SUBJECT OF LINGUISTICS

Meeting to-5 :
“PHONOLOGY and MORPHOLOGY”

Apri Anggraini
1710013121010
PING-6A

Lecturer :
Dr. Drs. H. Welya Roza M.Pd

ENGLISH EDUCATION STUDENTS

FACULTY OF TEACHER AND TRAINING
BUNG HATTA UNIVERSITY
PADANG, 2020
 MAKE A BRIEF CONCLUSIONS AND DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PHONOLOGY
AND MORPHOLOGY :

Phonology vs Morphology :

The difference between phonology and morphology is very easy to understand if one
can remember that phonology deals with sounds and morphology deals with words. The
terms, phonology and morphology, are from the Linguistics subject field. Linguistics is the
scientific study of language. It deals with the phonological, morphological, syntactical and
semantic areas in languages and this is a very famous subject area. Phonology and
morphology are some of the main sub branches in Linguistic analysis of languages.
Phonology is the study of sounds and sound systems in languages. Morphology mainly deals
with the words in a language. Both these subject areas are important in analyzing a language.
Let us look at the two terms, Morphology and Phonology, and the difference between them in
detail.

What is Phonology?

Phonology mainly deals with the sound system of language. It considers how sounds
in languages are organized systematically in languages. All the words we pronounce in
languages are systematic combination of sounds. There are more than 5000 languages around
the world and these languages have different sound combinations. Phonology studies of these
various combinations.

Word in any language conveys a linguistic meaning and the words have been formed
with a collection of sounds. However, sounds cannot be joined randomly. There are rules and
possibilities in all the languages concerning the sound arrangements. Phonology studies of
these various rules and patterns. It gives a scientific explanation on how sounds function
within a language, encoding different meanings. Moreover, linguists regard Phonology to be
belonged to theoretical linguistics. Phonology does not focus only on sound systems, but also
it focuses on syllable structure, tone of speech, accent, stress and intonation, etc., which are
known as suprasegmental features in a language. Further, Phonological studies have their
focus on sign language as well.
What is Morphology?

Morphology is the study of words or morphemes, the smallest units in a language.

Every language has its own system of sound combinations and theses sounds together form a
word. Morpheme is known as the smallest unit in a particular language. While sounds join to
make words, words connect to form phrases or sentences. Words play an important role in
any language and linguists have defined words in many ways.

According to the famous linguist, Leonard Bloomfield word in the minimal free unit.
In morphology, we study all these theories and concepts and try to analyze the word and
functions of a word. Morphology does not limit itself to the words only. It also studies the
affixes (prefixes and suffixes), parts of speech, intonation, stress, and sometimes goes into the
semantic level as well. When we look at languages, we can identify both free and bound
words. Bound words are formed by adding one or more affixes together to a single word.
Morphology studies about these word formation patterns and also it gives a scientific analysis
to the word formation in languages.

What is the difference between Phonology and Morphology?

Both phonology and morphology study various patterns in languages all over the
world. When we look at the similarities of both these subject fields, we can see that they are
engaged in the scientific analysis of languages. Both these are sub branches of Linguistics
and without studying Phonology, one cannot move on to Morphology. There is an inter-
relationship in both these subjects.

For differences, we can identify that Phonology focuses on sound systems of

languages whereas Morphology pays attention to the word and the morphemes of languages.

The Important Terms Between Phonology and Morphology :

• Morpheme Integration and Phonological Processing

In spoken production, there is an intimate link between morphological and

phonological processing. First and foremost, the output of morphological operations serves as
the input to phonological processes. When morphological processes combine lexical
representations (morphemes) to form a multimorphemic word, the constituent sounds must
also be combined in such a way that the resulting phonological representation is suitable for
driving spoken production. For example, once the morphemes cat and –s have been selected,
the phoneme sequences /kæt/ and /s/ must be combined into /kæt/ in order to allow
subsequent phonological processing to take place. This assembly process, though currently
underspecified in theories of spoken production, likely involves—at the very least—updating
segmental position information to reflect the newly constructed multimorphemic environment
(e.g., the /k/ in cloth is no longer in word-initial position when it appears as part of the
compound tablecloth). Whatever specific operations this process may entail, the integration
of the phonological content of a word's morphemes is crucial to the ability of downstream
processes to operate over the word.

• Morpho - Phonological Deficits

The two aspects of the relationship between morphology and phonology outlined
above –the fact that morphological processes stitch together representations that phonological
processes must act over and the fact the combined morphemes frequently create changes in
phonological well-formedness that phonological processes are sensitive to – raises the
possibility of impairments that are specific to the interface of morphology and phonology. In
the following sections, we describe the properties that are likely to characterize morpho-
phonological deficits and discuss how they differ from deficits reported in previous
investigations. In this paper we will describe the case of an individual who, we will argue,
has a clear morphophonological deficit (although this is not the only deficit that he suffers
from).

• Present Investigation

We report on the case of a brain-damaged individual, WRG, who presented with

severe difficulties in spoken production. We first show that the neural damage has disrupted
(morpheme-based) lexical processing while leaving post-lexical phonological processing
relatively intact. We go on to show that WRG produces phonological errors in
multimorphemic words that are sensitive to the phonological complexity that is produced by
combining morphemes. We also show that his errors reduce the phonological complexity of
the word and are restricted to the region of the morpheme boundaries. Finally, we show that
this sensitivity to phonological complexity is not observed in mono-morphemic
environments.
 • Case Report: WRG

WRG's case has been previously described in Cholin, Rapp and Miozzo,
(2010) and Miozzo, Costa, Hernández, and Rapp (2010). WRG was born in Germany and
grew up speaking German as his native language. At the age of 8, he moved to China and
attended an English-speaking international school until the age of 18, when he moved the
United States. He subsequently completed college, earned a law degree, and worked as an
accountant until his retirement. English became WRG's dominant language, and he used it
proficiently both at work and at home.