CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 INTRODUCTION

In the stock market we just have regular street is heavy and fragile, any
impact can cause it to crack, even during delivery or during the installation process.
This project intends to create curb road from plastic waste to solve the problem of
brittle and plastic waste. This product can help to reduce plastic waste problem and
to prevent it.

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1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT

At least 267 species have been scientifically documented to be affected by

marine liquid plastic. Plastic is considered especially dangerous to sea turtles, which
may be mistaken them for jellyfish, the main food source. Plastic into our marine
environment eventually break into small pieces. –

❑ Existing concrete curb often broken by heavy machinery or

manpower.
❑ Suitable and safe for wheeled vehicles.
❑ Frequency of injuries workforce, particular strain injuries repetitive,
during installation rock (curb) beside concrete road.
❑ Maintenance costs for concrete curb.

1.3 OBJECTIVE

1. Kerb from 100% pure plastic waste.

2. Recycling of plastic waste into quality assured and strong curb.
3. Make durable curb to replace the brittle concrete curb.

1.4 PROJECT SCOPE

1. They form a curb street from 100% recycled materials.

2. Knowing the advantages and disadvantages of the existing curb.
3. Making a plastic street curb.

2
 CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 LITERATURE REVIEW

According to Lynch, the plastic mold more malleable and can continue to be
used. Plastic formwork involves basic techniques such as those used by the
concrete supplier. Plastic molds can be used in all parts of the building.

Weight in half around the concrete curb similar, recycled plastic curb reduce
the frequency of injuries workforce, particularly strain injuries repetitive labor. Heavy
and often broken by heavy machinery or manpower, before installation and so
produce unnecessary waste.

In conjunction with all concrete products, a large amount of energy used in

the manufacturing of traditional kerbing composite recycling requires only 15% of
the energy required to produce concrete curb

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 Types of Plastics and its Properties

Rajah 1.6 : Types of Plastics and its Properties.

2.2 HDPE – High Density Polyethylene

HDPE is a good impact resistance, light weight, low moisture absorption, and
high tensile strength. HDPE is lighter than water, and can be treated, machined, and
mencantumnya. HDPE is also somewhat harder and more opaque and can
withstand somewhat higher temperatures (120 ° Celsius for short periods,
continuous 110 ° Celsius). Examples of products - bottles for motor oil, milk bottles,
plastic bags, water jugs and others.

High density polyethylene (HDPE) or polyethylene high-density (PEHD) is a

polyethylene thermoplastic made from petroleum. It takes 1.75 kilograms of
petroleum (in terms of energy and raw materials) to make one kilogram of HDPE.
HDPE is commonly recycled, and has the number "2" as a symbol of recycling. In
2007, the global HDPE market reached a total of more than 30 million tons..

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2.3 Advantages of HDPE

• Impact and wear resistant.

• Flexible.
• Resistance to chemicals.
• Good processability
• Antioxidants
• High Density
• Resist Impact
• Toughness Good

2.4 Recycle Plastics

Plastic recycling is the recovery of plastic waste and scrap or reprocessing

the material into useful products, sometimes completely different in form from their
original state. For example, this could mean melting down soft drink bottles and then
casting them as plastic chairs and tables. Usually plastic is not recycled into the
same type of plastic, and products made from recycled plastics are often not
recyclable.

2.5 Resin Identification Code

SPI resin identification coding system is a set of symbols placed on plastics

to identify the polymer type. It was developed by the Society of Plastics Industry
(SPI) in 1988, and used internationally. The main purpose of the code is to allow
efficient separation of different polymer types for recycling. Separation must be
efficient because the plastic must be recycled separately. Even an item type that
one can damage the resin mixture.

Symbols used in the code consist of arrows that cycle clockwise to form a
rounded triangle and closing numbers, often with an acronym representing the
plastic below the triangle.

5
 Contrary to misconceptions, numbers do not show how hard the item is to
recycle, not how often recycled plastic. It is a given number of arbitrary has no
meaning other than identifying the specific plastic

2.6 Plastics Process

Before recycling, most plastics are sorted according to their resin type. In
reclaimers, then used plastic resin identification code (RIC), a method of
categorization of polymer types, which have been developed by the Society of
Plastics Industry in 1988. Polyethylene terephthalate, commonly referred to as PET,
for instance, has a resin code of 1.

Reclaimers most plastic is not dependent on the RIC now, they use any
automated system to identify the resin, such as near infrared technology (NIR).
Some plastic products are also separated by color before they are recycled.

Recycling plastic and then chopped. These shredded fragments then undergo
processes to eliminate impurities like paper labels. This material is melted and often
extruded into pellets that are then used to produce other products.

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2.7 Introduction to Curb
Kerb is an edge where the shoulder pavement / sidewalk / footpath, road
median, or road raised to meet unraised street or other way.

• Advantages of raised pavement or raised path.

• More economical and durable than traditional lawn edging
• Successful root barrier
• Various color and design choices
• Design flexibility including flowing curves, straight lines and custom designs
• Reduce the cutting edge and the
• Most jobs completed in one day
• Professional appearance adds value to your property
• Existing landscaping not disturbed
• Trade restrictions including restrictions on parking

2.8 Function

Restrictions can meet any or some of several functions. They separate the
road from the driver, encouraging street parking or driving on the sidewalk and
grass. They also provide structural support to the pavement edge. Restrictions can
be used to channel water runoff from rain or snow and ice melts down the drain.
There is also an aesthetic aspect, the curbs look formal and "finished".

Since curbs add to the cost of the road, they are generally restricted to urban
and suburban areas, and are less common in rural areas, except where drainage
conditions (such as mountains or sewer) make them necessary. Sanctions are not
universally used, however, even in an urban environment.

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 2.9 Safety

In an environment of low speed, effectively barring channelizing motor

vehicle traffic. At a higher speed roads, restrictions should not be used because they
can affect the stability of the vehicle that strikes them. A high-speed vehicles can
actually turn hits the curb onto the sidewalk, rather than directed from it. A vehicle
that strikes curb may stumble into rollover accidents or vaulted into the air.

Vehicle can be vaulted over obstacles to traffic obstructions objects designed

to protect. This is the reason why they are rarely used on rural roads or high speed.
If the stem is used by traffic barriers, obstacles should close or well behind the curb
to reduce the possibility that the vehicle will be more obstacles.

Depending on the area and the distance between the travel lanes and
pavement edge, white edge lines usually show off (shoulder) side of the road may or
may not be present where there is a curb. Reflectorized road marking materials can
also be used to contain itself to make it more easily visible.

2.10 Jenis Kerb

There are several types of containment, categorized by shape, material,

height, and by either containment combined with the drain. Curb built separately
from the pavement, and drain are formed by the joint between the gutter and the
curb. Combination curb and gutter (also called curb and channel) have concrete
curb and gutter thrown together in one piece. Integral curb is a curb built integrally
as part of the concrete pavement.

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 2.10.1 Shape

Curb often have vertical or near-vertical face, also called barrier, curb
nonmountable or insurmountable. Vertical curb face used to encourage drivers of
motor vehicles from leaving the roadway. Square (90 ° advanced) types are almost
always used in towns and cities, because it is a move straight down, and thus less
likely to be tripped over by pedestrians. Facing slopes allow vehicles to cross at low
speed.

Curb-facing slopes are most often used on major roads in the suburbs. On
driveways, crosswalks and other pedestrian crossings, curb cuts fall used to allow
wheeled vehicles such as cars, wheelchairs, prams and cars to cross. This makes it
easier to cross for pedestrians, and especially for those in wheelchairs.

In Great Britain, high containment curbs used in locations with

pedestrians, pump stations, and other areas that require greater protection from
vehicular traffic. This is 350 millimeters (14 in) high - higher than standard curb, with
the lower slope and concave faces. This is also known as "Trief" or "Titan" curbs.

Round restriction is most often used in the driveway, and continued

along the streets of suburban homes where there are many driveways and
walkways have grassy obstacle from the road. This type begins almost flat as roads,
curved concave manner gentle slope, then curved back in a convex manner almost
flat again, making it easier to drive over, and is also known as mountable restrictions
in some localities.

2.10.2 Materials

Restrictions can be built from many materials, including asphalt, gravel

or stone blocks, but are most commonly made of Portland cement concrete. Material
type can depend on the type of material used for the open road and the desired
function or requirement. For example, Portland concrete curb used with asphalt
concrete pavement to provide a very clear barrier at the edge of the pavement.

9
Other types of stem material including stone slabs, cobblestones and pavers
manufacturing.

Concrete curb may be constructed by specifying the form by hand, fill

them, let them set up, and then remove the form. When large quantities of curb will
be constructed, it is often more efficient to use a slip form casting machine.
Restrictions can also be precast in a central location and transported to the
construction site.

Asphalt curb is made with machine open. It can be cheaper if it is

established at the same time that a paved road, but is less durable than concrete
curb.

Curb stone, often made from granite, are hardy and resistant to deicing
salts. It was also chosen for aesthetic reasons. In areas where granite is available, it
may be cost competitive with concrete curb. One drawback is can cut granite curb
side of the tire if faced curb rough use.

Belgium block curbs made to place blocks on concrete slip. Then,

concrete wedged in between each block to hold them together. This block can be
vertical or angled to create a mountable curb.

2.10.3 Height

When designing a curbed street, engineers specify revealed. Most curb

extends into the ground at the side of the pavement. Exposing see section height
(lowered) on the surface of the pavement. Typical revealed in 4-8 inches (100 to 200
mm) range. Restrictions on handicapped curb cuts should have not revealed,
although Americans with Disabilities Act guidelines allow up to 0.25 inch (6.4 mm)
vertical reveal.

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 2.10.4 Important Drain

Restrictions with significant beam used where better performance

hydraulic flow required. However, this put together longitudinally near where bike
riding often. If the pavement and drain complete vary from time to time, the vertical
edge that develops in the joints can cause harm to the bike.

2.11 ADVANTAGES OF CONCRETE CURB

❑ More economical and durable than traditional lawn edging

❑ Successful root barrier

❑ Multiple color and design options

❑ Design flexibility including flowing curves, straight lines and custom designs.

❑ Reduces edging and trimming time

❑ Most jobs completed in one day

❑ Professional appearance adds value to your property

❑ Existing landscaping not disturbed

❑ Continuous Curb

❑ Commercial parking lot curbs including curbs

❑ Will not rust like steel, decompose like wood, break like plastic, or move like
brick

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2.12 DISADVANTAGES OF CONCRETE CURB

❑ Granite Curb cans cut a tire

❑ Curb Stone, often made from granite, is very durable and resistant to
deicing salt

❑ In areas Tenggara granite is available, it may be cost-competitive

with Concrete Curb

❑ Asphalt Curb is made with a paving machine. It cans be cheaper if it

is formed at the SAME time That road is a paved, but is less durable
than concrete Curb.

❑ Concrete Curb may be constructed by setting forms by hand, filling

prototypes, prototype Letting set up, and Then removing the forms.
When large Quantities of Curb are to be constructed, it is often more
efficient to use a slip form casting machine.

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 CHAPTER 3

METHADOLOGY

3.1 INTRODUCTION

The research methodology is rigorous travel planning in this final semester

project. To facilitate the end of the project, the methodology should be arranged as
soon as possible. With this, each stage of the project will not go astray from the path
set or more precisely, the end result will meet the needs of the research problem to
be solved.

Therefore, it is important to know and understand the details of each process

found in the structure of the research methodology.

Between the blade needs to be done to get all information related to the curb
in the market and a lot of curb, which are used in construction. The next step is the
production of curb from plastic waste as a substitute. Produced curb were tested for
differences with the normal curb.

In general, methods or steps taken to complete the project is divided into several
main stages. Among these stages are explained below: -

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 i. Literature Review
ii. Produce from the curb or curb plastic waste
iii. Conduct a performance test on a curb that has been produced.

3.2 Literature Review

In the early stages of the project, a literature review on previous studies,

including gathering information from sources such as the Internet and other sources
related to the test that we run. Gathering information from the literature is very
important as a first step of the study. It can also identify the main problems
associated with plastic waste and durability curb (research done).

3.2.1 Conducting the Survey

As a rule of some other researchers, the methods commonly used in the

delivery of questionnaires through interviews with all parties concerned.

3.2.2 Survey

In this method, a day is set to be made or carried out. The interview

process was conducted with the parties involved. The parties will ask questions
about things you want to ask, in connection with the project to be carried out.

3.2.3 Internet and other sources

Internet surveys are relatively new and little is known about the effect of
sampling bias in the internet survey. Although it is clearly the most cost effective and
fastest distribute surveys, the demographic profile of Internet users does not
represent the general population, although this is changing. Before conducting the
survey e-mail or the internet, to carefully consider the impact that this may have
biased the results.

14
Identifying the problem, Determine the title,
objective, and scope of Work

Literature review

Implementation of the study

Testing the project

Proposal and conclusion

Rajah 3.1 : Carta aliran proses projek

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3.3 Procedure To Produce Plastic Kerb

3.3.1 Preparation Materials and Machines

Rajah 3.2 : Steel plate being cut.

❑ HDPE Plastic Materials and mold size: - Length 600mm, Height 12mm,
Width 11mm, steel plates made in the size of curb.

❑ metal cutting machines are used and soldered "spot weld" or solder
spots for comforting when producing products.

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 3.3.2 Plastic Collection (High Density Polyethylene)

Rajah 3.3 : Plastic collection of

engine oil bottle (HDPE).

❖ Plastic waste collected from post-consumer plastic. Post consumer

plastics are those that have been used by people. This is collected in a
plastic plastic recycling bins and street collections in the state.

❖ This plastic collected either directly from industry or collected by local

councils, removed the bales and sold to Recycler.

17
3.3.3 Cleaning and Washing

HDPE plastic collected washed to remove the glue, paper labels, dirt and
any residual product they once contained.

Rajah 3.4 : Plastic bottle cut into half.

Rajah 3.5 : Cleaning the bottle.

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3.3.4 Drying

Rajah 3.6 : Bottle flakes are dried after cleaning

❑ The plastic is then washed dried in the sun to facilitate the process
of chipping. Nearly 5 to 10 minutes will be taken to the drying
process.

3.3.5 Cutting

Rajah 3.7 : Plastic cut into small pieces.

❖ The chipping process is cutting the dried plastics into small pieces.

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 3.3.6 Plastic cooked to be soft

Rajah 3.8 : Oil Heated.

Rajah 3.9 : Plastics inserted into hot oil.

❑ Plastic-plastic inserted into the hot greasy pan. In less than 5

seconds elastic or plastic became soft. Plastic next inserted and
meet oil.

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 3.3.7 The Elastic And Soft Plastic Inserted Into Mold

Rajah 3.10 : Mold is heated from below with charcoal.

Rajah 3.11 : Soft plastic inserted into the mold and pressed.

❑ Heated mold making as a kitchen with a burning coal from

underneath to maintain heat. Included soft plastics and pressed
using weights to meet the space.

21
3.3.8 Mould is filled and compressed

Rajah 3.11 : Weight is applied into the mould.

❑ Once filled plastic in the mold. A type of weight placed on the mold
and plastic in it to be compressed and charcoal fire for helping keep
the plastic hardens quickly. Left for 2 hours.

22
3.3.9 Finished Product

Rajah 3.12 : Plastic Curb.

❑ After standing plastic clot is removed from the mold and form a
plastic curb recycled materials.

3.3.10 Making Plastic Cube To Test

Rajah 3.13 : Plastic Cube

23
 Rajah 3.13 : Test Product – HDPE Plastic Curb.

3.3.11 Cutting and Cleaning

Rajah 3.14 : Cutting pieces of surplus

24
 3.3.1 The results achieved

3.3.2
3.3.3

3.4 Performance Test On Kerb

This study will be done with a series of tests such as: -

i. Compression Test
ii. Water Absorption Rate Testing

3.4.1 Compression Test (BS EN 1340:2003)

This test is the first test were analyzed. The purpose of this test is to
obtain the compressive strength of each curb made from plastic waste. The
instrument used is the compression machine. Comparison between the
compressive strength similar to that produced by the use of lime and proved by
experimental data obtained strength values. This test - will be based on BS EN
1340:2003

25
 Compression Test Procedures

I. Sample is measured and weighed

II. Preparation of the compression machine.
III. The sample is placed. Make sure the position of the sample is in the right
direction.
IV. The first sample of "compressing machine 'Trigger pressed and compressed
V. The maximum reading is taken from the 'compressed test machine displays'.

26
Plastic kerb Weighted

Rajah 3.14 :
Plastic curb is
being weighted.

Kerb Weight

Kiub Weight

Consider the process of being done for concrete cube and read both recorded

27
 Rajah 3.15 : Plastic cube is placed into the Compressor Machine.

3.4.2 Water Absorption Rate (BS 7263 : 1990 Appendix C)

Standard Test Method

❖ Two test specimens sawn from each of the three product samples with
dimensions of Table 10 BS 7263.Dalam statedin each case the specimen will
have two faces formed and four samples bergergaji.Sub face is marked by a
technician registration with the number of samples and number suffix to
identify each piece of .

❖ Specimen is placed in a drying oven together so that they are no closer than
25mm to any surface heating or any other test specimens. They now dried at
105oC for 72 + 5 + 2 hours, after which they are cooled for 24 + / - ½ hours in
a dry, airtight vessel.

❖ Hose cube tank with water temperature measured 200C + 10C.

28
❖ Specimens were weighed and immersed in a water bath for a period of 30 + ½
min.Mereka placed so that the longitudinal axis is horizontal and 25 + 5mm
covered by water.

Rajah 3.16 : Kiub Plastik ditenggelamkan.

❖ After 30 minutes, 0.5 minutes specimens removed, drained and dried with a
cloth until all the free water has been removed from permukaan.Mereka
weighed again and the absorption is measured by an increase in weight
expressed as a percentage of dry specimens near 0.1%.

❖ Absorption mean two specimens of each sample was calculated and three
values of the couple reported.

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 CHAPTER 4

FINDINGS AND DATA ANALYSIS

4.1 INTRODUCTION

To ensure that the samples produced are safe, and meet the standards for
wood flooring on the market, several tests can be performed on it. A study was done
in SIRIM to determine the necessary tests done on the samples we have produced.
Several tests obtained from Standard Malaysia will be conducted on commercial
flooring is a compression test, water absorption test and a chemical test.

30
 4.2 Compression Test

The purpose of this test is to obtain the compressive strength of each kerb is made
from the plastic waste. The instrument used is a compression machine. Comparison
of compressive strength between each kerb with a kerb produced with the use of
lime proved by experimental data and obtained values of strength. The test of this
kerb will be based on the BS EN 1340:2003.

Plastic Curb Concrete Curb

Dimension (cm) 14 x 14 x 14 15 x 15 x 15

Weight (kg) 1.47 7.14

Maximum load ( Kn ) 565.60 298.15

Strength (Mpa) 18.25 12.21

Density (Kgm) 0.00 0.00

Jadual 4.1: Data for compression tests on plastic cubes and concrete cube .

18
16
14 Plastic
PlastikTile
12 Kiub
10
8
Porcelain
Konkrit
6 Kiub
Tiles
4
2
0
Plastic
Kiub Tile
Plastik Porcelain
Kiub Konkrit
Tiles
Rajah 4.2 : Graph comparison between cube strength

plastic and concrete cubes.

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 4.3 Water Absorption Rate

This test will determine a method to determine the density of the plastic and
concrete curb. The density is determined as the ratio of the mass of each test piece
to the volume, both measured at the same moisture content. The results of this test
will determine the density of the test sample.

Immersion time : 12.10 NOON (TUESDAY) 9 OCTOBER 2012

Taken out time : 12.10 NOON (WEDNESDAY) 10 OCTOBER 2012

Plastic Cube Concrete Cube

Dimension (cm) 6 x 15 x 15 15 x 15 x 15

Weight before 1.47 7.14

absorption (kg)

Weight after absorption 1.48 12.25

(kg)

Rate of absorption (kg) 0.01 0.75

Rate of absorption (%) 0.0068 0.72

Formula
Rate of Absorption % = (W2 - W1) / W1

Plastic Curb = (1.48 – 1.47) / 1.47 = 0.0068

Concrete Curb = (12.25 – 7.14) / 7.14 = 0.72

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 Plastic
Concrete

Plastic Cube Concrete

Cube

Rajah 4.3 : Graphs comparing water absorption between plastic and

concrete cube cube

4.4 Real Impact Test

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 Rajah 4.4 : 3 Tonne Lorry is parked on top of plastic curb.

Rajah 4.5 : In operation curb cause split in two due to water permeating in and
be the weight

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 CHAPTER 5

DISCUSSION

5.1 Introdution

Discussion of products made available as well as some of the

problems that arose during the time given to complete the project. Solve
problems is one of the aims of this project. Discussions are guided to solve
this problem in a way that is faster and smarter.

5.2 Comparison and Analysis

From the research that has been conducted, we found that the curb of plastic
waste most durable of existing concrete curb. Here are some of the advantages that
have been detected in containment of plastic waste compared to normal curb.

a. Low Water Absorption Rate

Water absorption test showed that plastic curb contain features low water
absorption compared with concrete curb. This indicates that this curb can
withstand even strong exposure to moisture. In fact, the spread of low water
content can prevent the growth of mold and prevent failure.

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 b. High Compressive Strength

❖ Kerb plastic from waste plastic is stronger than normal curb available on the
market. This is because the compressive strength tests we have conducted,
the compressive force exerted on normal is lower than the curb plastic
waste.

❖ Reliability level of normal employment - is also lower than the curb of plastic
waste. This means that from plastic waste can bear a greater load than
normal concrete curb.

5.3 Interpretation and Settlement

From the research that has been conducted, curb plastic from waste plastic has a
few weaknesses found. This is a weakness:

i Smooth surface

Rajah 5.1:
Smooth Surface

By visual inspection, we found that we produced not curb resistance

smooth. Smooth is one of the characteristics of plastic, so when oil or
grease on the surface of the curb after curb will be smooth.

36
ii The high cost of providing

From the research that has been conducted, we found that the cost to
produce one unit of the plastic is a high curb. This is because the
plastic recycling process is high such as pelletting, chips and manual
sorting. Cost of equipment and machinery for plastic recycling is very
high.

Rajah 5.2 : Machine used to crush plastics

37
 iii No resistance to high temperature heat

After we produce the curb, we found that the curb will not last in
high temperature heat. We find that when the molten plastic or
elastic in the oil pan 250 ° c.

5.4 Considerations and Comments

Each project has the objective archives, otherwise it is considered a failed

project. The product is able to archive all three objectives because it has been
removed, then tested and compared.

The problem with plastic curb valley in plastic characteristics. Each plastic has
its own characteristics and capabilities. This plastic curb plastic waste is
greater in comparing the advantages to disadvantages. So this project can be
used in the construction industry and reducing plastic problem.

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 CHAPTER 6

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

6.1 CONCLUSIONS

The purpose of this project is to examine and study the plastic curb mainly
produced by using waste plastic curb. We conducted this project to find alternatives
and reduce the use of plastic waste in the construction industry.

The purpose of this chapter is to conclude all the findings derived from the
project. All three (3) objectives set for the project have been achieved and the
findings are summarized on the following research objectives.

6.1.1 Design curb from 100% waste plastics.

After overcoming many obstacles and difficulties we have achieved our

objective to produce the curb from 100% plastic wastes. First of all we have a
problem finding a suitable waste to produce plastic curb.

After a typical study on the waste materials in the industry we have found that
HDPE Plastic waste can be used to make a good road finishes. This shows that
our materials have been used to curb is waste materials that may indirectly help
reduce plastic problem.

39
6.1.2 Convert waste plastic into a curb guaranteed quality and low cost

As we have succeeded in our first objective to produce curb plastic waste, we

were followed by other problems to determine the cost of products that we have
produced. To ensure that the plastic curb is low cost, our products have a
specific inquiry curb market is a standard calculation, we have found that the
curb plastic is cheaper than concrete curb on the market.

6.1.3 Creating curb durable plastic to replace the brittle concrete curb

According to the third objective determines durable products that we have

produced. To ensure that the plastic is durable curb of concrete curb that we
need to run a specific test.

Tests are standardized according to Malaysian standards. We have carried out

tests in the laboratory of the Faculty Politechnic Sultan Abdul Aziz Shah and
was driven by a technician in the laboratory to carry out tests on the standard of
our products. We have found that curb plastic is a durable product that is based
on the results obtained from the test.

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6.2 PROPOSAL

The findings of this project provide an effective strategy on the use of plastic waste
in the construction industry. This can help reduce air pollution and other plastic
problems related to the environment. However, there are still some areas in this
project can look into to conduct research to further study and improvement. The
following recommendations may be considered and used as a reference for future
studies.

❖ The use of plastic waste can be much broader in the construction industry

❖ Hope can produce many new products from waste plastic

❖ Increasing the use of recycled materials in the construction industry

41