SUMMARY OF THE INEQUALITIES PROBLEM

NGO MINH NGOC BAO – PEDAGOGIAL UNIVERSITY STUDENT IN HO CHI MINH CITY - VIETNAM

n 
n n 1 .

Problem 1 : Let ak , k  1,2, 3,..., n be real number such that :  a
k 1
k

2
n k 2

 1 ak  k 2  2k 
n n 1 .
Prove that :  k 1
2
a  ak  1

2
k

( Source : Kunihiko chikaya from Japan )

My solution
We known : 2  4  6  .....  2n  n n  1 , with n   .  
n k 2

 1 ak  k 2  2k 3 3a2  8
 .... 
n 2  1 an  n 2  2n  
We have : 
k 1
2
a  ak  1
 2 
a1  a1  1 a22  a2  1 an2  an  1
.
k

n 2

 1 an  n 2  2n
We prove that : 2
a  an  1
 an  2n, * . Indeed , 
n

 *   n 2
 
 1 an  n 2  2n  an2  an  1 an  2n  
 n  1 a  n  2n  a   2n  1 a   2n  1 a  2n
2
n
2 3
n
2
n n
2
 a   2n  1 a  n  2n  a  n  0  a  n  a  1  0 True 
3
n
2
n
2
n
2
n n

k  1 a  k  2k  2  4  6  ...  2n  a  n n  1  n n  1  n n  1
n
2
k
2
n

k 1 a a 1 2      2 2 k 1
k
k k

Equality occurs when ak  k, k  1,2, 3.., n .  

Problem 2 : Let a1, a2 ,..., an be positive real number with a1  a2  ...  an  1 .
n
ak n
Prove that : 2 a
k 1

2n  1
.
k

( Source : Srinivias Das )

My solution
2
 n 
  ak 
n
ak n
ak2  k 1  1
Use Cauhcy – Schwarz , we have : 2 a
k 1
  2a
k 1 a 2
 n n
 n
k k k 2 ak   ak2 2   ak2
k 1 k 1 k 1

1
 SUMMARY OF THE INEQUALITIES PROBLEM
NGO MINH NGOC BAO – PEDAGOGIAL UNIVERSITY STUDENT IN HO CHI MINH CITY - VIETNAM

2
 n 
  ak 
n
 1 
n
ak 1 1 n
And  ak2   
k 1

k 1 n n
2 a
k 1
 n

1

2n  1
.
k
2   ak2 2
k 1 n
1
Equality occurs when a1  a2  ....  an  .
n
Solution by Nguyen Viet Hung – Ha Noi – Viet Nam
n
ak n  2  2n 2 n
We have : 2 a     1  n  .
k 1  2  a k
 n
2n  1
k 1 k 
 2  x 
k 1
k

1
Equality occurs when a1  a2  ....  an  .
n
My Solution
a
Considering function : f a   2 a
, a  0;1 .

2 4
We have : f ' a   2
 f '' a  3
 0, a  0;1
2  a  2 a  
 n 
  ak  1  n  n
ak 1 n
 f  k 1   f  a  
k 2 a  nf   
 n  n  k 1  k 1 k  n  2n  1
 
 
1
Equality occurs when a1  a2  ....  an  .
n
My solution
a
Considering function : f a   2 a
, a  0;1 .

2 4
We have : f ' a   2
 f '' a  3
 0, a  0;1
 2 a  2 a  
 1  1 1 2n 2  1 1
 
. f a1  f '    a1    f  2  a 1
  
n  n n  
2n  1  n  2n  1

 1  1 1 2n 2  1 1
 
. f a2  f '    a 2    f  a  
2  2
n  n n  
2n  1  n  2n  1

. …………………………………………………………………….
2
 SUMMARY OF THE INEQUALITIES PROBLEM
NGO MINH NGOC BAO – PEDAGOGIAL UNIVERSITY STUDENT IN HO CHI MINH CITY - VIETNAM

 1  1 1 2n 2  1 1
 
. f an  f '    a n    f  a  
2  n
n  n n  2n  1  n  2n  1

n
2n 2
 n  n n n
  f a  
k 2  k
a  1   ( with a k
1 )
k 1
 
2n  1  k 1  2n  1 2n  1 k 1

1
Equality occurs when a1  a2  ....  an  .
n

n
Problem 3 : Let a1, a2 ,...., ak be positive real number such that a k
 1.
k 1
n
1 1 n
Prove that : 1ak 1
 a , *
4 k 1 k

k

My solution
1 n n
1 1 n n 
ak 
We have : *   
4 k 1
a k
 
k 1 1  ak
 0  
4 k 1
a k
   1 
k 1  1  ak
  0

1 n n
ak 3n n n
ak
 
4 k 1
a k
 
k 1 1  ak

4
0  ak  4 
k 1 k 1 1  ak
 3n, 1 . 
4a 4a 4a
Use AM  GM inequality , a 
a 1
 a 1 a 1

1  2 a 1 .
a 1
 1  4 a  1, a  0  
n n
ak  4a1   4a2   4an  n
  ak  4  k 1 1  ak
  a1     a2 
1  a1  
  ...   an 
1  a2  1  an
  4  ak  n
k 1    k  1

n n n
Use AM  GM inequality , 4 ak  4nn  ak  4n  4 ak  n  3n  LHS 1  RHS 1
k 1 k 1
 
k 1

 
Problem 4 : Let a1, a2,...., an n  2 be positive real number .
2 n

 n  n 1   n 1  a 2
k
Prove that :   ak   

 k 1   k 1 ak
2

  n  2n  2   
k 1

a ia j
, * 

1i  j n

My solution
n
The homogeneous inequality , normoliza : a
k 1
k
n

3
 SUMMARY OF THE INEQUALITIES PROBLEM
NGO MINH NGOC BAO – PEDAGOGIAL UNIVERSITY STUDENT IN HO CHI MINH CITY - VIETNAM

n
Let a
k 1
2
k  
 n  n n  1 t 2 , with t be real number , 0  t  1 .
2
 n   n 
. 2  aia j    ak     ak2   n 2  n  n n  1 t 2  n n  1 1  t 2     
1i  j n  k 1   k 1 
Case 1 : If t  0
 n  n 1  n
1 n.n 2
We have : LHS *    ak   
    n   n  n2 .
 k 1   k 1 ak  k 1 a k
 ak k 1

2 n

 n  1  a 2
k 2n n  1
2

And RHS *  n  2n  2    2
 k 1

aia j
2
 n  2n  2  2
n n
 n2

1i  j k

 LHS *  n 2  RHS * . 

Case 2 : If 0  t  1
n
1 1 n 
1  n  1 t  ak  n
We have :    
k 1 a k 1 n 1 t   k 1 ak 
1 n 1 t 
Use Cauchy – Schwarz inequality:
2
 n 
n 
1  n  1 t  ak  
  1  n  1 t  ak    
n n 1 t 
 k 1 
 ak
 n n n

1t
k 1
 a   n  1 t  a
k 1
k
k 1
k
  ak2
k 1

n
1 n n 1 t n  n nt  2t  1  
 
k 1 a k
  
1  n  1 t  1  t
    
1  n  1 t 1  n  1 t  1  t
        
n nt  2t  1
2
nt 2 2
 2nt 2  n 2
We need to prove that :
1  n  1 t  1  t 

1  t2
, **  
 

n nt  2t  1   nt 2
 2t 2  n   n nt  2t  1
 * *  1 n 1 t  1t
 t  1  nt 2
  
 2t 2  n 1  n  1 t

 n 2t 2  n 2t  2nt 2  nt  n  n 2t 3  3nt 3  2t 3  nt 2  2t 2  n 2t  nt  n
  
 n 2  3n  2 t 3  n 2  3n  2 t 2  0  t 2 n  1 n  2 t  1  0 True       

4
 SUMMARY OF THE INEQUALITIES PROBLEM
NGO MINH NGOC BAO – PEDAGOGIAL UNIVERSITY STUDENT IN HO CHI MINH CITY - VIETNAM

n
Problem 5 : Let a1, a2,..., an n  2 be positive real number such that   a
k 1
k
n .

With  ,   0 are real number shrink before : 4 n  1 2 n n     2 n .   

n
1  
Prove that :     n  .
k 1 a k
n
2 n
a
k 1
k

( Source : Ngo Minh Ngoc Bao – Viet Nam )

My solution
n
Let a
k 1
2
k  
 n  n n  1 t 2 , with t be real number , 0  t  1 .

We have :  
n
1  n 
1  n  1 t  ak  n
   .
k 1 ak 1 n 1 t   k 1 ak 1 n 1 t  
Use Cauchy – Schwarz inequality:
2
 n 
n 
1  n  1 t  ak  
  1  n  1 t  ak    
n n 1 t 
 k 1 
 ak
 n n n

1t
k 1
 a   n  1 t  a
k 1
k
k 1
k
  ak2
k 1

 
n
1

n n  1 t

n 

n nt  2t  1  
k 1 a k 1  n  1 t  1  t   
 
1  n  1 t 1  n  1 t  1  t     
   
n
1  n nt  2t  1 
     .
k 1 a k 1  n  1 t  1  t   
n
2 n  n n  1 t2
a 
k 1
k



n nt  2t  1   
We need to prove that :   n  
, *
 n  n  n  1 t  
1  n  1 t  1  t
   2
n

n  n  1 t  n  1 t2 2

*  1  n  1 t  1  t  0
      n  n  n  1 t .  1  1   n  1  t  2 2

 n  1  n n    t   n  2  t  n n  n n  1 t   n n    0
2 2

Considering function :
   
f t  n  1  n n   t 2   n  2 t  n n  n n  1 t 2   n n   .    
5
 SUMMARY OF THE INEQUALITIES PROBLEM
NGO MINH NGOC BAO – PEDAGOGIAL UNIVERSITY STUDENT IN HO CHI MINH CITY - VIETNAM

   
We have : f t  g t  n  1  n n   t 2   n  2 t  2 n n   .   
Considering function : g  t    n  1   n n    t 2
  n  2  t  2 n n   , t  0;1

 n  2

Three quadractic formala g t reaches the minimum value when t 

2 n  1 n n    

 Ming t  2 n n   
 2 n  2 
2


 
4 n  1 2 n n     2 n  0
 
4 n  1 n n     
4 n  1 n n   
  
 f t  g t  Ming t  0 . Equality occurs when a1  a2  ....  an  1 .


Problem 6 : Let a1, a2,..., an n  3 be real number . 
2
 n  n
ij
Prove that :   ak    aia j
 k 1  i , j 1 i  j  1

( China MO )

Solution
n n 1 1 1
ij  n i 1 j 1 
2

 ia t 
i  j 2 i 1
We have :  a a
i j
  ia a
i j
t dt     iaia j t  dt  i
dt
i , j 1 i  j  1 i . j 1 0 0 i . j 1  0

Use Cauchy – Schwarz inequality :

2 2 2
1
 n i 1 
1 n i 1 
  n  n n
ij
0  
 ia i
t  dt      ia i
t  dt     ak    ak   i  j  1a a i j
.
  
i 1  0  i 1    k 1  k 1 i , j 1

Problem 7 : Let a1, a2 ,..., an  0 and b1, b2 ,..., bn  0 .

Prove that : 
1i  j n
a i
 a j  bi  bj  
1i  j n
ai  a j .

( Poland – 1999 )

Solution
Considering function : fi , gi : 0;    
1 if x  0, a 
 i  and g x  1 if x  0, bi 

 
With fi x   i   
0 if x  ai 0 if x  bi

6
 SUMMARY OF THE INEQUALITIES PROBLEM
NGO MINH NGOC BAO – PEDAGOGIAL UNIVERSITY STUDENT IN HO CHI MINH CITY - VIETNAM

n n

   f x  and g x    g x  .
Let f x 
i 1
i
j 1
j

  
 
We have :       
f x g x dx     fi x g j x dx    fi x g j x dx   min ai  bj    
0 0  1i  j  1i  j 0 1i  j n

 
Similarly,  f x  dx  
2

1i  j n

min ai  a j and   g x  dx  
2

1i  j n
min bi  bj 
0 0

We have : 
1i  j n

min ai  a j    1i  j n

min bi  bj  2  
1i  j n

min ai , bj 
 
We known : 2min x , y  x  y  x  y  
1i  j n
a i
 a j  bi  bj  
1i  j n
ai  a j

Problem 8 : Let a1,a2,....,an be positive real number such that  1  aiaj   ai  a j

1i, j n 1i, j n
n
Prove that : a
i 1
i
n

( Source : Gabriel Dospinescu )

My solution
We have lemma : 
1i , j n

min aia j , bibj    min a b ,b a , a ,b
1i , j n
i j i j i i
 0, i  1,2,.., n. * 

Use lemma * with bi  1   a , a    1  a , a  * *
1i , j n
i j
1i , j n
i j

 
Use 2min u, v  u  v  u  v ,
2 2
n
 n   n  n

  2
* *  2n  ai   ai  a j  n    ai    1  aia j    ai  n   0   ai  n
i 1 1i , j n  i 1  1i, j n  i 1  i 1

n
Problem 9 : Let a1, a2,..., an n  2 be real number such that  a
k 1
k
 1.

n
xk n3
Prove that : x
k 1  x k31

n2  1
.
k 1

( China South East MO 2014 )

7
 SUMMARY OF THE INEQUALITIES PROBLEM
NGO MINH NGOC BAO – PEDAGOGIAL UNIVERSITY STUDENT IN HO CHI MINH CITY - VIETNAM

Solution
2
n
 n  2
n
2 1
Use Cauchy – Schwarz inequality n  a    ak   k a k
 .
k 1  k 1  k 1 n
1
n
ak  n ak n n
Use AM  GM inequality : a  n   
k 1  ak31  k 1 a  a 3  1
k 1  k 1 k 1   n  n
2
  1  ak 
 k 1 
 
n n

 n 
1
n  1  a  2
k
n   ak2
n2

Besides we have :   1  ak2  
 k 1 
 k 1

n
 k 1

n

n2  1
3 ak n 3
 3
 2 .
k 1 a k 1  a k 1 n 1

n n aia j
Problem 10 : Let a1, a2 ,..., an be real number . Prove that i  i  0
i 1 j 1

( Polish MO )

Solution
aia j 1
i  j 1
n n aa
i j
n 1 1
 n 
We known   aia jt dt      aia jt dt     aia jt i  j 1  dt
i  j 1

ij 0 i 1 j 1 i  j i , j 1 0 0  i , j 1 
2 2
1
 n  n n
i  j 1
 n i 
Besides we have :   ai x i    aia j x i x j   aia j t    a it 2 
 i 1 
 i 1  i , j 1 i , j 1  
2
n n aia j 1
 n  1
 n 1
i 
      aia j t i  j 1  dt     ait 2  dt  0 .
i 1 j 1 i  j
 
0  i , j 1  0  i 1 