1.

Prevention of accidental poisonings in the household with

children under 6 years of age].
Authors

Beikircher M, Berenzi P, Mantovan F.2012 May;31(5):190-3. 

Conduct a Study :

To assessthe precautionary measures and their effectiveness in relation to the

risks and the factors of poisoning accidents.

RESULTS: Solely education of the parents is not enough, therefore it is combined

with prevention programs, followed by home visits or with child resistant containers.
The combination with home visits is effective because the parents get encouraged to
make their household safe for children. The education has to be directly with the
parents, because the measures can be customized. Short education programs with
specific objectives, in written form, are more effective than longer ones. They contain
informations about the correct storage and use of child resistant containers, and the
behavior in case of emergency. This safety measures must be already implemented at
the birth of the child. It's not clear if public education through mass media is effective.
Nurses have to educate parents and to advise them to all dangers in the household.

Conclusion: 

The Researcher suggests that the education programs must be carried out
individually with the parents. In families with several children, the implementation of
passive prevention strategies is more effective. The nurse plays an important role in
relation to the poisoning prevention.

2.Nuts and seed: a natural yet dangerous foreign body.

Authors

Sih T, BunnagC,et al 2012 May 14;76 Suppl 1:S49-52. Epub 2012 Feb 24.

Conduct a Sudy:
 Toassessthe impact of nuts' and seeds' injuries withdrawing data from the Susy
Safe registry, highlighting that as for other foreign bodies the main item efficiently
and substantially susceptible to changes to decrease the accidents' rates is the
education of adults and children, that can be shared with parents both from
pediatricians and general practitioners. Indeed labeling and age related warnings have
also a fundamental relevance in prevention.

RESULTS: In Susy Safe registry they represent the 38% in food group, and almost
the 10% in general cases. Trachea, bronchi and lungs were the main location of FB's
retrieval, showing an incidence of 68%. Hospitalization occurred in 83% of cases,
showing the major frequency for foreign bodies located in trachea. This location was
also the principal site of complications, with a frequency of 68%. There were no
significant associations between these outcomes and the age class of the children. The
most common complications seen (22.4%) was bronchitis, followed by pneumonia
(19.7%). Adult presence was recorded as positive in 71.2% of cases, showing an
association (p value 0.009) between the adult supervision and the hospitalization
outcome. On the contrary there was a non significant association between adult
presence and the occurrence of complications. In 80.7% of cases, the incident
happened while the child was eating. Among those cases, 88.6% interested trachea,
lungs and bronchi.

Conclusions:

The Researcher suggests that the number and severity of the injuries could be
reduced by educating parents and children. Information about food safety should be
included in all visits to pediatricians in order to make parents able to understand,
select, and identify key characteristics of hazardous foods and better control the
hazard level of various foods. Finally, preventive measures including warning labels
on high-risk foods could be implemented.

3.Acute respiratory infection in children: a

survey in the rural community.
Tambe MP, Shivaram C, Chandrashekhar Y. 2012 Feb 24

Conduct a Study :
 To assess the severity of ARI episodes and the treatment received. Registered
medical practitioners.The prevalence of Acute Respiratory Infections was 7.6% in a
total of 10,951 children below 5 yrs surveyed. The annual incidence was estimated to
be 2.6 episodes per child. The prevalence was highest in the 6 months--2 yrs of age.
Majority of the episodes were mild in nature (86.2%), while only 1.7% episodes were
severe in nature. A substantial number of episodes (27.3%) did not receive any
treatment. There was no association between the severity of ARI episodes and the
treatment received. Registered medical practitioners were the main source of
treatment.

Conclusion :

The Reseacher states that Far distance of the hospital was the reason for not receiving
any treatment among untreated cases. The outcome was better in those episodes
treated by a qualified MBBS doctor, as compared to other sources of treatment.

4.A community-based study of acute

respiratory tract infection in Thai children.
Vathanophas K, Sangchai R , et al. 2011 Nov 10.

Conduct a Study :

To determine the incidence, etiologic agents, and risk factors associated with
acute respiratory tract infection (ARI) in children less than 5 years of age.A 2-year
longitudinal study was conducted among the population of a socioeconomically
depressed urban community in Bangkok, Thailand, from January 1986 through
December 1987 Data were obtained for a total of 674 children, who were visited twice
weekly for detection of signs and symptoms of ARI. During the first year of the study,
throat-swab specimens were obtained for bacterial culture from both ill and healthy
children and a nasal wash was performed on mildly ill children for detection of virus.
During both years of the study, nasopharyngeal aspiration for identification of virus
was performed for children with more severe infection. The overall incidence of ARI
was 11.2 episodes per child-year. The highest (14.9) and lowest (8.8) rates per child-
year occurred in age groups 6-11 months and 48-59 months, respectively. Respiratory
syncytial virus, parainfluenza virus, adenovirus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and
Haemophilusinfluenzae were the prevalent pathogenic agents identified.

Conclusion :
The Researcher suggests that the Factors associated with higher risk of ARI were low
family income, working mothers, mothers with allergies, chronic malnutrition, and
crowding in the home.

5. The epidemiology of respiratory tract infections.

Authors

File TM. 2000 Sep;15(3):184-94.

Conduct a Study :

To assess theawareness of the epidemiology and cause of specific respiratory

infections should optimize care.Respiratory tract infections (RTIs) are the most
common, and potentially most severe, of infections treated by health care
practitioners. Lower RTIs along with influenza, are the most common cause of death
by infection in the United States. Risk factors for pneumonia and other respiratory
tract infections include: extremes of age (very young and elderly), smoking,
alcoholism, immunosuppression, and comorbid conditions. The microbial cause of
RTIs vary depending on the infection (i.e., pneumonia compared with acute bacterial
sinusitis), setting (i.e., community-acquired compared with nosocomial), and other
factors. The causative pathogens associated with CAP have changed in prevalence
over time. Although Streptococcus pneumoniae remains the most common causative
pathogen, a number of newer pathogens, such as Chlamydia pneumoniae and sin
nombre virus, have been recognized in recent years.

Conclusion :

The Researcher suggests that the emerging antimicrobial resistance of

respiratory pathogens (most notably S. pneumoniae) has also increased the challenge
for appropriate management of RTI. An awareness of the epidemiology and cause of
specific respiratory infections should optimize care.