Bearing Fundamental

• Purpose of bearings
–Supporting Loads
–Transmitting rotational torque
–Reducing friction and power
consumption
Bearings Types
• Friction Bearings

• Anti-friction Bearings
– Ball Bearings
– Roller Bearings
– Needle Roller Bearings
Bearing Materials
• Bearing under high local stress at contact points
range from 1000 – 4000 N/mm2
• Bearing steel must posses high strength, good
hardenability, great toughness and favorable
wear properties.
• Commonly used low alloy chromium 100Cr6 or
SAE 52100. Other special application use
Casehardening steel, high temperature steel,
stainless steel or plastic bearings etc
• Grain structure: homogeneity, residual stresses,
microscopic: microscopic cleanliness
Bearing Materials
• Through Harden is most common used. When
high impact loading is anticipated, case
carburized steel is recommended.
• Surface of Case carburized bearing process the
same hardness as the through hardened steel
but with impact resistant internal core.
• Stainless steel is commonly use at corrosive
environment. It lack the necessary hardness but
only way for certain application.
 Bearing Fundamental
Outer Ring
Inner Ring Selection Criteria
Rolling •Radial, thrust load
elements carrying capacity
•Speed capability
Balls
•Overall Dimension
Rollers
•Misalignment capability
Needles
•Sealing
Steel •Temperature
Cage Bronze •Easy of handling
Aluminmun
Bearing Types
.
Ball Bearings
• Most common type
• Moderate radial load capability
• Low thrust load on both
direction
• Limited self aligning capability
• Moderate to high speed
• Open, Sealed or Shield design
• Inch or Metric dimension

6005, 6205, 6305

Angular Contact Ball Bearing
• Moderate radial load
• Thrust capability at one
direction only
• Moderate speed
• Poor misalignment
capability
• Special super precision
machine tool bearing

7005, 7205, 7305

Angular Contact Ball Bearings

Angular Contact DB arrangement

DF arrangement Double Row Angular

Contact
Spherical Roller Bearing

• Good self aligning capability

• High radial load and
moderate thrust load
capability
• Moderate speed
• Medium and heavy duty
applications
• Tapered or Straight bore
21305, 22205, 22305
Cylindrical Roller Bearings

Suitable for heavy radial load and high

speed application
Limited thrust load capability
Inner and outer ring separable
Many design variations meeting
different application requirement
Use at floating location

NU308, N310
Typical Cylindrical Roller Bearings

NU NJ NUP N

NF NH NNU
 Needle Roller Bearings
•same as that of NU type
cylindrical roller bearings,
bearings with minimum ring
sections offer space
savings and greater
resistance to radial load, by
using needle rollers.

•Bearings with no inner

rings function using heat-
treated and ground shafts
as their raceway surface.

•Can use with inner ring

HK0810RS, K24x28x10 •Inch and Metric dimension
Thrust Bearings
Spherical Roller Bearing
VIBRATING SCREENS
Bearings used : spherical roller brg
TYPICAL Vibrating Screen
1) W20 = outer ring with standard lube holes
2) W22 = Reduced O.D. tolerances
3) W33 = Outer ring with standard lubrication holes and machined
lubrication grooves in the center of O.D.
4) W40I= Inner ring made of carburizing grade steel (Dryer Brg)
5) W47 = Inner ring with oversize bore
6) W49 = Outer ring with oversized O.D.
7) W50 = Tapped holes in face of inner ring
8) W64I = Inner ring only made of premium quality carburizing
grade steel
9) W88 = Inner ring with reduced bore tolerance
10) W800 = Combines W88 & W22 features and the upper 2/3 of
the specified clearance

Example: 22319YMW800W33C4
VIBRATING SCREENS
Bearing Type : W800 Specification
STANDARD W800
Bearing #: 23332YMW33C4 23332YMW33W800C4
O.D. 340.000 / 339.958 W22 339.986 / 339.971
Housing bore 339.910 / 339.946 339.910 / 339.946
Fit 0.012 T / 0.090 T 0.025 T / 0.0076 T
Bearing bore 160.000 / 159.974 160.000 / 159.986
Shaft diameter 159.947 / 159.959 W88 159.947 / 159.959
Fit 0.015 L / 0.053 L 0.027 L / 0.053 L
Clear. bef. mounting : 0.220 / 0.280 2/3 of C4 0.239 / 0.280
Clear. after mounting : 0.144 / 0.269 0.172 / 0.256

Unit : mm
 Tapered Roller Bearing

TDI type
Cup

Cone

TS

TDO type
Tapered Roller Bearing
• Single-row bearings can accommodate radial load and
axial load in one direction, and double-row bearings can
accommodate radial load and axial load in both
directions.
• This type of bearing is suitable for use under heavy load
or impact load.
• Bearings are classified into standard, intermediate and
steep types, in accordance with their contact angle.
• The larger the contact angle is, the greater the bearing
resistance to axial load.
• Inch and Metric dimension
• ABMA specify inch part numbering system
Tapered Roller ABMA System
Eg. LM11949/LM11910
M239447/M239410

Prefix Numeric Part Number Suffix

Component
Duty Code Variations
Code Series (Optional)
Code

Angularity
Code
ABMA System - Duty Class Codes
LM11949/LM11910
M239447/M239410

Prefix Numeric Part Number Suffix

Angularity Series Code Component

EL Extra Light HM Heavy Medium
LL Lighter than Light H Heavy
L Light HH Heavier than Heavy
LM Light Medium EH Extra Heavy
M Medium T Thrust
Lightest Heaviest
EL LL L LM M HM H HH EH

Note: “EE” is not a duty class prefix. It was used to indicate a type of
cone / roller configuration and only appears on cones.
ABMA System – Angularity

LM11949/LM11910
M239447/M239410
Prefix Numeric Part Number Suffix

Angularity Series Code Component

Code Included Cup Angle
1 0 to 23° - 59’ - 59.99”
2 24° to 25° - 29’ - 59.99”

Cup Angle
Included
3 25° - 30’ to 26° - 59’ - 59.99”
4 27° to 28° - 29’ - 59.99”
5 28° - 30’ to 30° - 29’ - 59.99”
6 30° - 30’ to 32° - 29’ - 59.99”
7 32° - 30’ to 35° - 59’ - 59.99”
8 36° to 44° - 59’ - 59.99”
9 45° & up (but not thrust)
0 Thrust Bearing
ABMA System - Basic Series

Prefix Numeric Part Number Suffix

Angularity Series Code Component

Basic Series is an indication of bore size,

not the actual bore size

Larger number = Larger Bore

ABMA System - Basic Series
LM11949/LM11910
M239447/M239410
Max. Bore* Max. Bore*
Over Incl. Series Code Over Incl. Series Code
0 1 00-19 incl. 15 16 640-659 incl.
1 2 20-99 incl. 16 17 660-679 incl.
000-029 incl. 17 18 680-694 incl.
2 3 039-129 incl. 18 19 695-709 incl.
3 4 130-189 incl. 19 20 710-724 incl.
5 6 240-289 incl. 20 21 725-739 incl.
6 7 290-339 incl. 21 22 740-754 incl.
7 8 340-389 incl. 22 23 755-769 incl.
8 9 390-429 incl. 23 24 770-784 incl.
9 10 430-469 incl. 24 25 785-799 incl.
10 11 470-509 incl. 25 30 800-829 incl.
11 12 510-549 incl. 30 35 830-859 incl.
12 13 550-579 incl. 35 40 860-879 incl.
13 14 580-609 incl. 40 50 880-889 incl.
14 15 610-639 incl. 50 72.5 890-899 incl.
* inches
ABMA System – Component
LM11949/LM11910
M239447/M239410

Prefix Numeric Part Number Suffix

Angularity Bore Range Component

Indication

01 - 04 Roller
- Begins at 01 and works up
05 - 09 Cage
- Begins at 05 and works up
10 - 19 Cup
- 10 = Minimum OD
30 - 49 Cone
- 49 = Maximum bore
20 - 29 Cup or Cone (Overflow)
50 - 99 Additional (Overflow)
ABMA System - Suffix
Prefix Numeric Part Number Suffix

Angularity Bore Range Component

Indication 1 - 4 Characters

• Indicates variation within a series

Tapered Roller
ISO Numbering System

Bore/5
The bore for this bearing
is 10 x 5, or 50 mm bore2

32010
Diameter series
Tapered Width series
Roller
Exceptions: __ __ __ 00 = 10 mm
Bearing
__ __ __ 01 = 12 mm
__ __ __ __ 02 = 15mm
__ __ __ __ 03 = 17mm
__ __ __ __ 04 = 20mm
__ __ __ __ / 32 = 32mm
Wide Inner Ring & Pillow Block
Pillow Block
HOUSED UNITS FEATURES APPLICATIONS
PILLOW Low and high base to center height Fans and blowers, material
Standard, medium and heavy duty series handling, cotton ginning,
BLOCKS
textile processing, etc.

2 and 4 bolt mountings Agricultural equipment, fan

FLANGES and blowers, material
Standard, medium and heavy duty series
handling, etc.

TAKE-UP Wide slot design Adjustable conveyor rolls

UNITS Standard and medium duty series

CYLINDRICAL Housing has straight OD Conveyor rolls, postal rolls, light

CARTRIDGES Cast iron and rubber duty air conditioning equipment

SURVIVOR NT & Available in pillow blocks, 2 and 4 bolt flanges Food processing
SURVIVOR PT NT’s - nickel coated hsg for corrosion resistance equipment
SERIES PT’s - polymer hsg for total corrosion resistance
Bearing Service Life
• L10 = 16667/N * (C/Te)p Hours
• L10 = 90% of bearing will survive the intended
service hours under identical operating
conditions and idea operating conditions
• P = 3 for ball bearing and 10/3 for roller bearings
• N = Rotation speed
• C = Bearing dynamic capacity
• Te = Equivalent dynamic load
• Increase speed 10% will reduce bearing life 10%
• Increase load 10% will reduce bearing life 27%
LIFE EXPECTANCY

PREMATURE BEARING FAILURES ARE CAUSED BY :

z FAULTY MOUNTING
z IMPROPER LUBRICATION

z CONTAMINATION

z IMPROPER HANDLING

z IMPROPER MAINTENANCE
SAFETY RECOMMENDATIONS

z PRODUCT STORAGE :
Dry and clean area

z UNWRAPPING :
Do not open package until ready
to use
CORROSION
Improper storage

Figure 1:
Origin of the corrosion is storage
in humid atmosphere.
 CORROSION
Improper storage

Figure 2:
This is another examples of corrosion which result from storing bearings in moist
atmosphere. The corrosion takes place underneath the rollers where moisture is trapped.
BEARING MOUNTING AND DISMOUNTING

 Designate a suitable working area

 Clean assembly area and tools

 Following tools must be accessible before

assembly procedure is started :

eye-bolts, handling fixtures, hooks, slings
wrenches, gauges, lubricating equipment
 CONTAMINATION

How not to do
 CONTAMINATION

How to do
BEARING MOUNTING AND DISMOUNTING

 Check if bearing packaging is damaged

 Inspect the shaft and housing (burrs, score,…)

 Check seating dimensions and accuracy

 Check all components in contact with bearing

NOTE : Handle the bearing carefully

Avoid scratching or damaging the special finish
of the rolling contact surfaces.
 Poor Geometry

ÂCheck bearing seat to avoid burrs and to avoid

excessive localized stresses

 Poor Geometry

Taper in shaft seat of straight bore bearing results in

pinching of roller
ÂFillet radius must be smaller than bearing corner
radius
 Poor geometry

Tapered shaft design IT5/2

β/2 A
β/2
B IT3

α/2
Taper 1:12
d
Taper 1:30

Example : Nominal diameter 200 mm, It5/2 = 10µm, IT3 = 10µm

Poor geometry

TAPERED SHAFT DESIGN

Nominal width of bearing β/2 β/2

Over included µm Minutes

40 63 0/+12.5…0/+20 +65

63 100 0/+16…0/+25 +52

100 160 0/+20…0/+32 +41

160 250 0/+25…0/+40 +33

250 400 0/+32…0/+50 +26

 Poor geometry

Gauging of tapered shaft seat

1. Saddle
2. Sine bar
3. Strap
4. Nut
5. Micrometer
 Poor geometry

Gauging of tapered shaft seat

Sine bare

H2 H1

H1 : Nominal dimension
H2 : measured dimension
 Poor Geometry

FIGURE 15
Insufficient interference fit of an inner ring on shaft will permit the ring to creep and result in
fretting corrosion. The resulting oxides, being abrasive, accelerate wear of the shaft and the
inner ring bore. This is an example of fretting corrosion in the bore of an inner ring.
 Fretting Corrosion and Heat Checks
CAUSE:
Fretting is expected with an
insufficient interference fit between
any of the following;
• Bearing Bore / Shaft
Fretting Corrosion
• Housing Bore / Bearing OD
• Housing Width / Bearing Width
Excess
Clearance
Creeping, excessive heat, and
corrosion and checking is normal
under these conditions.

PREVENTION:
Fretting and Heat Checks can be
prevented by specifying an
appropriate housing and shaft size
Heat Checks
for a given bearing.
 Poor Geometry

FIGURE 14
Serious damage can occur to a tapered bore bearing which is not seated
properly on the shaft. An example of such damage is illustrated.
Poor geometry

FIGURE 17
This is an illustration of heat checks
on the face of an inner
Poor geometry

FIGURE 18
Examples of ball path
running from one side FIGURE 18
of the race to the Spalling located on raceway border which is
other side caused by misalignment inducing axial
overloading.
Poor geometry

FIGURE 19
This figure shows three types of misalignment :
Shaft misalignment, housing misalignment and shaft bowing.
Poor geometry

FIGURE 20
Misalignment cause here a modification
in load direction and intensity.
 LUBRICATION OF BEARINGS

• PURPOSES
– To reduce wear
– To reduce friction/heat
– To protect bearing from corrosion
• TYPES
– Grease Lubrication Method
– Oil Lubrication Method
– Solid Lubrication Method
 Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication

EHL Definition:
Analysis which combines the elastic
deformation of contacting surfaces with the
hydrodynamic action of lubricants under
pressure to provide a thin film of oil separating
and protecting the mating surfaces.
 Improved Surface Finish

• Race Grinding / Roller Finishing

• Reduced Roughness
• Improved Lubrication Conditions
Lubrication failure
Definition :
A lubrication failure can be provoqued by :
• Dirty lubricant
• Too much lubricant
• Inadequate lubricant
• Wrong kind of lubricant
• Inadequate viscosity
• Excessive loads
Lubrication failure

FIGURE 21
This is an example of a less advanced
stage of srb failure due to inadequate
lubrication.

FIGURE 22
This is a close up view of some of the
rollers of figure 21 and more clearly shows
the spall pattern.
 Lubrication failure

FIGURE 23
Here is an example showing an advanced stage of failure in
a spherical roller bearing outer ring resulting from
inadequate lubrication.

FIGURE 24
These are the companion parts
for the outer figure 23. The
roller paths are deeply grooved
and the rollers severely worn to
an inverted hour glass shape.
Raceways and rollers usually
have a dark brown discoloration
in this type of failure.
 Lubrication failure

FIGURE 25
Bronze retainers are sensitive to inadequate lubrication and can wear quite
rapidly. In this case, the web portion of the cage which rides on the center
flange of the inner ring has worn to about half its thickness.
 Lubrication failure

FIGURE 26
The cycloidal smear marks on the thrust flange and roller ends are due to the breaking
of the oil film at this point.
This is the result of inadequate lubrication and/or overload.
Contamination

Définition :
Failure caused by the entrance of foreign objects
into the bearing.
 CONTAMINATION

FIGURE 27
Abrasive wear.
Actual wear is usually most obvious on the
OD of the inner ring center flange and on
the thrust contact surfaces of the rollers.
Wear on both of these areas can be seen in
this illustration.The roller path pattern in the
outer raceway is interesting. Each path has
the characteristics frostly lapped
appearance. The narrow dark band in each
path is the original surface of the raceway.
The retainers of the bearing became
charged with the abrasive contaminant
which in turn caused the rollers to wear at
their largest diameter. The rollers did not
contact the outer ring at these zones,
leaving the band of original surface.
Continued operation would of course wear
away these zones also. The same
phenomenon occurs on the inner raceways
also but usually is not as pronounced as on
the outer raceways.
 CONTAMINATION

FIGURE 28
Abrasive wear.
The bearing pictured had been in service in a
shaker screen. Wear was due to abrasive
contamination. The wavy pattern of the inner
raceways resulted from vibration and is not
uncommon in screen applications.

FIGURE 29:
This photograph shows a
cross-section of the outer
ring of a self aligning
spherical surface, but the
abrasives have worn the
paths down to the shape Outer ring
shown, which is that of
the roller contour.
 IMPROPER MOUNTING

FIGURE 11
Bearings are frequently damaged when improperly handled, particularly during installation.
Here are the ring and roller of a bearing forcibly realigned after a roller had been radially
displaced. Both flanges are broken and the roller is marked.
IMPROPER MOUNTING

FIGURE 12
This is the companion outer ring (and a roller) of the inner ring of figure 11.
Severe mishandling is necessary to cause this damage.
 WHY DOES A BEARING NEED TO BE FITTED
ON SHAFT OR HOUSING ?

• to fully use the load carrying capacity of the bearing

• to prevent rings from turning on or in their seating
under load
• to guarantee adequate internal clearance
• to reach bearing life expectancy
• to make easier mounting and dismounting
• to make housing and shaft design more simple
• to permit axial displacement (for loose bearing)
BEARING MOUNTING AND DISMOUNTING

Most applications required a tight fit on the shaft

Mounting is simplified by heating the bearing to
expand it sufficiently to slide easily onto the
shaft.
Two methods :
• TANK OF HEATED OIL
• INDUCTION HEATING

Hydraulic or Mechanical mounting

 BEARING MOUNTING AND DISMOUNTING

HEATING IN OIL BATH

OIL

BEARING SUPPORT
BLOCK

FLAME BURNER

BEARING HELD
FROM BOTTOM BY
SCREEN

Temperature : < 120°C (90°C recommended)

Duration : 20 ~ 30 minutes
BEARING MOUNTING AND DISMOUNTING

HOW NOT TO DO
BEARING MOUNTING AND DISMOUNTING
BEARING MOUNTING AND DISMOUNTING

HOW TO DO
Determination of Proper Fits

1) The characteristics and sizes of loads

2) Temperature distribution during rotation
3) Bearing internal clearance
The material, finishing, and strength of the shaft and
4)
housing
5) Mounting and dismounting methods
6)
Whether shaft thermal expansion needs to be
accommodated between the mating surfaces of the fit
7) Bearing type and dimensions
Bearing fitting selection

Load
Load application FITTING
conditions
Inner ring Rotating Rotating Inner ring
Outer ring Stationary Inner ring Tight fit
Direction of load Stationary load
Inner ring Stationary Stationary Outer ring
Outer ring Rotating Outer ring Loose fit
Direction of load Rotating with OR load
Inner ring Stationary Stationary Inner ring
Outer ring Rotating Inner ring Loose fit
Direction of load Stationary load
Inner ring Rotating Rotating Outer ring
Outer ring Stationary Outer ring Tight fit
Direction of load Rotating with IR load
Load Characteristic
• The inner ring contracts in the radial direction due to
radial loads, while it expands in the circumferential
direction. The interference at the time of assembly may,
therefore, slightly decrease. The decrease in the
interference can be calculated by the following equations;
-1/2
• (In the case of Fr<0.25Co) ΔdF =0.08(d xFr/B) x10-3
• (In the case of Fr>0.25Co) ΔdF =0.02(d xFr/B) -1/2x10-3
• where: ΔdF: reduction of inner ring interference mm
– d: bore diameter of bearing mm
– B:inner ring width mm
– Fr: radial load N
– Co: basic static load rating N
Surface Roughness
• The effective interference obtained after fitting
differs from calculated interference due to plastic
deformation of the ring-fitting surface. When the
inner ring is fitted, the effective interference, subject
to the effect of the fitting surface finish, can be
approximated by the following equations:
• (In the case of a ground shaft) Δdeff =Δd* d/(d+2)
• (In the case of a turned shaft) Δdeff =Δd * d/(d+3)
• where: Δdeff=effective interference mm
• Δd: calculated interference mm
• d: bore diameter of bearing mm
Temperature Effect
• The inner ring of a bearing rotating under loads may be heated
beyond the temperature of the shaft. The thermal expansion of the
ring may reduce effective interference. Experiments have proved
that the difference in temperature between the shaft and inner ring
is equivalent to 10% to 15% of that between the inside bearing and
housing periphery. The reduction in the interference due to the
thermal expansion can be, therefore, calculated by the following
equation:
• Δdt= 0.0012 Δt * d * 10-3
• where : Δdt: reduction of interference due to temperature
difference mm
• Δt: temperature difference between the inside of the bearing and
the surrounding housing K
• d: bore diameter of bearing mm
Maximum Stress of Bearing
• When a bearing ring is assembled with
interference fit, a stress may be occurred
as the ring expands or contracts. If the
stress is excessively large, the ring may
break down. If the ring is made from
bearing steel, it is safe if the stress can be
controlled at 120 MPa or less.
• Induction Heaters
• Hydraulic Pullers
• Impact Fitting Tools
IMPROPER MOUNTING

Tapered bore, direct

shaft
mounting
Bearing installation is made
easy using an hydraulic
nut.
IMPROPER MOUNTING

EXAMPLES
Impact Tools

Designed for quick,

pricise and safe
components mounting.
Bore diameters from 10-
50 mm
Outside diameter 26-110
mm
Suitable for 225 bearing
sizes
Induction Heater

Display: current time or

temperature, or time /
temperature set by the
manufacturer.

Reduce time/temperature

Increase time/temperature
Heat with temperature function
Heat with time function
Stop heating/automatic demagnetization

Start heating after setting time/temperature

Induction Heater
CORROSION
Poor sealing, condensation
FIGURE 3
This outer ring was a component of a bearing operation in a high humidity. Corrosion is
general.

FIGURE 4
An enlargement of Figure 3 shows the innumerable
pits in the surface. Each can be a nucleus for
complete failure.
CORROSION
Poor sealing, condensation

FIGURE 6:
The opposite side of the same race shown in figure 5 is illustrated. The original corrosion
pattern which resulted in the failure is apparent. The corrosion was due to entrapped
moisture while the bearing was stationary.
CORROSION
Poor sealing, condensation

FIGURE 5:
Spalling frequently occurs from corrosion. This photograph shows an inner ring where failure
has occured at roller spaced intervals and had its inception in corroded areas.
 Damage in transit
Définition :
Presence of scuffing on rollers and raceways due
to vibrations in transit.
Could also occur when the bearings in a non-
operating machine are subjected to the static
vibration by other machinery operating in the area.
 DAMAGE IN TRANSIT

FIGURE 7
Vibration during shipping can be detrimental
to a bearing. This photograph shows scuffed
rollers from a bearing which was installed on
a piece of equipment and shipped without
any provisions made to protect the bearing.
The vibration in transit caused the scuffing.

FIGURE 8
See figure 7.
Shown in this photograph is the
damaged raceway surface of the
outer ring.
DAMAGE IN TRANSIT

Axial Vibration

A proposal to avoid transit damage...

Oscillatory Vibration
 Poor insulating against
vibrations
Definition :
Type of brinelling which appear as elliptical
impressions which run across the races
The brinells will be spaced with the corresponding
roller element.
Occurs when the bearings in a non-operating
machine are subjected to the static vibration by
other machinery operating in the area.
 IMPROPER MOUNTING

FIGURE 13
Brinelling of the raceway illustrated was caused by roller impact. The damage occured during
mounting of the bearing.
POOR INSULATING AGAINST VIBRATIONS

FIGURE 9
False brinelling involves removal of material and is a wear condition
It is known that relative motion, load and oxygen are prerequisites.
POOR INSULATING AGAINST VIBRATIONS

FIGURE 10
False brinelling.
This is another example of false brinelling resulting from rollers vibrating in
the bearing raceways.
POOR INSULATING AGAINST VIBRATIONS

Problem :

Operating Machine Stopped Machine

MACHINE A MACHINE B

VIBRATIONS Vibration transmission

PAVEMENT
GROUND
POOR INSULATING AGAINST VIBRATIONS

Solution :

Operating Machine Stopped Machine

MACHINE A Isolation MACHINE B

VIBRATIONS

Pavement 1 Pavement 2
GROUND
 Electric Arcing
CAUSE:
A flow of electric current
through the rollers and races
of the bearing will cause
damage, and premature
Fluting Damage Pitting Damage failure. High sustained
amperage will cause fluting,
while sudden shocks will weld
metal causing pitting.
The electric flow may be
caused by static buildup,
current leakage, and short
circuits from motors.

Flow of Electric Current

 Electric Arcing
Copper
Sleeve

Carbon
Stick

Housing Shaft Grounding Belt

Ground Ground

PREVENTION: The flow of electric current can be prevented or

diverted. A copper sleeve and grounding lines can bypass the current away
from the bearing. The flow could be further restricted by insulating sleeves
for the bearing or housing. Even better, the source of current can be
eliminated such as with grounding belts on paper dryer rolls.
Fatigue

Definition :
The failure begins as a small fracture of the
steel ’s internal structure.
This fracture progresses (propagates) to the
surface of the bearing where particles of metal
flakes away.
 FATIGUE

The fatigue mechanism

 FATIGUE

The fatigue mechanism

FATIGUE

The fatigue mechanism

FATIGUE

The fatigue mechanism

 FATIGUE

FIGURE 30
The single spall on this inner ring was caused by mechanical damage to hte
bearing, either in handling or in operation. The material being overstressed at this
point, failed prematurely.
FATIGUE

FIGURE 31
Pictured is a typical failure on an inner
ring. Good loading conditions are
evident, the load zone arcs on both roller
paths being of equal length.

FIGURE 32
Typical fatigue of an outer ring.
FATIGUE

Different types of fatigue

FATIGUE FATIGUE

FATIGUE OVERLOADING
Radial Internal Clearance
INTERNAL CLEARANCE
D.C. = DIAMETER CLEARANCE
R.I.C. = RADIAL INTERNAL CLEARANCE

NO CLEARANCE LOAD ZONE

(PRELOAD) 90° - 120°
Benefits of Correct Internal
Clearance
– Improves bearing life
• Optimizes number of rollers sharing the load
• Improves load sharing between bearings.
– Minimizes axial shaft movement and
increases system rigidity
• Prevents bearing from unseating under load
• Reduces gear deflection
• Improves gear contact / gear life
– Increase accuracy in shaft location.
Radial Internal Clearance
• Amount of possible displacement of one
ring relative to the other
• Idea should near zero during operation
• Problems
– Too small - Heat, high stresses
– Too large - Noisy, lose work-piece accuracy
• Affected by
interference fit during mounting
temperature difference during operation
Radial Internal Clearance -
Affected by
• Interference fit
– inner ring expansion about 80% of
interference fit
– outer ring contraction about 70% of
interference fit
• Thermo expansion
– 0.012 X Tdiff X d
• Surface Roughness
– 2 X 0.6 X Rt
Achieving Steady State
Operating Setting
Preload

Line-to-line

Steady
Endplay Start up state

Time
Load Zone Vs L10 Life
Light preload Large endplay
L10 life

Heavy preload
Zero clearance

Preload Endplay

Bearing setting
Radial Internal Clearance

• Normal Ball, Cylindrical, Spherical Roller

– C2 < C0 < C3 < C4 < C5
• Tapered Roller Bearing control by the shim,
gasket or spacer
Temperature Considerations
Ambient bearing setting
• Bearing system setting during initial
assembly and adjustment at ambient
(cold) temperature
– Before equipment is put into service
Temperature Considerations
Operating bearing setting
• Bearing system setting during operation
– Resulting from changes in the ambient
setting due to thermal expansion and
deflection
Determining Initial Bearing
Setting L
Calculate endplay loss or lateral • •
removed from bearing system
ambient setting

• For direct mounted bearings

Thermal ⎡⎛ K 1 D 01 ⎞ ⎛ K 2 D 02 ⎞ ⎤
Lateral = α∆T ⎢⎜ x ⎟+⎜ x ⎟ + L⎥
Loss ⎣⎝ 0.39 2 ⎠ ⎝ 0.39 2 ⎠ ⎦
∆T = Difference in temperature (∆T) between cone and cup
α = Coefficient of thermal expansion for steel (6 x 10-6 / ºF) or (11 x 10-6 / ºC)
K = K-factor
Do = Mean Cup Inside Diameter
L = Distance between mean cup diameters
Determining Initial Bearing
Setting L

• •
Calculate endplay loss or lateral
removed from bearing system
ambient setting

• For indirect mounted bearings

Thermal ⎡⎛ K1 D01 ⎞ ⎛ K 2 D02 ⎞ ⎤
Lateral = α∆T⎢⎜ x ⎟+⎜ x ⎟ − L⎥
Loss ⎣⎝ 0.39 2 ⎠ ⎝ 0.39 2 ⎠ ⎦
∆T = Difference in temperature (∆T) between cone and cup
α = Coefficient of thermal expansion for steel (6 x 10-6 / ºF) or (11 x 10-6 / ºC)
K = K-factor
Do = Mean Cup Inside Diameter
L = Distance between mean cup diameters
Rated Life Vs Operating Setting
Fr

Rated Life (percent)

100
Fa

Preload Endplay
0
-0.15 -0.10 -0.05 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 mm
-0.0060 -0.0020 0.0020 0.0060 in
-0.0040 0.00 0.0040
Axial Clearance
360° 180° 135° 100°
210° – 220°
Load Zone
* The chart is built for a specific bearing
Precision Class
• Depends on operating requirement and
cost factor, different precision class of
bearing is employed.
• Commonly use is P0
• Follow by P6, P5, P4, P3, P2 (ISO)
• ABEC 1, 3, 5, 7, 9
 IDEAL

DEVIATION

RADIAL RUNOUT BORE ROUNDNESS

BORE TAPER
WIDTH VARIATION BORE SQUARENESS
AXIAL RUNOUT
 Standard ABEC Tolerances
All tolerances in number of ten thousandths inches (.0001") and
micrometers (µm)

Bore Diameter
Bearing +.0000",+.000mm
Bore to minus Radial Runout Axial Runout
Over Incl. ABEC ABEC ABEC
mm 1 7 9 1 7 9 1* 7 9
10 18 3 1.5 1 4 1 0.5 1 0.5

8 4 2.5 10 2.5 1.5 3 1.5

30 50 4.5 2.5 1 6 1.5 1 1.5 1

13 6 2.5 15 4 2.5 4 2.5

80 120 8 3 2 10 2 1 2 1

20 8 5 25 5 2.5 5 2.5

* Not specified by ABMA

Bearing Tolerances
Inch Metric
4 K
Standard Classes
2 Controls cone and N
cup stand, bearing
width and bearing
Tolerance 3 radial runout C Tolerance
zone zone
0 B
Precision Classes
00 Controls bearing A
radial runout
000 AA
Tolerance Tolerance
zone zone

ISO
ABMA “J” prefix
4.0000” +0.0020/-0.0000 14.000mm +0.000/ -0.010