often from monazite which is often 50% rare earth and typically 0.05% holmium.
Found with other heavier rare earths in xenotime and euxerite.
Found with other rare earths in the minerals gadolinite, euxenite, xenotime, and monazite. Monazite is often 50
Found in minerals such as yttria, monazite, gadolinite, and xenotime. Monazite is often 50% rare earth by weig
Found with ytterbium in gadolinite and xenotime. Usually obtained from monazite sand which is ofter 50% rare
Obtained from mineral zircon or baddeleyite.
Chiefly occurs in the mineral tantalite. Always found with niobium.
Occurs in the minerals scheelite (CaWO4) and wolframite [(Fe,Mn)WO4].
Found in small amounts in gadolinite and molybdenite. Has a very high melting point.
Obtained from the same ores as platinum.
Found in gravel deposits with platinum.
Produced from deposits of native, or elemental, platinum.
Found in veins in the crust, with cooper ore and native .
Virtually all mercury comes from cinnabar or mercury sulfide (HgS). Some sources of red cinnabar are so rich in
Found in iron pyrites. Also in crookesite, hutchinsonite and lorandite. Most is recovered from the byproducts of
Found most often in ores called galena or lead sulfide (PbS). Some is found in its native state.
It can be found free in nature and in minerals like bismuthine (Bi2O3) and in bismuth ochre (Bi2O3)
Occurs in pitchblende from decay of bismuth.
Does not occur in nature. Similar to iodine. Produced by bombarding bismuth with alpha particles.
Formed from the decay of radium in the earths crust.
Formed by decay of actinium. Chemical properties similar to cesium. Decays to radium or astatine.
Found in uranium ores at 1 part per 3 million parts uranium.
Extremely rare, found in all uranium ores. Usually obtained by treating radium with neutrons in a reactor.
Found in various minerals like monazite and thorite.
Does not occur in nature. Found among fission products of uranium, thorium, and plutonium.
Occurs in many rocks, but in large amounts only in such minerals as pitchblende and carnotite.
Produced by bombarding uranium with slow neutrons.
Found rarely in some uranium ores. Made by bombarding uranium with neutrons.
Produced by bombarding plutonium with neutrons.
Made by bombarding plutonium with helium ions. So radioactive it glows in the dark.
Some compounds have been made and studied. Made by bombarding americium with alpha particles.
Made by bombarding curium with helium ions.
Made by bombarding uranium with neutrons.
Produced by bombarding lighter transuranium elements with still lighter particles or by neutron capture.
Made by bombarding einsteinium with helium ions.
Made by bombarding curium with carbon-13
Produced by bombarding californium with boron ions.
Made by bombarding californium-249 with beams of carbon-12 and 13, which produced an isotope with half live
Made by bombarding californium-249 with a beam of nitrogen-15
Made by bombarding californium-249 with oxygen-18.
Obtained by bombarding bismuth-204 with chromium-54.
Formed by the bombardment of lead-208 with iron-58.
Obtained by bombarding bismuth-209 with iron-58.
Made by bombarding bismuth-209 with cobolt-59.
Made by bombarding bismuth-209 with nickel-60.
Most hydrogen is used in the production of ammonia. Also used in balloons and in metal refining. Also used as f
Used in balloons, deep sea diving & welding. Also used in very low temperature research.
Used in batteries. Also for certain kinds of glass and ceramics. Some is used in lubricants.
Its ability to absorb large amounts of heat makes it useful in spacecraft, missiles, aircraft, etc. Emeralds are be
Used with titanium & tungsten to make heat resistant alloys for jets & rockets.
For making steel, in filters, and many more uses. Radiocarbon dating uses the carbon-14 isotope to date old ob
Primarily to produce ammonia and other fertilizers. Also used in making nitric acid, which is used in explosives.
Used in steel making, welding, and supporting life. Naturally occuring ozone (O3) in the upper atmosphere shie
Used in refrigerants and other fluorocarbons. Also in toothpaste as sodium fluoride (NaF) and stannous fluoride
Primarily for lighting.
There are few uses for the pure metal, however its compounds are used in medicine, agriculture and photograp
Used in alloys to make airplanes, missiles and other uses for light metals. Has structural properties similar to al
Used for many purposes from airplanes to beverage cans. Too soft in its pure form so less than 1% of silicon or
Used in glass as silicon dioxide (SiO2). Silicon carbide (SiC) is one of the hardest substances known and used in
Used in the production of fertilizers and detergents. Some is used in fireworks, safety matches, and incendiary
Used in matches, gunpowder, medicines, rubber and pesticides, dyes and insecticides. Also for making sulfuric
Used in water purification, bleaches, acids and many, many other compounds such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFC
Used in lighting products. It is often used in filling incandescent light bulbs. Some is mixed with krypton in fluor
Used as potash in making glass & soap. Also as saltpeter, potassium nitrate (KNO3) to make explosives and to
Used by many forms of life to make shells and bones. Virtually no use for the pure metal, however two of its co
Scandium metal is used in some aerospace applications. Scandum oxide (Sc2O3) is used in the manufacture of
Since it is strong and resists acids it is used in many alloys. Titanium dioxide (TiO2), a white pigment that cover
It is mixed with other metals to make very strong and durable alloys. Vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) is used as a
Used to make stainless steel. It gives the color to rubies and emeralds. Iron-nickel-chromium alloys in various p
Used in steel, batteries and ceramics. The steel in railroad tracks can contain as much as 1.2% manganese. It i
Used in steel and other alloys. Essential for humans. It is the chief constituent of hemoglobin which carries oxy
Used in many hard alloys; for magnets, ceramics and special glasses. Remains hard up to 982°C. Radioactive c
Used in electroplating and metal alloys because of its resistance to corrosion. Also in nickel-cadmium batteries;
Most often used as an electrical conductor. Also used in the manufacture of water pipes. Its alloys are used in j
Used to coat other metal (galvanizing) to protect them from rusting. Also used in alloys such as brass, bronze, n
Used in semiconductor production. It us used in making LEDs (light-emitting diodes) and GaAs laser diodes.
Widely used in semiconductors. It is a good semiconductor when combined with tiny amounts of phosphorus, a
Many of its compounds are deadly poison and used as weed killer and rat poison. Conducts electricity. Used in
Light causes it to conduct electricity more easily. It is used in photoelectric cells, TV cameras, xerography mach
It was once used in large quantities to make a compound that removed lead compound build up in engines bur
Used in lighting products. Some is used as inert filler-gas in incandescent bulbs. Some is mixed with argon in flu
Used as a catalyst, photocells, and vacuum and cathode-ray tubes.
Used in flares and fireworks for crimson color. Strontium-90 is a long lived highly radioactive fallout product of
Combined with europium to make red phosphors for color TV's. Yttrium oxide and iron oxide combine to form a
Used in alloys such as zircaloy which is used in nuclear applications since it does not readily absorb neutrons. A
Used as an alloy with iron and nickel. It can be used in nuclear reactors and is known to be superconductive wh
Its alloys are used in aircraft, missiles, and protective coatings in boiler plate.
Added to iron in quantities as low as 55 part-per-million transforms the iron into a corrosion-resistant alloy.
Used to harden platinum and palladium. Aircraft magnetos use platinum alloy with 10% ruthenium.
Used as a coating to prevent wear on high quality science equipment and with platinum to make thermocouple
Used as a substitue for silver in dental items and jewelry. The pure metal is used as the delicate mainsprings in
Used in alloys for jewelry and in other compounds for photography. It is also a good conductor, but expensive.
Used in nickel-cadmium batteries. Also in electroplating steel and in the manufacture of berings. Its compounds
Used to coat high speed bearings and as an alloy that lowers the melting point of other metals. Relativly small
Used as a coating for steel cans since it is nontoxic and noncorrosive. Also in solder (33%Sn:67%Pb), bronze (2
It is alloyed with other metals to increase their hardness. Also in the manufacture of a few special types of sem
Used to improve the machining quality of copper and stainless steel products and to color glass and ceramics.
Required in small amounts by humans. Once used as an antiseptic, but no longer due to its poisonous nature.
Used for filling flash lamps and other powerful lamps. Electrical excitation of xenon produces a burst of brilliant
Used as a 'getter' to remove air traces in vacuum and cathode-ray tubes. Also used in producing photoelectric
Barite, or barium sulfate (BaSO4), when ground is used as a filter for rubber, plastics, and resins. It is insoluable
It is used in the electodes of high-intensity, carbon-arc lights. Also used in the production of high-grade europiu
Its oxides are used in the optics and glass-making industries. Its salts are used in the photography and textile in
Used with neodymium to make lenses for glass maker's goggles since it filters out the yellow light present in gl
Used in making artificial ruby for lasers. Also in ceramics and for a special lens with praseodymium. Also to pro
It has been used as a source of radioactivity for thickness-measuring gages.
It is used in the electronics and ceramics industries. It is easily magnetized and very difficult to demagnetize. T
Used with yttrium oxide to make red phosphors for color televisions.
Used in steel alloying agents and the manufacture of electronic components.
It is used in modest amounts in special lasers and solid-state devices.
Its uses are limited to the experimental and esoteric.
It has very few practical applications; however, it has some unusual magnetic properties that offer some hope f
Erbium oxide is used in ceramics to obtain a pink glaze. Also a few uses in the nuclear industry and as an alloyi
Radioactive thulium is used to power portable x-ray machines, eliminating the need for electrical equipment.
Used in metallurgical and chemical experiments.
It has no practical applications.
Used in reactor control rods because of its ability to absorb neutrons.
Often used as an economical substitute for platinum. Tantalum pentoxide is used in capacitors and in camera l
Made into filaments for vacuum tubes and electric lights. Also as contact points in cars. Combined with calcium
Mixed with tungsten or platinum to make filaments for mass spectrographs. Its main value is as a trace alloying
Used to tip gold pen points, instrument pivots, to make electric light filaments. Used for high temp. alloys and p
Used with osmium to tip gold pen points, to make crucible and special containers. Also to make alloys used for
Used in jewelry, to make crucible and special containers and as a catalyst. Used with cobalt to produce very str
Very malleable. Used in electronics, jewelry and coins. It is a good reflector of infrared radiation, so a thin film o
Used in thermometers, barometers, and batteries. Also used in electrical switches and mercury-vapor lighting p
Its compounds are used in rat and ant poisons. Also for detecting infrared radiation.
Used in solder, shielding against radiation and in batteries.
Main use is in pharmaceuticals and low melting point alloys used as fuses.
Used in industrial equipment that eliminates static electricity caused by such processes as rolling paper, wire, a
Since its isotopes have such short half-lives there are no commercially significant compounds of astatine.
Used to treat some forms of cancer.
Since its isotopes have such short half-lives there are no commercially significant compounds of francium.
Used in treating cancer because of the gamma rays it gives off.
It has no significant commercial applications.
Used in making strong alloys. Also in ultraviolet photoelectric cells. It is a common ingredient in high-quality len
For many centuries it was used as a pigment for glass. Now it is used as a fuel in nuclear reactors and in bombs
Used in bombs and reactors. Small quantities are used in thermo-electric generators.
Americium-241 is currently used in smoke detectors.
469895758.xls
PROPERIES OF THE ELEMENTS (TABLE 2)

Element Group Period Atomic No.Atomic Mass (amu)
Melting Point (K)Boiling Point (K)Density (g/cm^3)
Hydrogen 1a 1 1 1.0079 13.96 20.39 0.00
Helium 8a 1 2 4.0026 0.95 4.215 0.00
Lithium 1a 2 3 6.941 453.69 1619.16 0.53
Beryllium 2a 2 4 9.0122 1560 2757.15 1.85
Boron 3a 2 5 10.81 2450 3931.15 2.46
Carbon 4a 2 6 12.011 3920 5100.15 2.25
Nitrogen 5a 2 7 14.07 63.18 77.35 0.00
Oxygen 6a 2 8 15.9994 54.36 90.188 0.00
Fluorine 7a 2 9 18.998 53.53 85.01 0.00
Neon 8a 2 10 20.1797 24.55 27.102 0.00
Sodium 1a 3 11 22.9898 370.95 1154.55 0.97
Magnesium 2a 3 12 24.305 923 1378.15 1.74
Aluminum 3a 3 13 26.9815 933.52 2720 2.70
Silicon 4a 3 14 28.0855 1685 2953 2.33
Phosphorus 5a 3 15 30.9738 317.25 553.15 1.83
Sulfur 6a 3 16 32.066 388.36 717.824 1.96
Chlorine 7a 3 17 35.4527 172.17 239.1 0.00
Argon 8a 3 18 39.948 83.77 87.28 0.00
Potassium 1a 4 19 39.0983 336.9 1038.7 0.87
Calcium 2a 4 20 40.078 1123 1757.15 1.55
Scandium 3b 4 21 44.9559 1812 3003 2.992
TItanium 4b 4 22 47.88 1943 3562 4.507
Vanadium 5b 4 23 50.9415 2190 3682 6.1
Chromium 6b 4 24 51.996 2130 2945 7.19
Manganese 7b 4 25 54.93805 1517 2393 7.3
Iron 8b 4 26 55.847181 1810 3145.5 7.86
Cobalt 8b 4 27 58.9332 1767 3170.3 8.9
Nickel 8b 4 28 58.69 1728 3193 8.9
Copper 1b 4 29 63.546 1357.7 2855 8.92
Zinc 2b 4 30 65.39 692.8 1184 7.1
Gallium 3a 4 31 69.723 302.93 2253 5.903
Germanium 4a 4 32 72.61 1213 3125 5.323
Arsenic 5a 4 33 74.9216 885(s) 5.72
Selenium 6a 4 34 78.96 490 958 4.48
Bromine 7a 4 35 79.904 265.9 331.91 3.1028
Krypton 8a 4 36 83.8 115.95 119.75 0.0037
Rubidium 1a 5 37 85.4678 312 967 1.53
Strontium 2a 5 38 87.62 1042 1654 2.6
Yttrium 3b 5 39 88.9059 1803 3577 4.478
Zirconium 4b 5 40 91.224 2125 4777 6.52
Niobium 5b 5 41 92.9064 2750 5136 8.57
Molybdenum 6b 5 42 95.94 2883 4919 10.2
Technetium 7b 5 43 97.9072 2523 4840 11.487
Ruthenium 8b 5 44 101.07 2700 4392 12.45
Rhodium 8b 5 45 102.90552236 2236 4000 12.41
Palladium 8b 5 46 106.42 1827 3213 12.023
Page 38
469895758.xls
Silver 1b 5 47 107.8682 1235.08 2437 10.5

Cadmium 2b 5 48 114.411 594.26 1040 8.542
Indium 3a 5 49 114.82 429.78 2343 7.28
Tin 4a 5 50 118.71 505.12 2896 7.28
Antimony 5a 5 51 121.75 903.89 1913 6.684
Tellurium 6a 5 52 127.6 722.8 1282 6.24
Iodine 7a 5 53 126.9045 386.8 457.39 4.66
Xenon 8a 5 54 131.29 161.35 165.1 0.005987
Cesium 1a 6 55 132.9054 302 951.7 1.8785
Barium 2a 6 56 137.327 998.3 2122.2 3.59
Lanthanum 3b 6 57 138.9055 1193 3743 6.174
Cerium 6 58 140.115 1068 3743 6.77
Praseodynium 6 59 140.90765 1192 3403 6.782
Neodynium 6 60 144.24 1292 3384 7.004
Promethium 6 61 144.9127 1353 3000
Samarium 6 62 150.36 1345.3 2076 7.536
Europium 6 63 151.965 1099 1713 5.259
Gadolinium 6 64 157.25 1579 3273 7.895
Terbium 6 65 158.9253 1629 3073 8.272
Dysprosium 6 66 162.5 1773 2873 8.536
Holmium 6 67 164.9303 1734 2873 8.803
Erbium 6 68 167.26 1770 3173 9.051
Thulium 6 69 168.9342 1818 2003 9.332
Ytterbium 6 70 173.04 1097 1703 6.977
Lutetium 6 71 174.967 1925 3603 9.842
Hafnium 4b 6 72 178.49 1495 4723 13.31
Tantalum 5b 6 73 180.9479 3258 5786 15.5
Tungsten 6b 6 74 183.85 3680 5936 19.35
Rhenium 7b 6 75 186.207 3453 5960 21.04
Osmium 8b 6 76 190.2 3000 5770 22.61
Iridium 8b 6 77 192.22 2727 4662 22.65
Platinum 8b 6 78 195.08 2045 4097 21.45
Gold 1b 6 79 196.9665 1337.58 3081 19.3
Mercury 2b 6 80 200.59 234.29 629.81 13.545
Thallium 3a 6 81 204.3833 576.3 1760 11.8
Lead 4a 6 82 207.2 600.65 2024 11.34
Bismuth 5a 6 83 208.9804 544.59 1852 9.8
Polonium 6a 6 84 208.9824527 527 1235
Astinine 7a 6 85 209.9871 575 607
Radon 8a 6 86 222.0176 202 211
Francium 1a 7 87 223.0197 300
Radium 2a 7 88 226.0254 973 2010 6
Actinium 3b 7 89 227.0278 1323 3603
Thorium 7 90 232.0381 2023 5060 11.71
Protactinium 7 91 231.0359 1500 4300 15.37
Uranium 7 92 238.0289 1403 4200 19.05
Neptunium 7 93 237.0482 903 20.45
Plutonium 7 94 244.0642 912.8 3508 19.82
Americium 7 95 243.0614 1267 2870 13.67
Page 39
469895758.xls
Curium 7 96 247.0703 1620 13.51

Berkelium 7 97 247.0703 1558 3243 13.25
Californium 7 98 251.0796 1170
Einstienium 7 99 252.083
Fermium 7 100 257.0951
Mendeleevium 7 101 258.1
Nolelium 7 102 259.1009
Lawrencium 7 103 262.11
Ruthefordium 4b 7 104 261.11
Hanium 5b 7 105 262.114
Seaborgium 6b 7 106 263.118
Page 40
469895758.xls
Ionization Energy (kJ/mol)Atomic Radius (Å)

Electron Affinity (kJ/mol)
1312 0.32 72.80
2,372.30 0.50 -21
520 1.55 59.80
899.40 1.12 -240
800.60 0.98 27
1086.4 0.91 122.30
1,402.30 0.92 -7
1313.9 0.73 141.10
1,681.00 0.72 328.00
2,080.60 0.71 -29
495.80 1.9 52.70
737.70 1.60 -230
577.60 1.43 45
786.40 1.32 133.60
1011.7 1.28 71.70
999.58 1.27 200.42
1251.1 0.99 348.80
1520.5 0.98 -35
418.80 2.35 48.36
589.80 1.97 -156
631 1.606
658 1.448 20
650 1.321 50
652.80 1.249 64
717.40 1.24
759.30 1.241 24
758 1.253 70
736.70 1.246 111
745.40 1.278 118.30
906.40 1.332
578.80 1.41 29
762.1 1.37 120
947 1.39 77
940.90 1.4 194.96
1,139.90 1.14 324.60
1350.7 1.12 -39
403.00 2.48 46.89
549.50 2.15 -168
616 1.81 0
660 1.6 50
664 1.429 96
684.90 1.362 96
702 1.358 70
711 1.325 110
720 1.345 120
805 1.375 60
Page 41
469895758.xls
731.00 1.444 125.70

867.70 1.489
558.30 1.66 29
708.60 1.62 121
833.70 1.59 101
869.20 1.6 190.15
1,008.40 1.33 295.30
1170.4 1.31 -41
375.70 2.67 45.49
502.90 2.22 -52
538.10 1.877 50
527.80 1.825 50
523 1.828 50
530 1.821 50
535 1.81 50
543 1.802 50
547 2.042 50
592 1.802 50
564 1.782 50
572 1.773 50
581 1.766 50
589 1.757 50
596 1.78 50
603 1.94 50
524 1.734 50
642 1.564
761 1.43 60
770 1.37 60
760 1.37 14
840 1.34 110
880 1.357 150
870 1.38 205.30
890.10 1.442 222.74
1,007.00 1.6
589.30 1.71 30
715.50 1.75 110
703.30 1.7 110
812 1.76 180
1.42 270
1037 1.4 -41
2.7 44.00
509.30 2.2
498.80 1.878
587 1.798
568 1.606
584 1.385
597 1.31
585 1.51
578.20
Page 42
469895758.xls
581
601
608
619
627
635
642
Page 43
PROPERTIES OF THE ELEMENTS (TABLE 1)
Element AtomicSymbol Atomic Boiling point Melting point Density ( Heat vapour (
Hydrogen (H) 1 H 1.01 20.46 13.96 71 0.45
Helium (He) 2 He 4 4.26 3.46 126 0.08
Lithium (Li) 3 Li 6.94 1603.16 453.66 530 136.01
Beryllium (Be) 4 Be 9.01 3043.16 1550.16 1850 309.46
Boron (B) 5 B 10.81 2303.16 2340 536.01
Carbon (C) 6 C 12.01 5103.16 4000.16 2260 719.01
Nitrogen (N) 7 N 14.01 77.36 63.16 810 2.79
Oxygen (O) 8 O 16 90.16 54.36 1140 3.41
Fluorine (F) 9 F 19 84.96 53.56 1505 3.16
Neon (Ne) 10 Ne 20.18 27.16 24.56 1200 1.77
Sodium (Na) 11 Na 22.99 1165.16 370.96 970 101.01
Magnesium (Mg) 12 Mg 24.31 1380.16 923.16 1740 136.17
Aluminum (Al) 13 Al 26.98 2723.16 933.16 2700 284.34
Silicon (Si) 14 Si 28.09 2953.16 1683.16 2330 170.02
Phosphorus (P) 15 P 30.98
Sulfur (S) 16 S 32.06 717.76 392.16 2070 12.6
Chlorine (Cl) 17 Cl 35.45 238.46 172.16 1560 10.22
Argon (Ar) 18 Ar 39.95 87.36 83.76 1400 6.53
Potassium (K) 19 K 39.1 1033.16 336.86 860 79.15
Calcium (Ca) 20 Ca 40.08 1713.16 1111.16 1550 153.85
Scandium (Sc) 21 Sc 44.96 3003.16 1812.16 3000 339.2
Titanium (Ti) 22 Ti 47.9 3533.16 1941.16 4510 445.98
Vanadium (V) 23 V 50.94 3723.16 2173.16 6100 443.89
Chromium (Cr) 24 Cr 52 2938.16 2148.16 7190 305.57
Manganese (Mn) 25 Mn 54.94 2423.16 1518.16 7430 224.87
Iron (Fe) 26 Fe 55.85 3273.16 1809.16 7860 354.27
Cobalt (Co) 27 Co 58.93 3173.16 1768.16 8900 389.45
Nickel (Ni) 28 Ni 58.71 3003.16 1726.16 8900 381.07
Copper (Cu) 29 Cu 63.54 2868.16 1356.16 8960 304.86
Zinc (Zn) 30 Zn 65.37 1179.16 692.66 7140 114.74
Gallium (Ga) 31 Ga 69.72 2510.16 302.96 5910
Germanium (Ge) 32 Ge 72.59 3103.16 1210.56 5320 284.76
Arsenic (As) 33 As 74.99 886.16 1090.16 5720 32.45
Selenium (Se) 34 Se 78.96 958.16 490.16 4790 13.99
Bromine (Br) 35 Br 79.91 331.16 265.96 3120 14.99
Krypton (Kr) 36 Kr 83.8 121.16 115.86 2600 9.05
Rubidium (Rb) 37 Rb 85.47 961.16 312.06 1530 75.8
Strontium (Sr) 38 Sr 87.62 1653.16 1041.16 2600 141.54
Yttrium (Y) 39 Y 88.91
Zirconium (Zr) 40 Zr 91.22 3853.16 2125.16 6490 502.51
Niobium (Nb) 41 Nb 92.91 3573.16 2741.16 8400
Molybdenum (Mo) 42 Mo 95.94 5833.16 2883.16 10200 536.01
Technetium (Tc) 43 Tc 96.91
Ruthenium (Ru) 44 Ru 101.1 5173.16 2773.16 12200 619.77
Rhodium (Rh) 45 Rh 102.9 4773.16 2239.16 12400 531.83
Palladium (Pd) 46 Pd 106.4 4253.16 1825.16 12000 376.88
Silver (Ag) 47 Ag 107.9 2483.16 1233.96 10500 254.19
Cadmium (Cd) 48 Cd 112.4 1038.16 594.06 8650 100.08
Indium (In) 49 In 114.8 2273.16 429.36 7310 224.87
Tin (Sn) 50 Sn 118.7 2543.16 505.06 7300 293.13
Antimony (Sb) 51 Sb 121.8 1653.16 903.66 6620 195.14
Tellurium (Te) 52 Te 127.6
Iodine (I) 53 I 126.9 456.16 386.86 4940 21.78
Xenon (Xe) 54 Xe 131.3 165.16 161.26 3060 12.65
Cesium (Cs) 55 Cs 132.9 963.16 301.86 1900 68.26
Barium (Ba) 56 Ba 137.3 1913.16 987.16 3500 149.5
Lanthanum (La) 57 La 138.9 3743.16 1193.16 6170 402.01
Cerium (Ce) 58 Ce 140.1 3741.16 1068.16 6670 397.82
Praseodymium (Pr) 59 Pr 140.9 3400.16 1208.16 6770 330.82
Neodymium (Nd) 60 Nd 144.2 3300.16 1297.16 7000 288.94
Promethium (Pm) 61 Pm 144.9
Samarium (Sm) 62 Sm 150.4 2173.16 1345.16 7540 192.63
Europium (Eu) 63 Eu 152 1712.16 1099.16 5260 175.88
Gadolinium (Gd) 64 Gd 157.3 3273.16 1585.16 7890 301.51
Terbium (Tb) 65 Tb 158.9 3073.16 1629.16 8270 293.13
Dysprosium (Dy) 66 Dy 162.5 2873.16 1680.16 8540 280.57
Holmium (Ho) 67 Ho 164.9 2873.16 1734.16 8800 280.57
Erbium (Er) 68 Er 167.3 3173.16 1770.16 9050 280.57
Thulium (Tm) 69 Tm 168.9 2000.16 1818.16 9330 247.07
Ytterbium (Yb) 70 Yb 173 1700.16 1097.16 6980 159.13
Lutetium (Lu) 71 Lu 175 3600.16 1925.16 9840 376.88
Hafnium (Hf) 72 Hf 178.5 5673.16 2495.16 13100 649.08
Tantalum (Ta) 73 Ta 181 5698.16 3269.16 16600 753.77
Wolfram (W) 74 W 183.9 6203.16 3683.16 19300 774.71
Rhenium (Re) 75 Re 186.2 6173.16 3453.16 21000 636.52
Osmium (Os) 76 Os 190.2 5773.16 3273.16 22600 678.39
Iridium (Ir) 77 Ir 192.2
Platinum (Pt) 78 Pt 195.1 4803.16 2042.16 21400 510.89
Gold (Au) 79 Au 197 3243.16 1336.16 19300 342.55
Mercury (Hg) 80 Hg 200.6 630.16 234.76 13600 58.21
Thallium (Tl) 81 Tl 204.4 1730.16 576.16 11850 162.48
Lead (Pb) 82 Pb 207.2 1998.16 600.56 11400 176.72
Bismuth (Bi) 83 Bi 209 1833.16 544.46 9800 178.81
Polonium (Po) 84 Po 209
Astatine (At) 85 At 210
Radon (Rn) 86 Rn 222
Francium (Fr) 87 Fr 223
Radium (Ra) 88 Ra 226 973.16 5000 114.74
Actinium (Ac) 89 Ac 227
Thorium (Th) 90 Th 232 4123.16 2023.16 11700
Protactinium (Pa) 91 Pa 231
Uranium (U) 92 U 238 4091.16 1405.16 19070 460.64
Neptunium (Np) 93 Np 237 910.16 19500 394.89
Plutonium (Pu) 94 Pu 242 3508.16 913.16 365.16
Americium (Am) 95 Am 243.1
Curium (Cm) 96 Cm 247.1
Berkelium (Bk) 97 Bk 247.1
Californium (Cf) 98 Cf 251.1
Einsteinium (Es) 99 Es 254.1
Fermium (Fm) 100 Fm 257.1
Mendelevium (Md) 101 Md 257.1
Nobelium (No) 102 No 255.1
Lawrencium (Lr) 103 Lr 256.1
?? (Rf) 104 Rf
?? (Ha) 105 Ha
ABLE 1)
Heat fusion (kTh CondSpecific Heat Capacity (J/kg/K)
0.06 0.17 14447.24
0.02 0.13 5234.51
3.02 10.8 71.19 3308.21
11.73 25 159.13 1884.42
22.19 0 1293.97
0.07 23.87 690.95
0.36 0.03 1034.34
0.22 0.03 912.9
0.26 753.77
0.34 0.04
2.6 21.8 134 1235.34
8.96 22.4 159.13 1046.9
10.68 38.2 209.38 900.34
46.48 10 83.75 678.39
1.42 0 0.29 732.83

3.22 0.01 485.76
1.18 0.02 523.45
2.3 14.3 96.31 741.21
8.79 21.8 125.63 623.95
15.91 1.5 6.28 544.39
15.49 2.4 527.64
17.59 4 502.51
13.82 7.8 67 460.64
14.66 5.4 481.57
15.37 10 75.38 460.64
15.24 16 67 414.57
17.63 14.5 92.13 439.7
13.02 59.3 393.63 385.26
7.37 16.7 113.07 383.17
5.61 5.8 330.82
31.83 2.2 58.63 305.7
27.72 2.9 343.38
5.23 8 0 351.76
5.28 0 293.13
1.63 0.01
2.3 8 335.01
8.79 4.3 737.02
16.75 2.4 276.38

26.8 8 52.35 272.19
27.64 19 146.57 255.44
25.54 10 238.69
21.78 22 87.94 247.07
16.75 9.3 71.19 242.88
11.31 61.6 410.39 234.51
6.11 14.6 92.13 230.32
3.27 11.1 23.87 238.69
7.2 8.8 67 226.13
19.85 2.6 20.94 205.19
7.83 0 0.42 217.76

2.3 0.04
2.09 5.3 217.76
7.66 1.6 284.76
6.28 1.7 13.82 188.44
5.03 1.3 10.89 175.88
6.7 1.5 11.73 201.01
7.12 1.3 12.98 188.44
8.79 1.1 175.88

9.21 1.2 163.32
15.49 0.7 8.79 297.32
16.33 0.9 184.25
17.17 1.1 10.05 171.69
17.17 1.1 163.32
17.17 1.2 9.63 167.5
18.43 1.1 159.13
7.54 3.5 146.57
19.26 1.5 154.94
21.78 3.1 92.13 146.57
28.48 8.1 54.44 150.75
33.71 18.1 167.5 134
33.08 5.1 71.19 138.19
26.8 11 129.82
19.68 9.5 71.19 134

12.69 42 297.32 129.82
2.35 1.1 8.38 138.19
4.27 5.5 38.94 129.82
5.11 4.6 34.76 129.82
10.89 0.9 8.38 142.38
10.05
19.26 5.5 142.38
11.31 3.4 26.8 117.25

Most stable oxidation State
At. Radius (angstroms)

covalent radius
BP (K)
Density
Symbol
MP (K)
at. wt.
Name
At. #
0
hydrogen 1 H 20.28 13.81 0.0899 1.00797 1 0.32 0.79
helium 2 He 4.216 0.95 0.1785 4.0026 0 0.93 0.49
lithium 3 Li 1615 453.7 0.53 6.941 1 1.23 2.05
beryllium 4 Be 3243 1560 1.85 9.01218 2 0.9 1.4
boron 5 B 4275 2365 2.34 10.811 3 0.82 1.17
carbon 6 C 5100 3825 2.26 12.011 4 0.77 0.91
nitrogen 7 N 77.344 63.15 1.251 14.0067 3 0.75 0.75
oxygen 8 O 90.188 54.8 1.429 15.9994 2 0.73 0.65
fluorine 9 F 85 53.55 1.696 18.9984 1 0.72 0.57
neon 10 Ne 27.1 24.55 0.9 20.1797 0 0.71 0.51
sodium 11 Na 1156 371 0.97 22.98977 1 1.54 2.23
magnesium 12 Mg 1380 922 1.74 24.305 2 1.36 1.72
aluminum 13 Al 2740 933.5 2.7 26.98154 3 1.18 1.62
silicon 14 Si 2630 1683 2.33 28.0855 4 1.11 1.44
phosphorus 15 P 553 317.3 1.82 30.97376 5 1.06 1.23
sulfur 16 S 717.82 392.2 2.07 32.066 6 1.02 1.09
chlorine 17 Cl 239.18 172.17 3.214 35.4527 1 0.99 0.97
argon 18 Ar 87.45 83.95 1.784 39.948 0 0.98 0.88
potassium 19 K 1033 336.8 0.86 39.0983 1 2.03 2.77
calcium 20 Ca 1757 1112 1.55 40.078 2 1.74 2.23
scandium 21 Sc 3109 1814 2.99 44.9559 3 1.44 2.09
titanium 22 Ti 3560 1935 4.54 47.88 4 1.32 2
vanadium 23 V 3650 2163 6.11 50.9415 5 1.22 1.92
chromium 24 Cr 2945 2130 7.19 51.996 3 1.18 1.85
manganese 25 Mn 2235 1518 7.44 54.938 4 1.17 1.79
iron 26 Fe 3023 1808 7.874 55.847 3 1.17 1.72
cobalt 27 Co 3143 1768 8.9 58.9332 2 1.16 1.67
nickel 28 Ni 3005 1726 8.9 58.6934 2 1.15 1.62
copper 29 Cu 2840 1356.6 8.96 63.456 2 1.17 1.57
zinc 30 Zn 1180 692.73 7.13 65.39 2 1.25 1.53
gallium 31 Ga 2478 302.92 5.91 69.723 3 1.26 1.81
germanium 32 Ge 3107 1211.5 5.32 72.61 4 1.22 1.52
arsenic 33 As 876 1090 5.78 74.9216 3 1.2 1.33
selenium 34 Se 958 494 4.79 78.96 4 1.16 1.22
bromine 35 Br 331.85 265.95 3.12 79.904 1 1.14 1.12
krypton 36 Kr 120.85 116 3.75 83.8 0 1.89 1.03
rubidium 37 Rb 961 312.63 1.532 85.4678 1 2.16 2.98
strontium 38 Sr 1655 1042 2.54 87.62 2 1.91 2.45
yttrium 39 Y 3611 1795 4.47 88.9059 3 1.62 2.27
zirconium 40 Zr 4682 2128 6.51 91.224 4 1.45 2.16
niobium 41 Nb 5015 2742 8.57 92.9064 5 1.34 2.08
molybdenum 42 Mo 4912 2896 10.22 95.94 6 1.3 2.01
technetium 43 Tc 4538 2477 11.5 98 7 1.27 1.95
ruthenium 44 Ru 4425 2610 12.37 101.07 3 1.25 1.89
rhodium 45 Rh 3970 2236 12.41 102.9055 3 1.25 1.83
palladium 46 Pd 3240 1825 12 106.42 2 1.28 1.79
silver 47 Ag 2436 1235.08 10.5 107.868 1 1.34 1.75
cadmium 48 Cd 1040 594.26 8.65 112.41 2 1.41 1.71
indium 49 In 2350 429.78 7.31 114.82 3 1.44 2
tin 50 Sn 2876 505.12 7.31 118.71 4 1.41 1.72
antimony 51 Sb 1860 903.91 6.69 121.757 3 1.4 1.53
tellurium 52 Te 1261 722.72 6.24 127.6 4 1.36 1.42
iodine 53 I 457.5 386.7 4.93 126.9045 1 1.33 1.32
xenon 54 Xe 165.1 161.39 5.9 131.29 0 1.31 1.24
cesium 55 Cs 944 301.54 1.87 132.9054 1 2.35 3.34
barium 56 Ba 2078 1002 3.59 137.33 2 1.98 2.76
lanthanum 57 La 3737 1191 6.15 138.9055 3 1.25 2.74
cerium 58 Ce 3715 1071 6.77 140.12 3 1.65 2.7
praseodymium 59 Pr 3785 1204 6.77 140.9077 3 1.65 2.67
neodymium 60 Nd 3347 1294 7.01 144.24 3 1.64 2.64
promethium 61 Pm 3273 1315 7.22 145 3 1.63 2.62
samarium 62 Sm 2067 1347 2.75 150.36 3 1.62 2.59
europium 63 Eu 1800 1095 5.24 151.965 3 1.85 2.56
gadolinium 64 Gd 3545 1585 7.9 157.25 3 1.61 2.54
terbium 65 Tb 3500 1629 8.23 158.9253 3 1.59 2.51
dysprosium 66 Dy 2840 1685 8.55 162.5 3 1.59 2.49
holmium 67 Ho 2968 1747 8.8 164.9303 3 1.58 2.47
erbium 68 Er 3140 1802 9.07 167.26 3 1.57 2.45
thulium 69 Tm 2223 1818 9.32 168.9342 3 1.56 2.42
ytterbium 70 Yb 1469 1092 6.97 173.04 3 1.7 2.4
lutetium 71 Lu 3668 1936 9.84 174.967 3 1.56 2.25
hafnium 72 Hf 4875 2504 13.31 178.49 4 1.44 2.16
tantalum 73 Ta 5730 3293 16.65 180.9479 5 1.34 2.09
tungsten 74 W 5825 3695 19.3 183.85 6 1.3 2.02
rhenium 75 Re 5870 3455 21 186.207 7 1.28 1.97
osmium 76 Os 5300 3300 22.6 190.2 4 1.26 1.92
iridium 77 Ir 4700 2720 22.6 192.22 4 1.27 1.87
platinum 78 Pt 4100 2042.1 21.45 195.08 4 1.3 1.83
gold 79 Au 3130 1337.58 19.3 196.9665 3 1.34 1.79
mercury 80 Hg 629.88 234.31 13.55 200.59 2 1.49 1.76
thallium 81 Tl 1746 577 11.85 204.383 1 1.48 2.08
lead 82 Pb 2023 600.65 11.35 207.2 2 1.47 1.81
bismuth 83 Bi 1837 544.59 9.75 208.9804 3 1.46 1.63
polonium 84 Po 1235 527 9.3 209 4 1.53 1.53
astatine 85 At 610 575 210 1 1.47 1.43
radon 86 Rn 211.4 202 9.73 222 0 1.34
francium 87 Fr 950 300 223 1 2.7
radium 88 Ra 1413 973 5 226.0254 2 2.23
actinium 89 Ac 3470 1324 10.07 227 3 1.88
thorium 90 Th 5060 2028 11.72 232.0381 4 1.65 1.8
protactinium 91 Pa 4300 1845 15.4 231.0359 5 1.61
uranium 92 U 4407 1408 18.95 238.029 6 1.42 1.38
neptunium 93 Np 4175 912 20.2 237.0482 5 1.3
plutonium 94 Pu 3505 913 19.84 244 4 1.08 1.51
americium 95 Am 2880 1449 13.7 243 3 1.84
curium 96 Cm 1620 13.5 247 3
berkelium 97 Bk 1620 14 247 3
californium 98 Cf 1170 251
einsteinium 99 Es 1170 252 3
fermium 100 Fm 1130 257 3
mendelevium 101 Md 1800 258 3
nobelium 102 No 1100 259 3
lawrencium 103 Lr 1900 260 3
rutherfordium 104 Rf 261
hahnium 105 Ha 262
seaborgium 106 Sg 263
hassium 107 Hs 262
bohrium 108 Bh 265
meitnerium 109 Mt 266
ununnilium 110 Uun
Years Since Discovery
electrical conductivity
specific heat capacity
Heat of Vaporization
thermal conductivity
Electro- negativity
heat of fusion
First IP
Family
orbitla
Group
13.598 0.1815 0.0585 0.4581 2.2 254 Hydroge 1 s
24.587 0.152 0.021 0.084 152 Noble ga 18 s
5.392 3.582 84.7 11.7 3 147.1 0.98 203 Alkali M 1 s
9.322 1.825 200 25 11.71 297 1.57 222 Alkaline 2 s
5.298 1.026 27 5E-12 22.6 507.8 2.04 212 Boron 13 p
11.26 0.709 0.07 715 2.55 * Carbon 14 p
14.534 1.042 0.02598 0.36 2.7928 3.04 248 Pnictide 15 p
13.618 0.92 0.2674 0.222 3.4109 3.44 246 Chalcog 16 p
17.422 0.824 0.0279 0.26 3.2698 3.98 154 Halogen 17 p
21.564 1.03 0.0493 0.34 1.77 122 Noble ga 18 p
5.139 1.23 141 20.1 2.601 98.01 0.93 213 Alkali M 1 s
7.646 1.02 156 22.4 8.95 127.6 1.31 212 Alkaline 2 s
5.986 0.9 237 37.7 10.7 290.8 1.61 195 Boron 13 p
8.151 0.7 148 0.0004 50.2 359 1.9 196 Carbon 14
10.486 0.769 0.235 1E-16 0.63 12.4 2.19 351 Pnictide 15 p
10.36 0.71 0.269 5E-16 1.73 10 2.58 * Chalcog 16 p
12.967 0.48 0.0089 3.21 10.2 3.16 246 Halogen 17 p
15.759 0.52 0.0177 1.188 6.506 126 Noble ga 18 p
4.341 0.757 102.5 16.4 2.33 76.9 0.82 213 Alkali M 1 s
6.113 0.647 200 31.3 8.53 154.67 1 212 Alkaline 2 s
6.54 0.568 15.8 1.5 16.11 304.8 1.36 150 Transiti 3 d
6.82 0.523 21.9 2.6 18.6 425.2 1.54 229 Transiti 4 d
6.74 0.489 30.7 4 22.8 446.7 1.63 190 Transiti 5 d
6.766 0.449 93.7 7.9 20 339.5 1.66 223 Transiti 6 d
7.435 0.48 7.82 0.5 14.64 219.74 1.55 246 Transiti 7 d
7.87 0.449 80.2 11.2 13.8 349.5 1.83 * Transiti 8 d
7.86 0.421 100 17.9 16.19 373.3 1.88 285 Transiti 9 d
7.635 0.444 90.7 14.6 17.2 377.5 1.91 269 Transiti 10 d
7.726 0.385 401 60.7 13.14 300.5 1.9 * Transiti 11 d
9.394 0.388 116 16.9 7.38 115.3 1.65 770 Transiti 12 d
5.999 0.371 40.6 1.8 5.59 256.06 1.81 145 Boron 13 p
7.899 0.32 59.9 3E-06 31.8 334.3 2.01 134 Carbon 14 p
9.81 0.33 50 3.8 27.7 32.4 2.16 770 Pnictide 15 p
9.752 0.32 2.04 8 5.54 26.32 2.55 203 Chalcog 16 p
11.814 0.226 0.122 1E-16 5.286 14.725 2.96 194 Halogen 17 p
13.999 0.248 0.00949 1.638 9.029 122 Noble ga 18 p
4.177 0.363 58.2 47.8 2.34 69.2 0.82 159 Alkali M 1 s
5.695 0.3 3.53 5 8.2 136.9 0.95 230 Alkaline 2 s
6.38 0.3 17.2 1.8 17.15 393.3 1.22 192 Transiti 3 d
6.34 0.278 22.7 2.3 21 590.5 1.33 231 Transiti 4 d
6.88 0.265 53.7 6.6 26.9 690.1 1.6 156 Transiti 5 d
7.099 0.25 138 17.3 36 590.4 2.16 238 Transiti 6 d
7.28 0.24 50.6 0.001 23 502 1.9 83 Transiti 7 d
7.37 0.238 117 14.9 25.52 567.77 2.2 176 Transiti 8 d
7.46 0.242 150 23 21.76 495.39 2.28 217 Transiti 9 d
8.34 0.244 71.8 10 16.74 393.3 2.2 217 Transiti 10 d
7.576 0.235 429 62.9 11.3 250.63 1.93 * Transiti 11 d
8.993 0.232 96.8 14.7 6.07 99.87 1.69 203 Transiti 12 d
5.786 0.233 81.6 3.4 3.26 226.335 1.78 96 Boron 13 p
7.344 0.228 66.6 8.7 7.2 290.37 1.96 * Carbon 14 p
8.641 0.207 24.3 2.6 19.83 67.97 2.05 420 Pnictide 15 p
9.009 0.202 2.35 0.0002 17.49 50.63 2.1 238 Chalcog 16 p
10.451 0.145 0.449 1E-11 7.76 20.9 2.66 209 Halogen 17 p
12.13 0.158 0.00569 2.3 12.64 122 Noble ga 18 p
3.894 0.24 35.9 5.3 2.092 67.74 0.79 160 Alkali M 1 s
5.212 0.204 18.4 2.8 8.01 140.2 0.89 212 Alkaline 2 s
5.58 0.19 13.5 1.9 11.3 399.57 1.1 181 Rare Ear 3 d
5.54 0.19 11.4 1.4 9.2 313.8 1.12 217 Rare Ear 3 f
5.46 0.193 12.5 1.5 10.04 332.63 1.13 135 Rare Ear 3 f
5.53 0.19 16.5 1.6 10.88 283.68 1.14 179 Rare Ear 3 f
5.554 17.9 2 1.13 79 Rare Ear 3 f
5.64 0.197 1.3.3 1.1 11.09 191.63 1.17 141 Rare Ear 3 f
5.67 0.182 13.9 1.1 10.46 175.73 1.2 119 Rare Ear 3 f
6.15 0.236 10.6 0.8 15.48 311.71 1.2 134 Rare Ear 3 f
5.86 0.18 11.1 0.9 1.2 177 Rare Ear 3 f
5.94 0.173 10.7 1.1 11.06 230 1.22 134 Rare Ear 3 f
6.018 0.165 16.2 1.1 17.15 251.04 1.23 142 Rare Ear 3 f
6.101 0.168 14.3 1.2 17.15 292.88 1.24 178 Rare Ear 3 f
6.184 0.16 16.8 1.3 16.8 191 1.25 141 Rare Ear 3 f
6.254 0.155 34.9 3.7 7.7 128 1.1 113 Rare Ear 3 f
5.43 0.15 16.4 1.5 18.6 355 1.27 113 Rare Ear 3 d
6.65 0.14 23 3.4 21.76 661.07 1.3 97 Transiti 4 d
7.89 0.14 57.5 8.1 36 737 1.5 218 Transiti 5 d
7.98 0.13 174 18.2 35.4 422.58 2.36 237 Transiti 6 d
7.88 0.137 47.9 5.8 33.05 707.1 1.9 95 Transiti 7 d
8.7 0.13 87.6 12.3 29.29 627.6 2.2 217 Transiti 8 d
9.1 0.13 147 21.3 26.36 563.58 2.2 217 Transiti 9 d
9 0.13 71.6 9.4 19.66 510.45 2.28 285 Transiti 10 d
9.225 0.128 317 48.8 12.36 324.43 2.54 * Transiti 11 d
10.437 0.14 8.34 1 2.292 59.3 2 * Transiti 12 d
6.108 0.129 46.1 5.6 4.27 162.09 2.04 159 Boron 13 p
7.416 0.129 35.3 4.8 4.77 177.9 2.33 * Carbon 14 p
7.289 0.122 7.87 0.9 11 179 2.02 267 Pnictide 15 p
8.42 20 0.7 13 120 2 122 Chalcog 16 p
1.7 12 30 2.2 80 Halogen 17 p
10.748 0.094 0.00364 2.9 16.4 120 Noble ga 18 p
15 2.1 64 0.7 81 Alkali M 1 s
5.279 0.094 18.6 1 8.37 136.82 0.9 122 Alkaline 2 s
5.17 0.12 12 1.1 121 Rare Ear 3 d
6.01 0.113 54 7.1 15.65 543.92 1.3 192 Rare Ear 3 f
5.89 47 5.6 1.5 107 Rare Ear 3 f
6.05 0.12 27.6 3.6 15.48 422.58 1.38 231 Rare Ear 3 f
6.19 6.3 0.8 1.36 80 Rare Ear 3 f
6.06 0.13 6.74 0.7 1.28 80 Rare Ear 3 f
5.993 10 0.7 1.3 76 Rare Ear 3 f
6.02 10 1.3 76 Rare Ear 3 f
6.23 10 1.3 71 Rare Ear 3 f
6.3 10 1.3 70 Rare Ear 3 f
6.42 10 1.3 68 Rare Ear 3 f
6.5 10 1.3 68 Rare Ear 3 f
6.58 10 1.3 65 Rare Ear 3 f
6.65 10 1.3 62 Rare Ear 3 f
10 59 Rare Ear 3 d
56 Transiti 4 d
53 Transiti 5 d
46 Transiti 6 d
44 Transiti 7 d
Transiti 8 d
38 Transiti 9 d
Transiti 10 d
2nd most stable oxidation state
3rd most stable oxidation state
4th most stable oxidation state
% human body mass

Metal or Non-metal
length of name
mg/L seawater
mg/kg crust
M 1.40E+03 1.08E+05 1.00E+01 8
N 8.00E-03 7.00E-16 6
M 2.00E+01 1.80E-01 7
M 2.80E+00 5.60E-06 9
N 1.00E+01 4.44E+00 7.00E-05 5
N 2 2.00E+02 2.80E+01 2.30E+01 6
N 5 4 2 1.90E+01 5.00E+01 2.60E+00 8
N 4.61E+05 8.57E+05 6.10E+01 6
N 5.85E+02 1.30E+00 3.30E-03 8
N 5.00E-03 1.20E-04 4
M 2.36E-04 1.08E+04 1.40E-01 6
M 2.33E+04 1.29E+03 2.70E-02 9
M 8.23E+04 2.00E-03 9.00E-05 8
N 2 2.82E+05 2.20E+00 2.60E-02 7
N 5 4 1.05E+03 6.00E-02 1.10E+00 10
N 4 6 3.50E+02 9.05E+02 2.00E-01 6
N 3 5 7 1.45E+02 1.94E+04 1.20E-01 8
N 3.50E+00 4.50E-01 5
M 2.09E+04 3.99E+02 2.00E-01 9
M 4.15E+04 4.12E+02 1.40E+00 7
M 2.20E+01 6.00E-07 8
M 3 5.65E+03 1.00E-03 8
M 4 3 2 1.20E+02 2.50E-03 8
M 6 2 1.02E+02 3.00E-04 3.00E-06 8
M 2 7 6 9.50E+02 2.00E-04 2.00E-05 9
M 3 5.63E+04 2.00E-03 6.00E-03 4
M 3 2.50E+01 2.00E-05 2.00E-06 6
M 3 8.40E+01 5.60E-14 1.00E-05 6
M 1 6.00E+01 2.50E-14 1.00E-04 6
M 7.00E+01 4.90E-03 3.30E-03 4
M 1.90E+01 3.00E-05 7
M 1.50E+00 5.00E-05 9
N 5 1.80E+00 3.70E-03 7
N -2 6 5.00E-02 2.00E-04 8
N 5 7 2.40E+00 6.73E+01 2.90E-04 7
N 2 1.00E-04 2.10E-04 7
M 9.00E+01 1.20E-01 4.60E-04 8
M 3.70E+02 7.20E+00 4.60E-04 9
M 3.30E+01 1.30E-05 7
M 1.65E+02 3.00E-05 9
M 3 2.00E+01 1.00E-05 7
M 5 4 3 1.20E+00 1.00E-02 1.00E-05 10
M 10
M 4 2 6 1.00E-03 7.00E-07 9
M 2 4 1.00E-03 7
M 4 1.50E-02 9
M 7.50E-02 4.00E-05 6
M 1.50E-01 1.10E-04 7.00E-05 7
M 2.50E-01 2.00E-03 6
M 2 2.30E+00 4.00E-06 2.00E-05 3
M 5 2.00E-01 2.40E-04 8
N -2 6 1.00E-03 9
N 5 7 4.50E-01 6.00E-02 2.00E-05 6
N 2 4 6 3.00E-05 5.00E-05 5
M 3.00E+00 3.00E-04 2.00E-06 6
M 4.25E+02 1.30E-02 3.00E-05 6
M 3.90E+01 3.40E-06 9
M 4 6.65E+01 1.20E-06 6
M 4 9.20E+00 6.40E-07 12
M 4.15E+01 2.80E-06 9
M 10
M 2 7.05E+00 4.50E-07 8
M 2 2.00E+00 1.30E-07 8
M 6.20E+00 7.00E-07 10
M 4 1.20E+00 1.40E-07 7
M 5.20E+00 9.10E-07 10
M 1.30E+00 2.20E-07 7
M 3.50E+00 8.70E-07 6
M 2 5.20E-01 1.70E-07 7
M 2 3.20E+00 8.20E-07 9
M 8.00E-01 1.50E-07 8
M 3.00E+00 7.00E-06 7
M 2.00E+00 2.00E-06 8
M 5 4 3 1.25E+00 1.00E-04 8
M 4 6 2 7.00E-04 4.00E-06 7
M 3 6 8 1.50E-03 6
M 2 3 6 1.00E-03 7
M 2 5.00E-03 8
M 1 4.00E-03 4.00E-03 1.00E-05 4
M 1 8.50E-02 3.00E-05 7
M 3 8.50E-01 1.90E-05 8
M 4 1.40E-01 3.00E-05 1.70E-04 4
M 5 8.50E-03 2.00E-05 7
M 2 6 2.00E-10 1.40E-14 8
N 3 5 7 8
N 2 4.00E-13 6.00E-16 5
M 8
M 9.00E-07 8.90E-11 6
M 5.50E-10 8
M 9.60E+00 1.00E-06 7
M 4 1.40E-06 5.00E-11 12
M 5 4 3 2.70E+00 3.20E-03 1.00E-07 7
M 6 4 3 9
M 6 5 3 9
M 6 5 4 9
M 6
M 4 9
M 11
M 11
M 7
M 11
M 2 8
M 10
M 13
M 7
M 10
M 7
M 7
M 10
M 10
I Periodic Table Of Elements XVIII
1 2
Atomic Number
H The Atomic Number = the # of 38 Element Symbol He
1 1.008
Hydrogen
1 II
protons an atom has.
Sr One or two letter symbol used to
identify the element.
XIII XIV XV XVI XVII
4.003
Pe
2
3 4 Element Name 87.62 Atomic Mass 5 6 7 8 9 10
This is the name of the element.
Li Be Strontium The Atomic Mass = average mass B C N O F Ne
2 6.941 9.012
of an element's atom. We also
10.811 12.011 14.007 15.999 18.998 20.18
Lithium Beryllium
2, 8, 18, 8, 2 use it to find the # of neutrons an
Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Flourine Neon
2, 1 2, 2
atom has. Protons + neutrons = 2, 3 2, 4 2, 5 2, 6 2, 7 2, 8
Electron Configuration atomic mass. Atomic Mass -
11 12 Atomic # = # of neutrons. 13 14 15 16 17 18
Each # shows how many electrons fit in the energy
Na Mg level. To find the total # of electrons add up the Al Si P S Cl Ar
3 22.99 24.305 numbers. 26.982 28.086 30.974 32.066 35.453 39.948
Sodium Magnesium Aluminum Silicon Phosphorous Sulfur Chlorine Argon
2, 8, 1 2, 8, 2 III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII 2, 8, 3 2, 8, 4 2, 8, 5 2, 8, 6 2, 8, 7 2, 8, 8
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
4 39.098 40.078 44.956 47.88 50.942 51.996 54.938 55.847 58.933 58.69 63.546 65.39 69.723 72.61 74.922 78.96 79.904 83.8
Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton
2, 8, 8, 1 2, 8, 8, 2 2, 8, 9, 2 2, 8, 10, 2 2, 8, 11, 2 2, 8, 13, 1 2, 8, 13, 2 2, 8, 14, 2 2, 8, 15, 2 2, 8, 16, 2 2, 8, 18, 1 2, 8, 18, 2 2, 8, 18, 3 2, 8, 18, 4 2, 8, 18, 5 2, 8, 18, 6 2, 8, 18, 7 2, 8, 18, 8
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
5 85.468 87.62 88.906 91.224 92.906 95.94 (98) 101.07 102.906 106.42 107.868 112.411 114.818 118.71 121.75 127.6 126.904 131.29
Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon
2, 8, 18, 8, 1 2, 8, 18, 8, 2 2, 8, 18, 9, 2 2, 8, 18, 10, 2 2, 8, 18, 12, 1 2, 8, 18, 13, 1 2, 8, 18, 14, 1 2, 8, 18, 15, 1 2, 8, 18, 16, 1 2, 8, 18, 18, 0 2, 8, 18, 18, 1 2, 8, 18, 18, 2 2, 8, 18, 18, 3 2, 4, 18, 18, 4 2, 8, 18, 18, 5 2, 8, 18, 18, 6 2, 8, 18, 18, 7 2, 8, 18, 18, 8
55 56 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
Cs Ba Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
6 132.905 137.327 180.948 180.948 183.85 186.207 190.23 192.22 195.08 196.967 200.59 204.383 207.2 208.98 (209) (210) (222)
Cesium Barium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon
2, 8, 18, 18, 8, 1 2, 8, 18, 18, 8, 2 2, 8, 18, 32, 10, 2 2, 8, 18, 32, 11, 2 2, 8, 18, 32, 12, 2 2, 8, 18, 32, 13, 2 2, 8, 18, 32, 14, 2 2, 8, 18, 32, 15, 2 2, 8, 18, 32, 17, 1 2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 1 2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 2 2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 3 2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 4 2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 5 2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 6 2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 7 2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 8
87 88 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112

Fr Ra Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Uum Uuu Uub
7 (223) 226.025 (261) (262) (263) (262) (265) (266) (269) (272) (272)
Francium Radium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Ununnillum Unununium Ununbium
2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 8, 2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 8, 2, 8,18, 32, 32, 10, 2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 12, 2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 2, 8, 18, 32, 32,
1 2 2 11, 2 2 13, 2 14, 2 15, 2 17, 1 18, 1 18, 2
57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71
La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
138.906 140.115 140.908 144.24 (145) 150.36 151.965 157.25 158.925 162.5 164.93 167.26 168.934 173.04 174.967
Lanthanum Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium
2, 8, 18, 18, 9, 2 2, 8, 18, 20, 8, 2 2, 8, 18, 21, 8, 2 2, 8, 18, 22, 8, 2 2, 8, 18, 23, 8, 2 2, 8, 18, 24, 8, 2 2, 8, 18, 25, 8, 2 2, 8, 18, 25, 9, 2 2, 8, 18, 27, 8, 2 2, 8, 18, 28, 8, 2 2, 8, 18, 29, 8, 2 2, 8, 18, 30, 8, 2 2, 8, 18, 31, 8, 2 2, 8, 18, 32, 8, 2 2, 8, 18, 32, 9, 2
89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103

Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
227.028 232.038 231.036 238.029 237.048 (244) (243) (247) (247) (251) (252) (257) (258) (259) (260)
Actinium Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium
2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 9, 2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 2, 8, 18, 32, 21, 9, 2, 8, 18, 32, 23, 8, 2, 8, 18, 32, 24, 8, 2, 8, 18, 32, 25, 8, 2, 8, 18, 32, 25, 9, 2, 8, 18, 32, 26, 9, 2, 8, 18, 32, 28, 8, 2, 8, 18, 32, 29, 8, 2, 8, 18, 32, 30, 8, 2, 8, 18, 32, 31, 8, 2, 8, 2, 18, 32, 32, 2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 9,
2, 8, 18, 32, 20, 9, 2
2 10, 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 8, 2 2
Table created by Brigette Steinmetz

CSUN< 2004

Periodic Table of Elements SR: Strontium 2, 8, 18, 8, 2

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Periodic Table of Elements SR: Strontium 2, 8, 18, 8, 2

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I Periodic Table Of Elements XVIII

PROPERIES OF THE ELEMENTS (TABLE 2)

Silver 1b 5 47 107.8682 1235.08 2437 10.5

Curium 7 96 247.0703 1620 13.51

Ionization Energy (kJ/mol)Atomic Radius (Å)

731.00 1.444 125.70

1.42 0 0.29 732.83

16.75 2.4 276.38

7.83 0 0.42 217.76

8.79 1.1 175.88

19.68 9.5 71.19 134

19.26 5.5 142.38

11.31 3.4 26.8 117.25

At. Radius (angstroms)

3rd most stable oxidation state

4th most stable oxidation state

% human body mass

87 88 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112

89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103

Table created by Brigette Steinmetz

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