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3 RECTIFIERS
3.1 Objective
• Understanding the principles and features of half-wave, full-wave and bridge
rectifier.
DC Power Supply
Electronic equipments mostly require DC power as the power supply. Besides the
secondary battery and dry battery, the transformation from ACV to DCV is the most
frequently used method for DC power supply. The complete DC power supply shall consist
of blocks such as voltage transformation, rectifiying, filtering and voltage regulating.
The AC electricity will be transformed into the required voltage through the transformer,
then will be rectified as the pulsating DC by the rectifier. The pulsating DC will be turned
into DC with minimum ripple by the filter. If the DC signal will be applied to a load with
considerable verification of resistance, a voltage regulator shall be added. The most
frequently used rectifiers are:
• Half-wave rectifier,
• Full-wave rectifier,
• Bridge rectifier.
0,636iVm
VDC = Vave = = 0,318iVm
2
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Fig. 3.1
Half-wave Rectifier with a Filter Capacitor
The output waveform of the half-wave rectifier without a filter capacitor is shown in
Fig. 3.1 (d). The circuit of half-wave rectifier with a filter capacitor is shown in Fig. 3.2 (a)
and (b) which represent the situations of charge and discharge respectively. The output
waveforms are shown in Fig. 3.2 (c) and (d) which represent the situations of RL= 1K and
RL= 8K respectively. The larger RL will result in the longer discharge interval, which
will make the output voltage smoother.
Fig. 3.2
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(a)
Fig. 3.3
During the negative half cycle, the input voltage VAC2 is shown in Fig. 3.3 (e). As the
upper end of VAC2 is negative and the lower end of VAC2 is positive, D2 will be forward
conducted, whereas D1 will be reverselt cutoff. The equivalent circuit is shown in Fig. 3.6 (f)
in which the direction of the current flowing through RL is same as positive half cycle and V0
is shown in Fig. 3.3 (g). We have
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Fig. 3.4
During the negative half cycle, the input voltage VAC is shown in Fig. 3.4 (e). D1, D2
are reversely cut off and D3, D4 are forward conducted. The equivalent circuit is shown in
Fig. 3.4 (f) and V0 is shown in Fig. 3.4 (g).
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3.4 Procedures
Fig. 3.5
(4) Now measure the average and ripple values of Vin and Vout. Adjust multimeter
mode to DC Voltage and AC voltage respectively. Record these in Table 3.1
(5) At the same time observe the output waveform using oscilloscope. Change AC /
DC coupling of channel input and examine the difference. Plot the (uncoupled) waveform in
Graph 3.1 (a).
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Fig. 3.6
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VDC(Average) VAC(Ripple)
VIN
Table 3.1
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Fig. 3.7
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(6) Turn off main module voltage and rearrange short circuit clips according
to Fig. 3.8
Fig. 3.8
(7) Adjust VR4 to minimum.
(8) Measure the DC and AC values of output voltage and record them in Table 3.2.
(9) Observe the output waveform and plot it on Graph 3.2 (b).
(10) Adjust VR4 to maximum and repeat step 8.
(11) Observe the output waveform and plot it on Graph 3.2 (c).
VDC(Average) VAC(Ripple)
VOUT (Without Capacitor and RL=1K)
Wave
Full-
Table 3.2
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Fig. 3.9
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(5) Turn off main module voltage and rearrange short circuit clips according to
Fig. 3.10
Fig. 3.10
(6) Adjust VR4 to minimum.
(7) Measure the DC and AC values of output voltage and record them in Table 3.3.
(8) Observe the output waveform and plot it on Graph 3.3 (b).
(9) Adjust VR4 to maximum and repeat step 8.
(10) Observe the output waveform and plot it on Graph 3.3 (c).
VDC(Average) VAC(Ripple)
VOUT (Without Capacitor and RL=1K)
Rectifier
Bridge
Table 3.3
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