TABLE OF CONTENTS

1.0 INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................... 1
2.0 OBJECTIVES ......................................................................................................................... 4
3.0 LAB EQUIPMENT ................................................................................................................. 5
4.0 PROCEDURE ......................................................................................................................... 8
5.0 DISCUSSION .......................................................................................................................... 9
6.0 CONCLUSION ..................................................................................................................... 10
7.0 REFERENCES ...................................................................................................................... 11

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 2 : (Crane use hydraulics system in daily operation) [2] .............................................................2

Figure 3 : (Hydraulic in turbines) [3]....................................................................................................3
Figure 4 : Schematic diagram for acting cylinder Figure 5 : Schematic diagram for hydraulic motor 7

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1 : List of equipment..................................................................................................................6

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1.0 INTRODUCTION
A hydraulic system is a drive technology where a fluid is used to move the energy from
e.g. an electric motor to an actuator, such as a hydraulic cylinder [1]. The fluid is theoretically
uncompressible, and the fluid path can be flexible in the same way as an electric cable. Hydraulic
system is a system that has an ability to obtain large forces and couples for small gauge or to obtain
the mechanical parameters in terms of high precision and dynamics. This system is used in industry
in an important number of applications to find mechanical properties such as position, velocity,
acceleration, forces, couples, power, etc. Without using the computer resources and the concept of
mechatronics, it not possible to fulfil the condition for high precision and dynamics.

Figure 1 : (Crane use hydraulics system in daily operation) [2]

Hydraulic machine are those machines which convert hydraulic energy which is energy
possessed by water into mechanical energy which is further converted into electrical energy or
mechanical energy into hydraulic energy [2]. This can be seen in figure 1. The hydraulic machines,
which convert the hydraulic energy into mechanical energy, are called turbine while the hydraulic
machines which convert the mechanical energy into hydraulic energy are called pumps.

Hydraulic systems are mainly used where a high-power density is needed or load
requirements chance rapidly. This is especially the case in all kinds of mobile equipment such as
excavators and in industrial systems such as presses. Based on figure 2, in wind turbines,
hydraulics is used for pitch and brake control [3]. In some cases, different auxiliary systems such
as hatches and cranes are also powered by hydraulic systems. The main reason for using hydraulics
is the high-power density and secondly the simplicity coming from using few components to
realize complex and fast-moving machines with a high degree of safety [1].

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 Figure 2 : (Hydraulic in turbines) [3]

Proportional hydraulic valves can control the opening to flow proportionally instead of
gradually, as is the case for most standard hydraulic valves. The simplest type of proportional
hydraulic valve is a variable throttle controlled by a manual lever [4]. When your hydraulic
application requires a very accurate control of the flow, hydraulic valves may be equipped with
advanced control electronics with integrated measuring and feedback devices. Proportional control
valves are hydraulic valves that give you very accurate control of flow and pressure. Proportional
and servo hydraulic valves are usually classified as high-performance valves.

This distinction gives an expected indication of performance, which tends to generalize the
true differences between various types of servo and proportional hydraulic valves. Each type has
its own unique performance characteristics either in controlling pressure or controlling flow. These
hydraulic valves may be used to perform a directional control, pressure control or flow control
function. Therefore, it is important to know which type of hydraulic that we dealing with. There
are two types of cylinders: Single acting and double acting [5]. Each hydraulic have their own
purpose which can help consumer in their daily operation.

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2.0 OBJECTIVES
1. To assemble, test, trouble shoots (if necessary) and describes the operation of hydraulic
cylinder in tension, retraction and stopped positions.
2. To familiarizes the student with the applications of a 4/3-way valve.
3. To show the students how to use check valve and how it functions.

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3.0 LAB EQUIPMENT

EQUIPMENT SYMBOL FUNCTION

The rotary counterpart of the

hydraulic cylinder as linear
actuator

Hydraulic Motor

Delivers liquid to the pump

outlet and forces it into the
hydraulic system

Pump Unit

Open at predetermined set

pressure to protect pressure
vessel and other equipment
from being subjected to pressure
that exceed their design limits.

Pressure Relief Valve

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 Allows fluid
flow to an
actuator in
one position
and exhaust
the fluid from
it in the other
4/3-way Solenoid Valve position
with Shutoff position

Has a port at
each end,
supplied with
hydraulic
fluid for both
the retraction
and extension
of the piston
Double Acting Cylinder

To ensure the
fluid moves in
one direction
only.

Pilot Control Non- Return Valve

Table 1 : List of equipment

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Schematic Diagram

Hand
Level

A B
Solenoid

P T

P T

Ts

Figure 3 : Schematic diagram for acting cylinder Figure 4 : Schematic diagram for hydraulic motor

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4.0 PROCEDURE
Hydraulic System

1) The drawing of the hydraulic system is given and examined.

2) The components of the system are determined.
3) The system is assembled according to the circuit given.
4) The system is tested for its functionality
5) The pilot control non-return valve is eliminated from the system for the cylinder to retract.

Electro-hydraulic System.

1) Each of the components for the electro-hydraulic systems was identified and the function
was determined.
2) The hydraulic system was turned on.
3) The working principle of the electro-hydraulic system was studied.
4) After understanding the system, the hydraulic system’s circuit system is drawn.

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5.0 DISCUSSION
Basically, hydraulic system is technology used to transmit force or motion through a
confined fluid. Theoretically, the fluid is incompressible. Electro-hydraulic is combination of
electrical and hydraulic system. Nowadays, electro-hydraulic is not a new technology plus it has
been used in a lot of industries.

Typically, electro-hydraulic system consists of several components which are a hydraulic

power supply (electric motor), hydraulic pump, particle filter, oil cooler, accumulator, relief
valves, manifolds, hard pipping, flexible hoses, fitting, hydraulic manual or servo valve, linear of
rotary actuator, load or displacement measuring equipment (optional for high performance and
automated control), feedback-control electronics, including PID controls (optional), and a
mounting frame or mobile device for load and reactions.

There are some improvements that can be done on this electro-hydraulic system. The first
improvement is to add a device that can measure the load and the displacement of the cylinder.
This measuring device is very useful in identifying the amount of force exerted or needed to
perform a specific task. This also can help to understand the behavior of the system and the fluid
itself when different parameters are applied on the system to see whether the system can operate
or fail. Next improvement is to improve the system so different type of fluid can be used rather
than oil. Different fluid has different properties. Different fluid will give different result therefore
it is good for studies and perhaps with a good research and findings it can helps in innovate the
system.

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6.0 CONCLUSION
As the conclusion all of the objective and experiment is being held successfully without
any problem. this lab session had helped our group to enhance our knowledge and understanding
of the electro-hydraulic system in terms of the basic principles and work flow. Besides that, we
learn there are few advantages of hydraulic system. For example, it is easy to control which is by
using simple levers or push button to operate it. Furthermore, it provides constant force and torque
regardless of speed changes. Other than that, it also simple, safe and economical because it uses
fewer moving parts in comparison with mechanical and electrical systems. Hydraulic system also
have the ability to multiply the force from fraction of a pound to several hundred tons of output
All of this, advantages make hydraulic systems technology is becoming more and more evolve in
current technology as now the world is headed more towards industrial 4.0.

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7.0 REFERENCES
[1] Hydraulic System - What is a hydraulic system? (n/a). Retrieved from
https://www.fsenergy.com/technology/hydraulic-system/.

[2] Mishra, P. (2017, October 27). What is Hydraulic Machine? Retrieved from
https://www.mechanicalbooster.com/2014/02/what-is-hydraulic-machine.html.

[3] Where are hydraulics used in a wind turbine? (n/a). Retrieved from
https://www.windpowerengineering.com/where-are-hydraulics-used-in-a-wind-turbine/.

[4] Blue-Monkey, (n/a). Home. Retrieved from https://dta.eu/hydraulics/hydraulic-

valves/proportional-controls/.

[5] Importance of Hydraulic Cylinders. (2018, March 19). Retrieved from

http://peerlessengineering.com/importance-of-hydraulic-cylinders/

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