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Mandrillus sphinx
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Citation: Abernethy, K. & Maisels, F. 2019. Mandrillus sphinx. The IUCN Red List of Threatened
Species 2019: e.T12754A17952325. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-
3.RLTS.T12754A17952325.en
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The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™ is produced and managed by the IUCN Global Species Programme, the IUCN
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Synonym(s):
• Mandrillus sphinx ssp. insularis Zukowsky, 1926
• Mandrillus sphinx ssp. madarogaster (Zimmerman, 1780)
• Simia sphinx Linnaeus, 1758
Common Name(s):
• English: Mandrill
• French: Mandrill
• Spanish: Mandril
Taxonomic Source(s):
Mittermeier, R.A., Rylands, A.B. and Wilson D.E. 2013. Handbook of the Mammals of the World: Volume
3 Primates. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona.
Taxonomic Notes:
Mandrillus was regarded as a subgenus of Papio by Dandelot (in Meester and Setzer 1972) and
Wolfheim (1983), but recent molecular and chromosomal analyses suggest that Mandrillus is closer to
the terrestrial mangabeys Cercocebus spp. (Disotell 1993, Fleagle and McGraw 2002). Two genetically
distinct populations have been noted, north and south of the Ogooué River (Telfer et al. 2003).
Assessment Information
Red List Category & Criteria: Vulnerable A2cd ver 3.1
Justification:
Mandrillus sphinx is listed as Vulnerable in view of the widespread hunting pressure on this species,
combined with habitat degradation across most of its range. It is suspected that these threats have
resulted in a population decline exceeding 30% over the past 24 years (ca three generations) and which
is unlikely to abate in the near future. The taxon therefore qualifies as VU under criterion A2cd.
© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Mandrillus sphinx – published in 2019. 1
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1994 – Vulnerable (V)
Geographic Range
Range Description:
Mandrills are found in moist evergreen rainforest in central west Africa, south of the Sanaga River
(Cameroon) through to mainland Equatorial Guinea, much of southern Gabon, and south-western
Republic of Congo to the Kouilou River, and down to the Congo River. Inland, the lower Ivindo River and
Ogooué River in Gabon limit its distribution to the east, but on two occasions mandrills have been
recorded in the Garabinzam area of northwestern Congo, east of the Upper Ivindo (Fay 1989, Allam et
al. 2016). In Cameroon, mandrills have been recorded in the Dja Biosphere Reserve using with camera
traps, and this appears to be at the northwestern limit of their range (Bata et al. 2017). Camera traps
have also recorded mandrills at the source of the Ogooué, extending the species' range a little into the
Batéké Plateaux National Park in Gabon (Hedwig et al. 2017). Mandrills do not occur in south-east
Cameroon or east of the Congo River. The Ogooué River bisects the species range, separating them into
two distinct populations: i) Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea and northern Gabon and ii) southern Gabon
and Congo (Telfer et al. 2003).
Country Occurrence:
Native: Cameroon; Congo; Equatorial Guinea (Equatorial Guinea (mainland)); Gabon
© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Mandrillus sphinx – published in 2019. 2
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Distribution Map
Mandrillus sphinx
© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Mandrillus sphinx – published in 2019. 3
http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T12754A17952325.en
Population
Total numbers of mandrills are unknown, but it is suspected that the species has declined significantly in
recent years. Mandrills range in large hordes of several hundred individuals (Abernethy et al. 2002,
Hongo 2014), but groups in areas suffering intense subsistence hunting pressure (notably Cameroon and
Equatorial Guinea) are reported to be much smaller and they have been extirpated from some areas.
The largest remaining populations are to be found in Gabon. Intact forest can support densities of
around 10 individuals/km², but distribution is likely to be patchy and densities much lower in areas that
have experienced long-term hunting pressure.
Current Population Trend: Decreasing
Data on the home range of a group which is not hunted come from only one site: Lopé National Park in
Gabon, where a horde of ~720 individuals has remained stable over 20 years, using 182 km² of forest-
savanna mosaic habitat, including 89 km² of suitable forest habitat. The group used gallery forests and
isolated forest fragments with high botanical diversity far more intensively that the continuous forest
block (White em style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt;">et al. 2010). Males travel with the female
and offspring horde only during breeding (June–September) and range alone at other times of the year,
visiting the group occasionally if any females become reproductively fertile outside the usual season
(Abernethy em style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt;">et al. 2002). Day range length for the Lopé
horde averages 4.9 km per day, but for lone males is only 1 km per day.
Humans are the Mandrill's major predator. Leopards and pythons are also known to predate Mandrills,
but Crowned Hawk Eagle is not known to. Golden Cat and smaller carnivores are also not known to take
Mandrills.
Systems: Terrestrial
© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Mandrillus sphinx – published in 2019. 4
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Mandrills appear to be most seriously threatened in Cameroon and Equatorial Guinea.This species is
affected by the destruction of its evergreen forest habitat since this reduces the capacity of
environments to support Mandrill populations. However, the most immediate threat is posed by
poaching for their meat (Abernethy and White 2013, Abernethy et al. 2013). Large males are
preferentially targeted. Commercial bushmeat hunters pose a particular threat to populations that are
located close to main roads and towns. Annual offtakes per hunted horde are likely to be lower for
modern day hunters using guns and snares than in the past when hunters used dogs and nets, which
could result in very high offtakes (>20% of the group in one hunt). However, impacts are more widely
spread across the species' geographic range.
Credits
Assessor(s): Abernethy, K. & Maisels, F.
© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Mandrillus sphinx – published in 2019. 5
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Bibliography
Abernethy, K.A., Coad, L,. Taylor, G., Lee, M.E. & Maisels, F. 2013. Extent and ecological consequences of
hunting in Central African rainforests in the twenty-first century. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal
Society of London B: Biological Sciences 268: 20120303.
Abernethy, K.A., White, L.J.T., Wickings, E.J., 2002. Hordes of mandrills Mandrillus sphinx: extreme group
size and seasonal male presence. J. Zool. 258: 131-137.
Allam, A., N’Goran, K.P., Mahoungou, S. and Ikoa, B. 2016. Rapport d'inventaire des grands et moyens
mammiferes dans la forêt de Djoua-Ivindo, WWF Congo.
Bata MN, Easton J, Fankem O, Wacher T, Bruce T, Tchana E, Taguieteu PA, and Olson D. 2017. Brief
Communication: Extending the Northeastern Distribution of Mandrill (Mandrillus sphinx) into the Dja
Faunal Reserve, Cameroon. African Primates: 65-67.
Butynski, T.M., Kingdon, J. and Kalina, J. 2013. Mammals of Africa. Volume 2. Primates. Bloomsbury,
London.
Coad, L. 2007. Bushmeat hunting in Gabon: socio-economics and hunter behaviour. University of
Cambridge and Imperial College London.
Disotell, T.R., 1993. Phylogeny of the Old World monkeys. Evolutionary Anthroplogy 5: 18-24.
Fay, J.M., 1989. A survey of the proposed Garabinzam-Mt Nabemba conservation area, northern Congo,
Report to GEF, Republic of Congo. . WCI, Brazzaville.
Fleagle, J.G. and McGraw, W.S. 2002. Skeletal and dental morphology of African papionins: Unmasking a
cryptic clade. . Journal of Human Evolution 42: 267-292.
Hongo, S., 2014. New evidence from observations of progressions of mandrills (Mandrillus sphinx): a
multilevel or non-nested society? Primates 55: 473-481.
IUCN. 2019. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2019-3. Available at: www.iucnredlist.org.
(Accessed: 10 December 2019).
Meester, J. and Setzer, H.W. (eds). 1972. The Mammals of Africa: An Identification Manual. Smithsonian
Institute Press, Washington, D.C., USA.
Rogers, M.E., Abernethy, K.A., Fontaine, B., Wickings, E.J., White, L.J.T., Tutin, C.E.G., 1996. Ten days in
the life of a Mandrill Horde in the Lope Reserve, Gabon. Am. J. Primatol. 40: 297-313.
Telfer, P. T., Souquière, S., Clifford, S. L., Abernethy, K. A., Bruford, M. W., Disotell, D. R., Sterner, K. N.,
Roques, P., Marx P. A. and Wickings, E. J. 2003. Molecular evidence for deep phylogenetic divergence in
Mandrillus sphinx. Molecular Ecology 12: 2019–2024.
Van Vliet, N. and Nasi, R. 2008. Hunting for livelihood in northeast Gabon: patterns, evolution, and
sustainability. Ecology and Society 13: 33.
White, E.C., Dikangadissi, J.-T., Dimoto, E., Karesh, W.B., Kock, M.D., Abiaga, N.O., Starkey, R.,
Ukizintambara, T., White, L.J.T. & Abernethy, K.A. 2010. Home-range Use by a Large Horde of Wild
Mandrillus sphinx. International Journal of Primatology 31: 627-645.
Wolfheim, J. H. 1983. Primates of the World. Distribution, Abundance, and Conservation. Harwood
Academic Publishers GmbH, Chur, Switzerland.
© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Mandrillus sphinx – published in 2019. 6
http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T12754A17952325.en
Citation
Abernethy, K. & Maisels, F. 2019. Mandrillus sphinx. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2019:
e.T12754A17952325. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T12754A17952325.en
Disclaimer
To make use of this information, please check the Terms of Use.
External Resources
For Images and External Links to Additional Information, please see the Red List website.
© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Mandrillus sphinx – published in 2019. 7
http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T12754A17952325.en
Appendix
Habitats
(http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes)
Major
Habitat Season Suitability
Importance?
1. Forest -> 1.6. Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist Lowland Resident Suitable Yes
Threats
(http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes)
11. Climate change & severe weather -> 11.1. Habitat Future Whole (>90%) Causing/could Low impact: 5
shifting & alteration cause fluctuations
2. Agriculture & aquaculture -> 2.1. Annual & Ongoing Minority (50%) Negligible declines Low impact: 4
perennial non-timber crops -> 2.1.1. Shifting
agriculture
2. Agriculture & aquaculture -> 2.1. Annual & Ongoing Minority (50%) Negligible declines Low impact: 4
perennial non-timber crops -> 2.1.2. Small-holder
farming
Stresses: 1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.1. Ecosystem conversion
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.2. Ecosystem degradation
2. Agriculture & aquaculture -> 2.1. Annual & Future Minority (50%) Causing/could Low impact: 3
perennial non-timber crops -> 2.1.3. Agro-industry cause fluctuations
farming
Stresses: 1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.1. Ecosystem conversion
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.2. Ecosystem degradation
3. Energy production & mining -> 3.1. Oil & gas Past, likely Minority (50%) Negligible declines Past impact
drilling to return
3. Energy production & mining -> 3.2. Mining & Ongoing Minority (50%) Negligible declines Low impact: 4
quarrying
4. Transportation & service corridors -> 4.1. Roads & Ongoing Majority (50- Causing/could Medium
railroads 90%) cause fluctuations impact: 6
5. Biological resource use -> 5.1. Hunting & trapping Ongoing Whole (>90%) Slow, significant Medium
terrestrial animals -> 5.1.1. Intentional use (species is declines impact: 7
the target)
Stresses: 2. Species Stresses -> 2.1. Species mortality
© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Mandrillus sphinx – published in 2019. 8
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Conservation Actions in Place
In-Place Research, Monitoring and Planning
In-Place Education
3. Species management -> 3.1. Species management -> 3.1.1. Harvest management
3. Species management -> 3.1. Species management -> 3.1.2. Trade management
5. Law & policy -> 5.1. Legislation -> 5.1.2. National level
5. Law & policy -> 5.4. Compliance and enforcement -> 5.4.2. National level
5. Law & policy -> 5.4. Compliance and enforcement -> 5.4.3. Sub-national level
Research Needed
(http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes)
Research Needed
1. Research -> 1.2. Population size, distribution & trends
© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Mandrillus sphinx – published in 2019. 9
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Distribution
Continuing decline in area of occupancy (AOO): Unknown
Population
Continuing decline of mature individuals: Yes
Extreme fluctuations: No
© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Mandrillus sphinx – published in 2019. 10
http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T12754A17952325.en
The IUCN Red List Partnership
The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™ is produced and managed by the IUCN Global Species
Programme, the IUCN Species Survival Commission (SSC) and The IUCN Red List Partnership.
The IUCN Red List Partners are: Arizona State University; BirdLife International; Botanic Gardens
Conservation International; Conservation International; NatureServe; Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew;
Sapienza University of Rome; Texas A&M University; and Zoological Society of London.