HOUSING

NAME: NEERAJHA.R
RA1611201020008
NAME:NEERAJHA.R
CLASS: 4 YEAR B SEC
TH
RA1611201020008
SUB CODE:16AR454
COLLEGE: SRM SEAD
SUBJECT CODE:16AR454
YEAR:4TH YEAR
COLLEGE:SRM SEAD
 MODULAR HOUSES:

INTRODUCTION:

➤ Modular buildings and modular homes are prefabricated buildings

or houses that consist of repeated sections called modules.

➤ "Modular" is a construction method that involves constructing sections

away from the building site, then delivering them to the intended site.
Installation of the prefabricated sections is completed on site.
Prefabricated sections are sometimes placed using a crane.

➤ The modules can be placed side-by-side, end-to-end, or stacked,

allowing a variety of configurations and styles. After placement the
modules are joined together using inter-module connections, also
known as inter-connections.

➤ The inter-connections tie the individual modules together to form the

overall building structure.

➤ Modular buildings, also called prefabricated homes or precision built

homes, are built to equal or higher standards as traditionally built
homes.

➤ The building method is referred to as permanent modular

construction.

CONSTRUTION PROCESS:
➤ Construction is offsite, using lean manufacturing techniques to
prefabricate single or multi-story buildings in deliverable module
sections. Often, modules are based around standard 20 foot
containers, using the same dimensions, structures, building and
stacking/placing techniques, but with smooth (instead of corrugated)
walls, glossy white paint, and provisions for windows, power, potable
water, sewage lines, telecommunications and air conditioning.
 ➤ Permanent Modular Construction (PMC) buildings are manufactured in
a controlled setting and can be constructed of wood, steel, or concrete.
➤ The buildings are 60% to 90% completed offsite in a factory-controlled
environment, and transported and assembled at the final building site.
This can comprise the entire building or be components or
subassemblies of larger structures.

MANUFACTURING CONSIDERATIONS:
➤ The entire process of modular construction places significance on the
design stage. This is where practices such as Design for Manufacture
and Assembly (DfMA) are used to ensure that assembly tolerances are
controlled throughout manufacture and assembly on site.
➤ It is vital that there is enough allowance in the design to allow the
assembly to take up any "slack" or misalignment of components.
➤ The use of advanced CAD systems, 3D printing and manufacturing
control systems are important for modular construction to be
successful.
 ➤ This is quite unlike on-site construction where the tradesman can often
make the part to suit any particular installation.

ADVANTAGES:
➤ Speed of construction/faster return on investment.
➤ Indoor construction.
➤ Ability to service remote locations.
➤ Low waste
➤ Environmentally friendly construction process.
➤ Flexibility
 ➤ Quality

DISADVANTAGES:
➤ Volumetric: Transporting the completed modular building
sections take up a lot of space.[12]
➤ Flexibility: Due to transport and sometimes manufacturing
restrictions, module size can be limited, affecting room sizes.
[13]

➤ Some financial institutions may be hesitant to offer a loan for a

modular home.

PRECAST HOME:

INTRODUCTION:

➤ Prefabricated homes, often referred to as prefab homes or simply

prefabs, are specialist dwelling types of prefabricated building,
which are manufactured off-site in advance, usually in standard
sections that can be easily shipped and assembled. Some current
prefab home designs include architectural details inspired by
postmodernism or futurist architecture.
 ➤ "Prefabricated" may refer to buildings built in components (e.g.
panels), modules (modular homes) or transportable sections
(manufactured homes), and may also be used to refer to mobile
homes, i.e., houses on wheels. Although similar, the methods and
design of the three vary widely.

➤ There are two-level home plans, as well as custom home plans.

CONSTRUCTION PROCESS:
➤ Precast concrete frames are cast in the same way as precast concrete
cladding, but as they are designed as structural elements have heavier
reinforcement than is required for non-structural cladding.

➤ ADVANTAGES:
➤ Fast construction
➤ Profitaility
➤ Efficiency
➤ Eco friendly
➤ The regulation of waste – Less waste
➤ Safe materials
➤ Flexibility
➤ Wall intersection
DISADVANTAGES:
● System building is less flexible in its design concept than purpose-
mode structures
● Most design briefs can be fulfilled without too much modification to the
original concept
● Structural connection between the precast concrete units can present
both design & contractual problems
PRECAST CONCRETE FRAMES:
➤ Enable faster programme times – not affected by weather or labour
shortages.
➤ Improve buildability – structure is fabricated off-site for rapid
erection on-si.te
➤ Produce a high standard of workmanship in factory conditions –
reduces potential for accidents, addresses on-site skill shortage.
➤ Have a high quality finish that can be left exposed – concrete’s
thermal properties can be exploited in low-energy buildings.
PRECAST CONCRETE WALL CONTRUCTION:
➤ Precast concrete walls are used for internal & external walls, lift

shafts, central cores etc. Precast wall system are mostly used in

domestic construction, both for individual housing & for apartments.

The solution can be considered as the industrialized form of cast in-situ

walls or classical brick or block masonry walls.

➤ The precast walls can be load bearing or only partition walls. The
surface of the elements is smooth on both sides & ready for painting or
wallpapering.
➤ Precast walls offer the advantage of speed of construction,
smooth surface

ZERO ENERGY HOUSE:

INTRODUCTION:
 ➤ Zero energy homes are just like any home— They are regular
grid-tied homes that are so air-tight, well insulated, and energy
efficient that they produce as much renewable energy as they
consume over the course of a year, leaving the occupants with a net
zero energy bill, and a carbon-free home.
➤ A zero energy home is not just a “green home” or a home with solar
panels. A zero energy home combines advanced design and superior
building systems with energy efficiency and on-site solar panels to
produce a better home.

CONSTRUCTION:

➤ The most cost-effective steps toward a reduction in a building's energy

consumption usually occur during the design process..

➤ To achieve efficient energy use, zero energy design departs

significantly from conventional construction practice. Successful zero
energy building designers typically combine time tested passive solar,
or artificial/fake conditioning, principles that work with the on-site
assets.

➤ Sunlight and solar heat, prevailing breezes, and the cool of the earth
below a building, can provide daylighting and stable indoor
temperatures with minimum mechanical means.

➤ ZEBs are normally optimized to use passive solar heat gain and
shading, combined with thermal mass to stabilize diurnal temperature
variations throughout the day, and in most climates are
superinsulated.[23] All the technologies needed to create zero energy
buildings are available off-the-shelf today.

➤ Sophisticated 3-D building energy simulation tools are available to

model how a building will perform with a range of design variables
such as building orientation (relative to the daily and seasonal position
 of the sun), window and door type and placement, overhang depth,
insulation type and values of the building elements, air tightness
(weatherization), the efficiency of heating, cooling, lighting and other
equipment, as well as local climate. These simulations help the
designers predict how the building will perform before it is built, and
enable them to model the economic and financial implications on
building cost benefit analysis, or even more appropriate – life cycle
assessment.

ADVANTAGES:
➤ Home Orientation
➤ Energy Bills
➤ Minimizing your Ecological Footprint
➤ Comfortable Living Space

DISADVANTAGES:
 ➤ Initial costs can be higher – effort required to understand, apply and
qualify for ZEB subsidies. Very few designers or builders have the
necessary skills or experience to build ZEBs.
➤ Challenge to recover higher initial costs on resale of building,
but new energy rating systems are being introduced gradually.
➤ While the individual house may use an average of net zero energy
over a year, it may demand energy at the time when peak demand for
the grid occurs. In such a case, the capacity of the grid must still
provide electricity to all loads. Therefore, a ZEB may not reduce the
required power plant capacity.

STRATEGIES:

ECOHOUSES:

INTRODUCTION:

An Eco-house (or eco-home) is an environmentally low-impact home

designed and built using materials and technology that reduces its carbon
footprint and lowers its energy needs.

An eco house could include some or all of the following:

 ➤ Higher than normal levels of thermal insulation
➤ Better than normal airtightness
➤ Good levels of daylight
➤ Passive solar orientation — glazing oriented south for light and heat
➤ Thermal mass to absorb that solar heat
➤ Minimum north-facing glazing — to reduce heat loss
➤ Mechanical ventilation with heat recovery (MVHR) system
➤ Heating from renewable resources (such as solar, heat pump or
biomass)
➤ Photovoltaic panels, small wind turbine or electricity from a ‘green’
supplier
➤ Natural materials — avoidance of PVCu and other plastics
➤ Rainwater harvesting
➤ Greywater collection
➤ Composting toilet
➤ Glass that has two or three layers with a vacuum in between to
prevent heat loss; (double or triple-glazed windows)
➤ Solar panels or wind turbines
➤ Geothermal heating and growing plants on the roof to regulate
BUILDING CONCEPTS:

➤ Energy loss

➤ Insulation

➤ Passive solar gain

➤ Active solar gain

➤ Living gain

➤ Living heat loss

➤ Health
TECHNIQUES:

ADVANTAGES:

● Greater energy efficiency – The obvious benefit of eco-friendly

homes is they are more energy efficient than traditional properties. By
using natural and/or renewable resources to convert and store energy,
 homeowners can reduce their consumption of non-renewable energy
sources that contribute to greenhouse gases.

● Reduced energy bills – Environmentally-friendly additions such as

solar panels and hot water pumps won’t necessarily add to the value of
your Perth rental property, but they could hold a huge appeal for
tenants.

● Durable design – Eco-friendly homes constructed from durable and

sustainable materials often require less mainnce nce overtime;

GREEN HOUSES
INTRODUCTION:

➤ A greenhouse (also called a glasshouse, or, if with sufficient heating,

a hothouse) is a structure with walls and roof made chiefly of
transparent material, such as glass, in which plants requiring regulated
climatic conditions are grown.

➤ These structures range in size from small sheds to industrial-sized

buildings.

➤ A miniature greenhouse is known as a cold frame.

➤ The interior of a greenhouse exposed to sunlight becomes significantly

warmer than the external temperature, protecting its contents in cold
weather.

➤ Many commercial glass greenhouses or hothouses are high tech

production facilities for vegetables, flowers or fruits.
 ➤ The glass greenhouses are filled with equipment including screening
installations, heating, cooling, lighting, and may be controlled by a
computer to optimize conditions for plant growth.

➤ Different techniques are then used to evaluate optimality-degrees and

comfort ratio of greenhouseate (i.e., air temperature, relative humidity
and vapor pressure deficit) in order to reduce production risk prior to
cultivation of a specific crop.

TYPES:
CONCEPT:

➤ The warmer temperature in a greenhouse occurs because incident

solar radiation passes through the transparent roof and walls and is
absorbed by the floor, earth, and contents, which become warmer.

➤ As the structure is not open to the atmosphere, the warmed air cannot
escape via convection, so the temperature inside the greenhouse
rises.This differs from the earth-oriented theory known as the
"greenhouse effect".

➤ Quantitative studies suggest that the effect of infrared radiative

cooling is not negligibly small, and may have economic implications in
a heated greens

➤ . Analysis of issues of near-infrared radiation in a greenhouse with

screens of a high coefficient of reflection concluded that installation of
such screens reduced heat demand by about 8%, and application of
dyes to transparent surfaces was suggested. Composite less-reflective
glass, or less effective but cheaper anti-reflective coated simple glass,
also produced savings.
SMART GREENHOUSE:
ADVANTAGES:

➤ Greater control of pests, weeds and diseases.

➤ Greater protection and / or control against extreme weather
conditions.
➤ More efficient use of productive resources
➤ It allows for greater safety and comfort performing crop tasks.
➤ Off-season crops