Mandrill

The mandrill (Mandrillus sphinx) is a primate of the Old World

monkey (Cercopithecidae) family.[4] It is one of two species Mandrill[1]
assigned to the genus Mandrillus, along with the drill. Both the Temporal range: 1.2–0 Ma
↓
mandrill and the drill were once classified as baboons in the genus PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K PgN
Papio, but they now have their own genus, Mandrillus.[4] Early Pleistocene – Recent
Although they look superficially like baboons, they are more
closely related to Cercocebus mangabeys. Mandrills are found in
southern Cameroon, Gabon, Equatorial Guinea, and Congo.
Mandrills mostly live in tropical rainforest and in very large
groups. Mandrills have an omnivorous diet consisting mostly of
fruits and insects. Their mating season peaks in July to September,
with a corresponding birth peak in December to April.

Mandrills are the world's largest monkeys. The mandrill is

classified as vulnerable by IUCN.

Contents
Description
Coloration
Male
Ecology and activities
Social behavior and reproduction
Status and conservation
See also
References
External links

Description
The mandrill has an olive green or dark grey pelage with yellow
Female
and black bands and a white belly. Its hairless face has an
elongated muzzle with distinctive characteristics, such as a red Both in the Berlin Zoo, Berlin,
stripe down the middle and protruding blue ridges on the sides. It Germany
also has red nostrils and lips, a yellow beard and white tufts. The
Conservation status
areas around the genitals and the anus are multi-colored, being
red, pink, blue, scarlet, and purple.[5] They also have pale pink
ischial callosities.[5] The coloration of the animal is more
pronounced in dominant adult males. Both sexes have chest
glands, which are used in olfactory communication. These, too, Vulnerable (IUCN 3.1)[2]
are more prominent in dominant adult males.[6] Males also have
longer canines than females, which can be up to 6.35 cm (2.50 in) Scientific classification
 and 1.0 cm, respectively.[7] Kingdom: Animalia

The mandrill is one of the Phylum: Chordata

most sexually dimorphic Class: Mammalia
mammals[8] due to
extremely strong sexual Order: Primates
selection which favors Suborder: Haplorhini
males in both size and
coloration. Males typically Infraorder: Simiiformes
weigh 19–37 kg (42– Family: Cercopithecidae
82 lb), with an average
Mandrill skull (Muséum de Toulouse) mass of 32.3 kg (71 lb). Genus: Mandrillus
Females weigh roughly Species: M. sphinx
half as much as the
male, at 10–15 kg (22– Binomial name
33 lb) and an average
Mandrillus sphinx
of 12.4 kg (27 lb).[9]
(Linnaeus, 1758)[3]
Exceptionally large
males can weigh up to
54 kg (119 lb), with
unconfirmed reports of
outsized mandrills
weighing 60 kg
A skeleton of mandrill
(130 lb) per the
Guinness Book of
World
Records. [10][11][12][13] The mandrill is the heaviest living monkey,
somewhat surpassing even the largest baboons such as chacma
baboon and olive baboons in average weight even considering its
more extreme sexual dimorphism, but the mandrill averages both
shorter in the length and height at the shoulder than these
species.[14][11] The average male is 75–95 cm (30–37 in) long and Mandrill range
the female is 55–66 cm (22–26 in), with the short tail adding
Synonyms
another 5–10 cm (2–4 in).[15][16] The shoulder height while on all
fours can range from 45–50 cm (18–20 in) in females and 55–
65 cm (22–26 in) in males. Compared to the largest baboons, the Simia sphinx Linnaeus, 1758
mandrill is more ape-like in structure, with a muscular and
compact build, shorter, thicker limbs that are longer in the front
and almost no tail.[17][18][19] Mandrills can live up to 31 years in captivity. Females reach sexual maturity at
about 3.5 years.

Coloration

Mandrills are noted as being exceptionally colorful by mammalian standards. Charles Darwin wrote in The
Descent of Man: "no other member in the whole class of mammals is colored in so extraordinary a manner
as the adult male mandrill's".[20] The bright colors of mandrills are indeed not produced conventionally (no
mammal is known to have red and blue pigments), being derived from light diffraction in facial collagen
fibers.[21][22]

Ecology and activities

 The mandrill is found primarily in
southern Cameroon, Equatorial
Guinea, Congo, and Gabon. Their
range may also include Nigeria. Its
distribution is bounded by the
Sanaga River to the north and the
Ogooué and White Rivers to the
east. Recent research suggests that
mandrill populations north and south
of the Ogooué river are so
genetically different as to be
separate subspecies. Mandrills live
in tropical rainforests. They also live
in gallery forests adjacent to
savannas, as well as rocky forests, Close-up of a male
Mandrill trekking in forest
riparian forests, cultivated areas and mandrill's colorful face
flooded forests and stream
beds. [23][24] Mandrills will cross
grass areas within their forest habitats.[25][26]

The mandrill is an omnivore. It usually consumes plants, of which it eats over a hundred species. It prefers
to eat fruits, but will also eat leaves, lianas, bark, stems, and fibers. It also consumes mushrooms and
soil.[24] Carnivorously, mandrills mostly eat invertebrates, particularly ants, beetles, termites, crickets,
spiders, snails, and scorpions. It will also eat eggs, and even vertebrates such as birds, tortoises, frogs,
porcupines, rats, and shrews.[24] Mandrills likely will eat larger vertebrates when they have the opportunity,
such as juvenile bay duikers and other small antelope. Large prey are likely killed with a bite to the nape
with the mandrill's long canines.[27] One study found the mandrill's diet was composed of fruit (50.7%),
seeds (26.0%), leaves (8.2%), pith (6.8%), flowers (2.7%), and animal foods (4.1%), with other foods
making up the remaining (1.4%).[28]

Mandrills are preyed on mainly by leopards.[29][30] Additional predators known to attack both adult and
young mandrills include crowned eagles and African rock pythons.[25] They may be bitten and killed by
Boomslangs when they accidentally rouse the venomous snake. It is thought that most predators are a threat
mainly to young mandrills, with the likelihood of predation decreasing in adult females and especially adult
males, which may be invulnerable to all but the seldom ambush by a leopard. In a study where a mandrill
troop was exposed to stimuli relating to their natural predators, only the leopard caused the larger part of the
group to flee into trees. However, the large, dominant males were observed to remain in response to the
images of the natural predators, even the leopard, and pace back and forth while baring their teeth, generally
indicating aggression and the defensive role they may play in such circumstances.[29][30][31][32][33]

Mandrills are mostly terrestrial but they are more arboreal than baboons and feed as high as the canopy.[5][7]
When on the ground, mandrills walk by digitigrade quadrupedalism (walking on the toes of all four limbs).
When in the trees, they often move by lateral jumps.[23] Mandrills are mostly diurnal, with activities
extending from morning to evening.[34] They sleep in trees at a different site each night.[24] Mandrills have
been observed using tools; in captivity, mandrills have been observed using sticks to clean themselves.[35]

Social behavior and reproduction

Mandrills seem to live in very large, stable groups named 'hordes'. A horde can number in the hundreds of
mandrills, possibly averaging around 615 individuals and reaching as many as 845.[23][25][26] It is difficult
to accurately estimate horde size in the forest, but filming a horde crossing a gap between two forest patches
or crossing a road is a reliable way of estimating the total number.
The largest horde verifiably observed in this way contained over
1,300 individuals, in Lopé National Park, Gabon—the largest
aggregation of nonhuman primates ever recorded.[36] In the wild,
males disperse and only female mandrills remain in their birth
group. This benefits females to establish strong relationships with
their relatives which can provide support during conflicts, better
offspring and longer lifespan.[37][38] These hordes are made of adult
females and their dependent offspring.[39] Males live a solitary
lifestyle, and enter hordes only when females are receptive to
mating, which lasts three months each year. [25][39] All-male
bachelor groups are not known to exist.[25][39] The mating season of
the mandrill takes place from June to October, which is when the
At Augsburg Zoo, Augsburg
sexual swellings of the female occur.[39] They breed every two
years. When breeding, a male will follow and guard a female in
estrus. Adult males exist in two different forms: the brightly colored
and "fatted" dominant males, and the paler and "nonfatted" subordinate males. Both males engage in mating,
but only the dominant males can sire offspring. Males sometimes fight for breeding rights which results in
dominance. Though conflicts are rare, they can be deadly. Gaining dominance, that is becoming the alpha
male, results in an "increased testicular volume, reddening of sexual skin on the face and genitalia, and
heightened secretion of the sternal cutaneous gland".[9] When a male loses dominance or its alpha status, the
reverse happens, although the blue ridges remain brightened. There is also a fall in its reproductive success.
This effect is gradual and takes place over a few years.[40][41][42] When subordinates mate-guard a female,
the competition between them allows the dominant males to have a greater chance of siring offspring,[43]
since subordinates outnumber dominants 21 to 1. There is also a dominance hierarchy among females, with
reproductive success being displayed in shorter interbirth intervals amongst these alpha figures and the
beginning of reproduction at earlier ages.[43]

Mandrill births occur from

January to May.[44] Most
births in Gabon occur in
the wet season, from
January to March, and
gestation usually lasts 175
days.[43] In captivity, 405
days separate each
birth. [43] Young are born
Sleeping mother with young in
A mother playing with her baby at
Hagenbecks Tierpark, Hamburg, with a black natal coat and
Southwick's Zoo in Mendon,
Germany pink skin. The females do
Massachusetts
most of the raising of the
young. Alloparenting exists
in this species, with female relatives providing care for the
young.[45] Males leave their natal groups when they are six years old and stay along the boundary of the
social group.[25][39]

Mandrills will make a "silent, bared-teeth face", in which the teeth are bared, the head crest is erect and the
head shakes. This may serve as a peaceful form of communication.[46][47] A mandrill submits by presenting
its rump. With aggression, mandrills will stare, bob their heads, and slap the ground.[47] Vocalizations like
roars, crowings, and "two-phase grunts" are made for long distances, while "yaks", grunts, "k-alarms", "k-
sounds", screams, girneys, and grinds are made at short distances.[48]
Status and conservation
The mandrill is considered vulnerable and is affected by
deforestation.[2] However, hunting for bushmeat is the more
direct threat. Mandrills are particularly threatened in the
Republic of the Congo.[2] Nevertheless, there have been
captive-bred individuals that have been successfully
reintroduced into the wild.[49]

See also A family of mandrill in Artis Royal Zoo,

Amsterdam, Netherlands

Drill (animal)

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External links
ARKive – images and movies of the mandrill (Mandrillus sphinx) (https://web.archive.org/web/2
0060317025930/http://www.arkive.org/species/GES/mammals/Mandrillus_sphinx/)
Primate Factsheet – Drill (http://pin.primate.wisc.edu/factsheets/entry/drill) Primate Info Net

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This page was last edited on 19 March 2020, at 22:53 (UTC).

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