Djoko W Karmiadji

Email: dkarmiadji@yahoo.com

NUMERICAL ANALYSIS

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COURSE GOALS

This course has two specific goals:

i. To introduce students to basic concepts of
algebra and mathematics using numerical
analysis method.
ii. To develop analytical skills relevant to the
areas mentioned in (i) above in the field of
mechanical engineering.

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 COURSE OBJECTIVES
Upon successful completion of this course, students should
be able to:
1. Determine the solution of algebra and mathematical
problems.
2. Distinguish between mathematics and mechanical
engineering systems.
3. Familiarize numerical solution methods.
4. Analyze the problem solution induces in mechanical
engineering systems using numerical methods.
5. Apply sound analytical techniques and logical procedures
in the solution of engineering problems.

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 Teaching Strategies

The course will be taught via Lectures and
Tutorial Sessions, the tutorial being designed
to complement and enhance both the lectures
and the students appreciation of the subject.

Course work assignments will be reviewed

with the students.
Attendance at Lectures and Tutorials is Compulsory

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MATRIK & DETERMINAN

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 PERSAMAAN ALJABAR LINIER
a11 x1 + a12 x2 + .......... + a1n xn = b1
a21 x1 + a22 x2 + .......... + a2 n xn = b2
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
am1 x1 + am 2 x2 + .......... + amn xn = bm

 a11 a12 . . a1n   x1   b1  [a ]{x } = {b }

ij j i

 a21 a22 . . a2 n   x2   b2 
 .      i = 1 ,..... , m
. .  . = . 
 
 . . .  .   .  j = 1 ,..... , n

am1 am 2 . . amn   xn  bm  [ A ]m × n {x }n × 1 = {B }m × 1

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Contoh:
Contoh: Aplikasi persamaan aljabar linier

2 x1 + 3 x 2 + x 3 = 9 2 3 1  x 1  9
x 1 + 2 x 2 + 3 x 3 = 6 ⇒  1 2 3  x 2  =  6
3 x1 + x 2 + 2 x 3 = 8 3 1 2  x 3  8

[a ]{x } = {b } ⇔
ij j i
i = 1, 2 , 3
j = 1, 2 , 3

2 3 1
[a ]
ij = 1 2 3 = [ A]3× 3 ;
 3 1 2

 x1  9
 
{x } j =  x 2  = {x}3×1 ; {bi } = 6 = {b}3×1
 x 3  8

[A]3×3 {x}3×1 = {b}3×1

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 VEKTOR DAN SKALAR
Vectors & Scalars
> Vector row ⇒ {A}1×n = {a11 a12 .... a1n }
 a11 
 a21 
 . 
> Vector column ⇒ {A}m×1 =  
 . 
a 
 m1 
> Scalar ⇒ [A]1×1 = [a11 ]
{A}1×3 = { 9 6 8}
→ Vektor baris ⇒
Contoh: Matrik vektor dan skalar
{A}1×4 = { 0 4 −4 2}

9 0
4
→ Vektor kolom ⇒ {A}3×1 =  6 ⇔ {A}4×1 = 
8 −4
 2
 
→ Skalar ⇒ [ A]1×1 = [2]
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MATRIK NOL
0 0 . . 0
0 0 . . 0
Null Matrix ⇒ [A]m×n = . . .
. . .
0 0 
 . . 0
Contoh: Matrik nol

 0 0
 0 0 0
[A]3×2 =  0 0 ⇔ [A]2×3 = 
 0 0  0 0 0 
 

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 MATRIK BUJUR SANGKAR
 a11 a12 . . a1n 
a21 a22 . . a2 n 
Square Matrix ⇒ [A]n =  . . . 
 
 . . . 
an1 an 2 . . ann 

Contoh: Matrik bujur sangkar

1 1 1 1
2 3 1  1 1 1 − 1 
[A]3 = 1 2 3 ⇔ [A]4 =
1 1 −1 1 
 3 1 2 1 − 1 1 1 

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MATRIK IDENTITAS
1 0 . . 0
0 1 . . 0
Identity Matrix ⇒ [I ]n = . . .
. . .
0 0 
 . . 1
Contoh: Matrik identitas

1 0 0  1 0 0 0
[I ]3 = 0 1 0 ⇔ [I ]4 
= 0 1 0 0
0 0 1 0 0 1 0
0 0 0 1

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MATRIK DIAGONAL
a11 0 . . 0
0 a22 . . 0
Diagonal Matrix ⇒ [ A]n =  . . . 
 
 . . . 
 0 0 . . ann 
Contoh: Matrik diagonal

1 0 0   4 0 0 0
[A]3 
= 0 3 0 ⇔ [ A]4 =  0 1 0 0
0 0 2 0 0 3 0
0 0 0 5

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MATRIK SIMETRIS
 a11 a12 . . a1n 
a12 a22 . . a2 n 
Symmetrical Matrix ⇒ [A]n =  . . . 
 
 . . . 
a1n a2 n . . ann 
Contoh: Matrik simetris

 2 3 1   3 1 2 − 4 
[A]3 
=  3 3 2 ⇔ [ A]4 =  1 1 1 − 1 
1 2 1  2 1 − 1 3 
 − 4 − 1 3 2 

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MATRIK TRANSPOSE
 a11 a21 . . am1 
a12 a22 . . am 2 
Transpose Matrix ⇒ [A] = . 
t
. .
m×n
 
 . . . 
a1n a2 n . . amn 

Contoh: Matrik transpose

 2 3  2 1 3 
[A]3×2 = 1 2 ⇔ [ A]3×2 = 
t

 3 1  3 2 1

1 2 3 4 1 1 1 1
[A]4×4 
= 1 1 1 − 1  ⇔ [ A]4×4 =  2 1 − 2 − 1
t
1 − 2 −1 1  3 1 − 1 2 
1 − 1 2 1   4 − 1 1 1 
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MATRIK INVERS
[ A]−1
⇔ [ A][ A] = [I ]
−1

Matrik invers ⇒ [B ] = [ A]
−1

[ A][B ] = [B ][ A] = [I ] →
[A] = [B ]−1

MATRIK SINGULAR & ORTHOGONAL

Singular Matrix ⇒ has no [ A]
−1

Orthogonal Matrix ⇒ [ A] = [ A]
−1 t

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MATRIK AUGMEN

 a 11 a12 
[ A] =  a a 22 
 21  a 11 a 12 1 0
Matrik augmen ⇒ [C ] = 
a 21 a 22 0 1
[B ] = 0 1
 1 0
 

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SUB-
SUB-MATRIK

[ A11 ] [A12 ]  a11 a12 a13 

[A] =   ⇔ [ A] = a 21 a 22 a 23 
[ A ] 
[A22 ]  
 21 a 31 a 32 a 33 

 a11 a12   a13 

[A11 ] = a a 22 
; [A12 ] = a 
sub - matrik ⇒  21  23 
[A21 ] = {a 31 a 32 }; [A22 ] = [a 33 ]

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MATRIK SEGITIGA
a11 a12 . . a1n 
 0 a22 . . a2 n 
Upper - Triangular Matrix ⇒ [A]n =  . . . 
 
 . . . 
 0 0 . . ann 
 a11 0 . . 0
 a12 a22 . . 0
Lower - Triangular Matrix ⇒ [A]n =  . . . 
 
 . . . 
a1n a2 n . . ann 
1 a12 . . a1n 
0 1 . . a2 n 
Upper - Unit - Triangular Matrix ⇒ [ A]n =  . . . 
 
. . . 
0 0 . . 1 
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OPERASI MATRIK
 a11 a12 . . a1n 
a a 22 . . a2n 
 21 
[ A]m×n = . . . 
 . . . 
a am 2 . . a mn 
 m1

 b11 b12 . . b1n 

b b22 . . b2 n 
 21 
[B ]m×n = . . . 
 . . . 
b bm 2 . . bmn 
 m1

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KESAMAAN MATRIK
 a 11 a12 . . a 1n 
 a 21 a 22 . . a 2n 
→ [ A]m×n = . . .  [A] = [B ]
 
 . . .  maka :
a m 1 am2 . . a mn 
⇒ a ij = bij
 b11 b12 . . b1n 
 b21 b22 . . b2 n  i = 1,....., m
→ [B ]m×n = . . . 
  j = 1,....., n
 . . . 
bm 1 bm 2 . . bmn 

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Contoh 2 Matrik sama
2 1 + x 1   2 3 1
[ A] =  1 2 3  ; [B ] = y 2 3
 2

 3 1 
x − y − z  
 3 1 2
i = 1, 2, 3
[A] = [B ] → a ij = bij
j = 1, 2, 3
1+ x = 3 → x = 2
2
=1→ y = 2
y
x − y − z = 3 → z = −3
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PENJUMLAHAN DAN PENGURANGAN MATRIK
[
⇒ [ A]m×n ± [B ]m×n = a ij ± bij ]
i = 1,2....m; j = 1,2....n
Contoh Latihan: Penjumlahan dan Pengurangan Matrik

1 2 3  4 − 3 6  5 − 1 9
 + =  
4 5 6  2 1 − 5  6 6 1 

1 4 + a c  −  − 2 − 5 =  3 + a 9 + c 
 2 5  b d   3 1   − 1 + b 4 + d 

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PERKALIAN MATRIK
[cik ] = [a ij ][b jk ]
n
Matrix multiplication ⇒ [ A]m×n [B ]n×l = [C ]m×l c ik = ∑a b ij jk
j =1
i = 1,2....m; k = 1,2....l

Contoh Latihan: Perkalian Matrik

1 2 3   4 2 1 × 4 + 2 × ( −3) + 3 × 6 19
  × − 3 1 =  
4 5 6  6 5 4 × 4 + 5 × ( −3) + 6 × 6 43

= 16 19
 37 43

2 3  a  2a + 3d − 2b + 3e − 2c + 3 f 
 1 - 2 ×  − b − c  =  a − 2d − b − 2e −c−2f 

 d e f  
 4 - 3  4a − 3d − 4b − 3e 4c − 3 f 

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SOAL OPERASI MATRIK
Diketahui matrik [A], [B], [C], [D], [E] dan [F] sebagai berikut:

2 1 1 2 3 1
2 1 1 
[A] = 1 2 3 ; [B ] =  2
 

2 3 ; [C ] = 
  ;
 3 1 2
3 1 2 3 1 2
2 1  2
 
[D] = 2 3 ; [E ] = {2 1

3}; [F ] = 1
3 2  3

Hitunglah operasi matrik berikut dan cocokkan jawaban anda

dengan program Excel !

1) [ A] + [B ] ; 2) [A][B] ; 3) [C ][D] ; 4) [E ][F ]

5) [ A] + [B ] − [D][C ] ; 6) [A][B] − [D][C ] + [F ][E ]

7) [ A] ( [D][C ] ) + [B ] ( [F ][E ] ) ; 8) ( [ A][B] ) ( [D][C ] ) ( [F ][E ] )

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ROTASI SISTEM KOORDINAT
x2 = d1 + d 2
x1
d1 =
cos θ x2 = x1 + y2 tan θ
cos θ
d 2 = y2 tan θ
d 3 = x1 tan θ
y2
y y1 = x1 tan θ +
d4 = 2 cos θ
cos θ
y2 = y1 cos θ − x1 sin θ
x1
x2 = + ( y1 cosθ − x1 sin θ )tanθ
cosθ

=
( )
x1 1 − sin 2 θ
+ y1 sin θ
cosθ
x 2 = x1 cosθ + y1 sin θ  x 2   cosθ sin θ   x1 
y  =   
y2 = − x1 sin θ + y1 cosθ  2   − sin θ cosθ   y1 
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ROTASI SISTEM KOORDINAT

 x3   cos β sin β   x2 
 y  = − sin β cos β   y2 
 3 

 x3   cos(θ + β ) sin (θ + β )  x1 
 y  = − sin (θ + β ) cos(θ + β )  y 
 3   1 

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SOAL ROTASI MATRIK
Dari matrik rotasi terhadap sistem koordinat, dimana sα = sinα;
cα = cosα; sβ = sinβ ; cβ = cosβ ; sγ = sinγ; cγ = cosγ, diketahui:

 cα sα 0 cα − sα 0
[A] = − sα cα 0 ; [B ] =  sα
 
cα 0

 0 0 1 0 0 1
 cβ 0 sβ  1 0 0 
[C ] =  0 1 0  ; [ D ] =  0 cγ
 
− sγ 

 − sβ 0 cβ   0 sγ cβ 
Hitunglah operasi rotasi matrik berikut dan gunakan rumus-rumus
trigonometri !

9) [A][B] ;
10) [C ][D] ;
11) [B][C ][D] ;
12) [B][C ][B]
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DETERMINAN

a11 a12 . . a1n

a21 a22 . . a2 n
det[ A]n = aij = . . .
. . .
an1 an 2 . . ann

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Sifat Determinan 1
Determinan adalah nol jika dua kolom atau dua
baris identik atau salah satu baris atau kolom
merupakan hasil perkalian dengan faktor pengali
yang sama dari baris atau kolom lain.
Contoh:

det [ A] = 1 5 =0
3 15

1 4 5
det [ A] = 2 3 1 = 0
3 12 15

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Sifat Determinan 2
Nilai determinan berubah tandanya jika dua baris
atau dua kolom saling bertukar posisi

Contoh:

1 4 5 2 3 1
det[ A] = 2 3 1 , maka det[ A] = −1 1 4 5
3 2 6 3 2 6

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Sifat Determinan 3
Nilai determinan dari suatu matrik sama dengan
nilai determinan matrik transposenya

Contoh:

t
1 4 5 1 4 5
det[ A] = 2 3 1 = 2 3 1
3 2 6 3 2 6

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Sifat Determinan 4
Bentuk determinan memungkinkan untuk
mengeluarkan faktor pengali dari satu baris atau
kolom, dimana dengan mengeluarkan faktor-faktor
dari determinan tetapi tidak menghilangkannya,
maka nilai determinannya sama dengan determinan
aslinya
Contoh:

1 2 3 1 2 1 1 2 1
det[ A] = 2 3 3 = ( 3) 2 3 1 = ( 3)( 2) 2 3 1
6 4 18 6 4 6 3 2 3

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 Sifat Determinan 5
Nilai determinan tidak berubah jika hasil perkalian
skalar dengan baris atau kolom ditambahkan atau
dikurangkan dengan baris atau kolom paralel lain

Contoh:

1 2 1 1  2 1  1 1 2 − 2 1 1 0 1
det[ A] = 2 3 1 = 2  3 − 2 2 1 = 2 3 − 4 1 = 2 − 1 1
3 2 3 3  2  3 3 3 2 − 6 3 3 − 4 3

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Sifat Determinan 6
Determinan matrik skalar (1 x 1) sama dengan
elemen itu sendiri

Contoh:

det [ A] = − 3 = −3

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 NILAI DETERMINAN

Nilai determinan order 2 didefinisikan sebagai berikut:

a 11 a 12
det[ A] = = a 11 a 22 − a 12 a 21
a 21 a 22

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METODE LAPLACE KOFAKTOR
Laplace method of cofactors
n
det[ A]n = ∑ aij Cij
j =1

or
n
det[ A]n = ∑ aij Cij
i =1

Cij = (− 1) M ij
i+ j
where cofactor,

a11 . a1( j −1) a1( j +1) . a1n

. . . . . .
a( i −1)1 . a( i −1)( j −1) a( i −1)( j +1) . a( i −1) n
M ij =
a(i +1)1 . a( i +1)( j −1) a( i +1)( j +1) . a(i +1) n
. . . . . .
an1 . an ( j −1) an ( j +1) . ann
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Contoh Latihan:
Latihan: determinan matrik order 3
a11 a12 a13 3
det[ A] = a 21 a 22 a 23 = ∑ a ij C ij
a 31 a 32 a 33 j =1

1+ 1 a 22 a 23 1+ 2 a 21 a 23
= a11 .( −1) + a12 .( −1)
a 32 a 33 a 31 a 33

1+ 3 a 21 a 22
+ a13 .( −1)
a 31 a 32
det[ A] = a11 (a 22 a 33 − a 23 a 32 ) − a 12 (a 21 a 33 − a 23 a 31 )

+ a 13 (a 21 a 32 − a 22 a 31 )

= a 11 a 22 a 33 + a12 a 23 a 31 + a13 a 21 a 32

− a11 a 23 a 32 − a12 a 21 a 33 − a13 a 22 a 31

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Contoh Latihan:
Latihan: determinan matrik order 3

1 2 1
det[ A] = 2 3 1 = −4
3 2 3

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METODE ELIMINASI SEGITIGA ATAS
a11 a12 . . a 1n
a 21 a 22 . . a 2n
det[ A]n = . . .
. . .
a n1 an2 . . a nn

u11 u12 . . u1n

0 u22 . . u2 n n
det[ A]n = a ij = K . . . =K ∏u ii
. . . i =1

0 0 . . unn
dimana K adalah konstanta dari hasil operasi baris matrik original
[A] hingga menjadi matrik segitiga atas

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 Contoh Metode segitiga atas:
atas: Matrik order 3

1 2 1 R1 1 2 1 R1
det [ A] = 2 3 1 R2 det[ A] = 0 − 1 − 1 R2 -2R1
3 2 3 R3 0 −4 0 R3 -3R1

1 2 1 R1
det[ A] = 0 − 1 − 1 R2 . det [ A] = (1)( −1)( 4) = −4
0 0 4 R3 - 4R2

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Contoh Metode segitiga atas:
atas: Matrik order 4
1 2 1 3 R1
det[ A] = 2 − 1 3 1 R2
−3 3 2 −2 R3
1 2 −1 2 R4

1 2 1 3 R1 .
0 −5 1 −5 R2 -2R1
=
0 9 5 7 R3 + 3R1
0 0 −2 −1 R4 -R1

1 2 1 3 R1 .
0 −5 1 −5 R2 .
= 0 0 6 ,8 −2 R3 + (9/5)R2
0 0 −2 −1 R4 .

1 2 1 3 R1 .
0 −5 1 −5 R2 .
= 0 0 6 ,8 −2 R3 .
0 0 0 − 1,59 R4 + (2/6,8)R3

= (1)( −5)(6,8)( −1,59) = 54

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Contoh Metode segitiga atas:
atas: Matrik order 4

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Metode Kondensasi Pivot

a11 a12 a11 a13 a11 a1 n

. .
a 21 a 22 a 21 a 23 a 21 a2n
a11 a12 a11 a13 a11 a1 n
. .
a 31 a 32 a 31 a 33 a 31 a3n
[ ] (
det A n = a11 )2− n
. . .
. . .
a11 a12 a11 a13 a11 a1 n
. .
a n1 an2 a n1 an 3 a n1 a nn

dwk 43
 Contoh Metode kondensasi pivot: Matrik order 4

1 2 1 1 1 3
1 2 1 3 2 −1 2 3 2 1
1 2 1 1 1 3
det[ A] = 2 − 1 3 1 det[ A] =
−3 3 −3 2 −3 −2
−3 3 2 −2
1 2 −1 2 1 2 1 1 1 3
1 2 1 −1 1 2

−5 1 −5
det[ A] = 9 5 7
0 − 2 −1

−5 1 −5 −5
9 5 9 7
= (− 5 )
−1

−5 1 −5 −5
0 −2 0 −1

1 - 34 10
=−
5 10 5

=−
(− 170 − 100) = 54
5
dwk 44
Contoh Metode kondensasi pivot: Matrik order 4

dwk 45
SOAL DETERMINAN
Diketahui matrik [A], [B], [C], [D], [E] dan [F] sebagai berikut:

2 1 1 2 3 1
2 1 1 
[A] = 1 2 3 ; [B ] =  2
 

2 3 ; [C ] = 
  ;
 3 1 2
3 1 2 3 1 2
2 1  2
 
[D] = 2 3 ; [E ] = {2 1

3}; [F ] = 1
3 2  3

Hitunglah determinan operasi matrik berikut dan cocokkan jawaban

anda dengan program Excel !

13) [ A] + [B ] ; 14) [A][B] ; 15) [C ][D] ; 16) [E ][F ]

17) [ A] + [B ] − [D][C ] ; 18) [A][B] − [D][C ] + [F ][E ]

19) [ A] ( [D][C ] ) + [B] ( [F ][E ] ) ; 20) ( [A][B] ) ( [D][C ] ) ( [F ][E ] )

dwk 46
LUAS
x1 y1
det[ A] = = x1 y 2 − x 2 y1
x2 y2

A = A023 + A1234 − A014

A = 12 x 2 y2 + 1
2
( x1 − x2 )( y1 + y2 ) − 12 x1 y1
= 12 ( x1 y2 − x 2 y1 )

1 x1 y1 1
A= 2
= 2 det[ A]
x2 y2

n
 x1 y1 x2 y2 xn yn 
Atotal = ∑A
i =1
i
1
A= 
2
 x2
+
y2 x 3 y3
+ ...... +
x1 y1 


dwk 47
LUAS
A = A1354 + A2356 − A1264
= 1
2
( x3 − x1 )( y1 + y3 ) + 12 ( x2 − x3 )( y2 + y3 ) − 12 ( x2 − x1 )( y1 + y2 )
= 12 [ x1 ( y 2 − y3 ) − x 2 ( y1 − y 3 ) + x 3 ( y1 − y 3 )]

x1 y1 1
1
A= 2 x2 y2 1
x3 y3 1

 x1 y1 1 x1 y1 1 x1 y1 1 
1 
A = 2  x2 y2 1 + x3 y3 1 + ...... + x n −1 y n −1 1 
 x3 y3 1 x4 y4 1 xn y n 1 


dwk 48
VOLUME

x1 y1 z1
1
V= 6
x2 y2 z2
x3 y3 z3

x1 y1 z1 1
1 x2 y2 z2 1
or V= 6 x3 y3 z3 1
x4 y4 z4 1

dwk 49
Contoh:
Contoh: Luas area

Node 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
x -3 -5 -3 -6 0 4 2 5 2
y 5 3 0 -3 -1 -2 3 5 7

−3 5 −5 3 −3 0 −6 −3 
−5 + + + 
1
3 −3 0 −6 −3 0 −1 
A= 2 
+ 0 −1 4 − 2 2 3 5 5 2 7
+ + + +
 4 −2 2 3 5 5 2 7 − 3 5 
= 55,5

dwk 50
Contoh:
Contoh: Luas integral

I= ∫
2

1
2
x dx = [ ]
1
3
3 2
x 1
7
= = 2,333
3
Node 1 2 3 4 5
x
2 2 1,5 1 1
y
0 4 2,25 1 0

2
∫
2
I= x dx ≈ A12345
1

≈ A123 + A134 + A145

 2 0 1 2 0 1 2 0 1
1 
I ≈ 2 2 4 1 + 1,5 2,25 1 + 1 1 1 
 1,5 2,25 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 
 
≈ 2,373
dwk 51
Contoh:
Contoh: Luas integral

dwk 52
SOAL LUAS
Tentukan luas area pada sistem koordinat berikut:

21) x 0 1 2 -1 -2

y 0 1 6 3 -4

22) x 1 3 5 2 -1

y 2 3 -2 -6 7

dwk 53
SOAL LUAS
Dengan menggunakan metode pendekatan determinan, hitunglah nilai
integral dari persamaan berikut dan bandingkan dengan nilai
eksaknya:
4
(
I = ∫ x + 4 dx
0
2
)
dimana

23) ∆x = 2
24) ∆x = 1
25) ∆x = 0,5

dwk 54