Department of Petroleum Engineering

Reservoir Engineering II

Part A
1. Outline the fluid phase behavior.
 Petroleum reservoirs may contain any of the three fluid phases—water (brine), oil, or gas.
The initial distribution of phases depends on depth, temperature, pressure,
composition, historical migration, type of geological trap, and reservoir heterogeneity (that is,
varying rock properties). The forces that originally distribute the fluids
are gravity, capillary, molecular diffusion, thermal convection, and pressure gradients. It is
generally assumed that reservoir fluids are in a static state when discovered or, more
correctly, that fluids are moving at a very slow rate relative to the time required to extract the
fluids (10 to 50 years). Clearly the fluids may still be in a dynamic state in terms
of geological time.
 Phase behavior of a mixture with known composition consists of defining the number of
phases, phase amounts, phase compositions, phase properties (molecular weight, density, and
viscosity), and the interfacial tension (IFT) between phases. In addition to defining the phase
behavior of mixtures at a specific reservoir pressure, knowing the derivatives of all phase
properties with respect to pressure and composition is important
2. What is fractional flow?
 Calculation fractional oil recovery resulting from displacement by an immiscible (non-
mixing) fluid which is primarily taken to be water. After considering several basic
assumptions, The fractional flow of water, at any point in the reservoir, is defined as

 
3. What is radial flow?
 Radial-flow. : having the working fluid flowing mainly along the radii of rotation a radial-
flow movement — compare axial-flow
  If production from the reservoir into the well is taken as positive, which is the conventionally
adopted, then, since the radius is measured as being positive in the direction opposite to the
flow, dΦ/dr is positive and Darcy's law may be stated as

 the basic equation for the radial flow of a fluid in a homogeneous porous medium is derived
as

4. Give Sketch flow dietz analysis

5. What are the various components of material balance?
 Material balance analysis is an interpretation method used to determine original fluids-in-
place (OFIP) based on production and static pressure data. The general material
balance equation relates the original oil, gas, and water in the reservoir to production
volumes and current pressure conditions / fluid properties.

6. What is the production forecasting?

 Forecasting future oil and gas production for a well is one of the most important tasks of
a reservoir engineer. These production forecasts are used for estimating remaining
reserves, optimizing production operations and business planning, among other tasks
7. What do you mean bottom hole analysis?
 The bottomhole is the lowest or deepest part of a well. Drillers use mud pumps to circulate
drilling fluid through the central well annulus to the bottomhole of the peripheral well. These
data sets could be acquired at any location in the wellbore from the bottomhole or bottom of
the well to the wellhead.
 Bottom hole pressure is the pressure at the bottom of the hole, usually measured in pounds
per square inch. In a flowing well the bottom hole pressure is equal to the pressure drop in
the tubing plus the wellhead pressure. The reservoir or formation pressure at the bottom of
the hole is known as bottom hole pressure.
8. What are hydrocarbon pore volume map?
Hydrocarbon pore volume is determined from the geological (area and average reservoir thickness)
and petrophysical (porosity and net to gross—NTG) input (Fig. 6.1). Where we have limited data in
early field life, we take single values for reservoir area and average values for net thickness, porosity,
and water saturation, so that

Figure 6.1. Examples of structural input to hydrocarbon pore volume.

V = A hv ϕ (1−Sw)
where A, area (average); hv, net thickness, h · NTG; ϕ, porosity; and Sw, water saturation; NTG, net to
gross. When detailed appraisal data become available, the reservoir regions and areas will of course
be given separate values, but the same equation will be used to calculate regional pore volumes.
9. What is effective phase permeability?
Effective permeability of rock to a fluid phase (oil, gas, or water) in porous medium is a measure of
the ability of that phase to flow in the presence of other fluid phases. ... Effective permeability is
dependent on fluid saturation
10. Why is reservoir management important?
 Reservoir management must be considered as a dynamic process that aims at identifying the
uncertainties affecting the future field behavior, and tries to reduce their impact by optimizing
the field performance through a systematic application of integrated, multidisciplinary
technologies.