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1 The black flat roof of a building has an emissivity of 0.9 and an absorptivity of 0.8 for
solar radiation. The sun beats down at midday with an intensity of 300 Btu/ft 2.hr (a) if
the temperature of the air and of the surroundings is 68 oF, if the wind velocity is
negligible, and if no heat penetrates the roof, what is the equilibrium temperature of the
roof? For the rate of heat transfer by conduction-convection use q/A = 0.38 (T)1.25,
where T is he temperature drop between roof and air in degrees Fahrenheit, (b) what
fraction of the heat from the roof is lost by radiation.
2 On a clear night, when the effective blackbody temperature of space is -70 oC, the air is
at 15 oC and contains water vapour at a partial pressure equal to that of ice or liquid
water at 0oC. A very thin film of water, initially at 15 oC, is placed in a very shallow
well insulated pan, placed in a spot sheltered from the wind with a full view of the sky.
If hc = 2.6 W/m2 oC, state whether ice will form, supporting the conclusion with
suitable calculations.
3. A vertical tubular condenser is to be used to condense 2,100 kg/h of ethyl alcohol,
which enters at atmospheric pressure. Cooling water is to flow through the tubes at an
average temperature of 30 oC. The tubes are 31 mm OD and 27 mm ID. The water side
coefficient is 2,800 W/m2oC. Fouling factors and the resistances of the tube wall may
be neglected. If the available tubes are 3 m long, how many tubes will be needed? Data
are as follows.
Boiling point of alcohol =Th=78.4 oC ; Heat of vaporization =856 J/g ;
Density of liquid = f=769 kg/m3.