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The 20th International Symposium on High Voltage Engineering, Buenos Aires, Argentina, August 27 – September 01, 2017

PD Approach for On-line PD Monitoring of Cable Systems Using


the Minimum Number of PD sensors
1* 1 2 3
F. Garnacho , A. Khamlichi , J. Ortego , F. Álvarez
1
LCOE-FFII, Eric Kandel 1, Getafe-Madrid, Spain
2
DIAEL, C/ Peñuelas 38, Madrid, Spain
2
ETSIDI-UPM, Ronda de Valencia 3, Madrid, Spain
*fgarnacho@lcoe.etsii.upm.es

Abstract: The new TS IEC 62478 introduces different PD approaches for unconventional
PD measurements in high voltage cable systems. However several questions arise when
a continuous on-line PD monitoring is required: What is the most appropriate frequency
measuring range in order to minimize the number of PD sensors? Should all accessories
be monitored? What is maximum distance between two consecutive sensors to be sure a
good monitoring is achieved? What kind of PD monitoring (PD detection or PD location)
should be chosen? What is the relationship between PD sensitivity of the measuring
instrumentation under background noise and the number of PD sensors required? PD
measurement in the HF range is the most efficient approach to reduce the number of PD
sensors when large cable system must be monitored using the minimum number of PD
sensors. However, noise rejection in the HF range is the most critical problem for the PD
instruments operating in this frequency range. When only a narrowband measuring
frequency higher than few megahertz is used to perform on-line PD measurements
special attention must be paid to be sure the selected narrowband measuring frequency
is not affected by noise influence for time period where the PD monitoring will be
performed. Higher measuring frequency values are usually less affected by electrical
noise but for frequency values higher than 8 MHz signal attenuation along cable system
could be too high. Consequently, cable length to be monitored could be very short and
the number of PD sensors too much. PD approaches in frequency range between several
hundred of kilohertz and few tens of MHz using powerful signal processing tools for noise
suppression are appropriate enough for on line continuous PD measurements, because
they are able to reconstruct the original PD pulse after filtering process maintaining
significant amplitude values in any frequency range where the PD pulse was measured.
Automatic noise rejection approach without any expertise intervention and with a PD
sensitivity at least of 10 pC is convenient for on-line PD monitoring to be able to detect
internal defects with time enough to make the corresponding maintenance decisions.

1 INTRODUCTION determined taking into account the technical data


of the h.v. cable, in special the characteristics of
the semi-conductive layers, cable sheath data, the
sheath bonding configuration to be used in the
Different PD approaches can be used according to cable system (cross-bonding, single point, etc.),
the new TS IEC 62478 [1] for on-line PD the geometrical data of the installation layout of the
measurements, but no specific guide is given for cable system and the number of splices along
continuous PD monitoring of cable systems. When cable. A software tool to determine the curve
an on-line PD monitoring is planned for a cable attenuation (f) for three phase cable systems is
system, the first issue is to calculate the signal presented in section 3 and 4.1. Attenuation
attenuation of the cable system vs frequency, (f), experiences for different PD monitored cable
[2]-[5]. After the (f) curve is determined, the systems are also introduced in section 4.
minimum admissible PD level to be detected along
cable should be defined (e.g. 50 pC), and the On the basis of the signal attenuation curve five
minimum PD sensitivity of the measuring examples of cables systems are analysed in
instrumentation (e.g. 10 pC) under strong noise section 4. PD approach acquiring raw data (PD
conditions must be determined by tests, then the pulses and noise) in a HF wide range (e.g.
maximum distance between two consecutive PD f10,5 MHz to f220 MHz) and removing noise
sensors can be calculated either if PD location signals by signal processing tools [6] is an
along cable is required either if only PD detection acceptable way for PD monitoring of HV cable
is needed. The signal attenuation vs frequency systems.
curve, (f), of any arbitrary cable system should be
2 SIGNAL ATENUATION ALONG A 35
C1
CABLE SYSTEM VS THE FREQUENCY C2
30
C3
rs= 50
2.1 Background of signal attenuation
25 rs= 100
rs= 250
When a PD pulse travels along a cable system its 20 rs= 500

dB/km
wave-shape is attenuated and distorted. The cable
rs= 750

m
system behaves a low-pass filter, in which the 15
rs= 1000
frequency components of the PD pulse higher than
20 MHz are negligible. The equivalent circuit of a 10
power cable with its two semiconducting layers
(see figure 1.a) was studied by Stone and Boggs 5  = 10 ·m
[2] for frequencies up to 100 MHz. Signal s
attenuation curve C1 derived from Stone y Boggs’s 0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
for a specific 28 kV cable is included in Figure 2. f(MHz)

  2,125 dB / km  f m (1)


For frequencies modes below 10 MHz, a simpler Figure 2. Attenuation curves (f): a) Curve C1 of a
28 kV XLPE-cable derived by Stone and Boggs,
analysis was performed by Lemke and Gluski [3]
c) Curve C2 of a 24 kV XLPE-cable derived by Gluski,
and [4] considering the classical electrical line d) C3 family of attenuation curves of the same
model (figure 1.b) with the circuit elements geometrical 24 kV XLPE-cable derived by Khamlichi [5]
inductance L’, capacitance C’, resistance R’, and with a semiconducting layer of resistivity of 10 .m, but
conductance G’ per unit length, but with values of with different relative permittivity values.
the two last parameters R’ and G’ corrected, to
take into account the effect of semiconducting
layers. Then, the signal attenuation of the cable 2.2 Signal Attenuation in single cables
system vs frequency,(f) can be expressed by the calculated by the cable response
following formula. parameters
2
  Figure 3 shows the simplified circuit of a high
  (2) voltage cable with a cable length ℓ, as a quadrupole
2  ds 0  0   r  . 5 / 4
  kcs   
s 2   c  d  ln d 2  2  d s  of two pair of terminals: conductor and cable sheath
 1  versus earth plane at the cable origin (x=0) and at
 d1  2  d s 
the cable end (x= ℓ). Conductor and sheath
voltages and currents (Vc, Vs, Ic, Is) in the origin and
d1 - the diameter of the inner cable conductor
d2- the diameter of the outer cable conductor at x= ℓ are correlated by the following formula:
ds - the thickness of the inner semiconducting layer Vc (  ) Vc ( 0 )
μ0 - the permeability constant V (  )  (  )  (  ) V ( 0 )
ε0- the permittivity constant  s    11 12
  s  (3)
εr - the relative permittivity of the extruded cable  c
I (  )   21 (  )  22 (  )  I c ( 0 )
insulation.  I (  )  I ( 0 )
c the specific conductance of the inner cable conductor.  s   s 
s the specific conductance of the inner semiconducting
layer.
Each element, ij, of the [] array is a subarray of
kcs - correction factor, which takes into account the
additional losses in both, the outer cable shield as well 2x2 individual elements, that depending on
as in the outer semiconducting layer. impedance array, Z, and admittance array, Y.

Reference [4] establishes the signal attenuation 


11(  )  Y -1  cosh Y  Z    Y 
 
curve C2 (Figure 2) applying formula (2), for a
cable of 24 kV that includes the correction factor 12(  )   sinh Z  Y    Zc (4)
kcs of the semiconducting layers. The kcs factor was  21 (  )   sinh Y  Z    Z -1
c

 
chosen to fit the experimental data.
L’ R’ L’ R’  22(  )  Y  cosh Z  Y    Y -1

C1’ G1’
G’ Z and Y are the series impedance array and
C’ parallel admittance array. The series impedance
C’
array, Z, includes conductor self-impedance, Zcc,
C2’ G2’ sheath self-impedance, Zss and mutual impedance
between conductor and sheath Zcs. All of them
Figure 1.a) radial semiconducting layer loss model [5] should be determined considering the contribution
b) classical circuit line model with R’ and G’ values
the inner and outer flux links, and considering also
corrected to consider semiconducting layer effect.
the current through the earth impedance Ze.
Z Z cs  (  cs ) 0 
Z   cc α  (  )  
(  se )
(12)
Z ss 
(5)
 Z sc  0
Consequently the signal attenuation conductor-
The parallel admittance array Y includes the sheath mode is given by:
equivalent admittance of the three admittances (for  cs  (  cs ) (13)
the main insulation and the inner and outer and the signal attenuation sheath-earth mode is
semiconducting layers) expressed by Ymie and the given by:
over-sheet admittance Yos:  se  (  se ) (14)
 Ymie  Ymie  The signal attenuation conductor-sheath mode, cs
Y
Ymie  Yos 
(6) and sheath-earth mode, se, are shown in Figures 4
 Ymie and 5 respectively for a 220 kV cable considering
different values of resistivity of the semiconducting
Two different propagation modes are can be layers. The figures show that the attenuation in the
considered for traveling PD pulses: the coaxial sheath-earth mode, se, is greater than conductor–
propagation mode between conductor and cable sheath mode, cs. In addition the se attenuation
sheath (c-s mode) and earth propagation mode does not depend on resistivity of the
between sheath and earth (e-s mode). For this semiconducting layer.
reason Z and Y arrays are transformed: 100

Z 0  s = 1e-006 ·m

Z m  T  Z  T   cs
90
t s = 1e-005 ·m

Z se 
80 s = 0.0001 ·m

0 (7) 70
s = 0.001 ·m
s = 0.01 ·m

Y 0
 
s = 0.1 ·m

t 1
60

Ym  T  Y  T
1
  cs
s = 1 ·m


dB/km

50 s = 10 ·m

 0 Yse  40
s = 100 ·m
s = 1000 ·m

where: T is the array that allows diagonal 30

separation of both propagation modes: c-s mode 20

and e- s mode. 10

0
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

The characteristic impedance is given by: 10 10 10 10


f(Hz)
10 10 10 10

Zc 0  Figure 4. Signal attenuation conductor-sheath for a single


Z c  Zm / Ym   cs
Z c se 
(8) 220 kV cable to 1 m under floor level.
 0
1000

900
s = 1e-006 ·m
x=0 x=l s = 1e-005 ·m
Ic(0) Ic(l) 800
s = 0.0001 ·m
700 s = 0.001 ·m
s = 0.01 ·m
600
s = 0.1 ·m
Vc(0) Is(0) Is(l) Vc(l)
dB/km

500 s = 1 ·m
Vs(0) Vs(l) s = 10 ·m

Ic(0) +Is(0) Ic(l) +Is(l) 400 s = 100 ·m

s = 1000 ·m
300

200
Figure 3 Conductor and sheath voltages and currents at
100
the cable origin and at the cable end.
0
2 3 4 5 6 7
10 10 10 10 10 10
f(Hz)

Figure 5. Signal attenuation sheath-earth for a single


The propagation constant of each mode is: 220 kV cable to 1 m under floor level.
 0 
  Ym  Zm   cs
 se 
(9) 3. SIGNAL ATTENUATION APPROACH
0 FOR A THREE PHASE CABLE SYSTEM
FOR ON LINE PD MONITORING
where  cs  Ycs ·Z cs ;  se  Yse·Z se (10)
3.1 Solid Bonding Configuration
where:
When the signal attenuation of a three phase cable
Z ccs  Z cs / Ycs ; Z cse  Z se / Yse (11) system in solid bonding configuration must be
analyzed a similar circuit like the one shown in
The attenuation constants are given by: Figure 3 is used. In this case, the three high voltage
cables of length ℓ, behave like a quadrupole of six
pair of terminals: three cable the conductors and
their cable sheaths versus earth plane at the cable
origin (x=0) and at the cable end (x= ℓ). The three Solving the equation system (22) the unknown
phase voltages, Vp, the three sheath voltages, Vs, variables Va(0), Vb(0), Vc(0), Va(  ) ,Vb(  ), Vc(  )
the three phase currents Ip, and three sheath and V(0), V(0), V(0), V(  ) ,V(  ), V(  ) are
currents, Is, in both cable ends are correlated by the
following formula. determined. The Va(  ) ,Vb(  ), Vc(  ) and V(  ),
V(  ), V(  ) variables are used to calculate the
sheath currents where any HFCT PD sensor could
 Vp (  )  Vp ( 0 ) be placed at x=ℓ. The ratio between the current
 V (  )  V ( 0 )
 s   Φ11 Φ12    s  (18)
through any of the six output terminals and the
Ip (  )  Φ21 Φ22  Ip ( 0 )  injected current between two terminals (e.g. phase-
    sheath) will permit to calculate signal six
Is (  )  Is ( 0 )  attenuation factors. However, only the attenuation
factor corresponding to the cable sheath where the
where: sinusoidal signal is injected is considered as the
signal attenuation factor.
Va (  ) Va ( 0 )
3.2. Signal attenuation in three phase cable
Vp ( l )  Vb (  ) Vp ( 0 )  Vb ( 0 )
    systems with complex sheath bonding
Vc (  )
  Vc ( 0 )
  configurations
(19)
V (  ) V ( 0 )
    When complex sheath bonding configurations are
Vs ( l )  V (  ) Vs ( 0 )  V  ( 0 ) combined (cross bonding, single point, single
V (  )  V ( 0 )  bonding, etc.) the quadrupole equations (20) should
      be applied in each minor section. Boundary
conditions correlating the variables of the input and
and similarly for the current arrays the output terminals between each two consecutive
quadrupoles must be defined. For instance in a
 I a (  )  I a ( 0 ) major cross bonding configuration (see figure 5) the
I p ( l )   I b (  ) I p ( 0 )   I b ( 0 ) following boundary conditions are defined:
   

 I c (  )
 
 I c ( 0 )

 I  (  )  I  ( 0 )
(20) I a 2 ( 0 )  I a1 (  ) , I a3 ( 0 )  I a2 (  ) ,
    I b 2 ( 0 )  I b1 (  ) , I b3 ( 0 )  I b 2 (  ) ,
I s ( l )   I  (  ) I s ( 0 )   I  ( 0 )
I (  )  I ( 0 )  I c 2 ( 0 )  I c1 (  ) , I c3 ( 0 )  I c2 (  ) ,
     
I 2 ( 0 )  I  1 (  ) , I 3 ( 0 )  I  2 (  ) ,
Each element, ij, of the [] array is a subarray of
6x6 individual elements, that depending on I  2 ( 0 )  I 1 (  ) , I  3 ( 0 )  I 2 (  ) ,
impedance array, Z, and admittance array, Y in I 2 ( 0 )  I  1(  ) , I 3 ( 0 )  I  2 (  ) ,
similar way as equation (5).

The expression (18) can be written in admittance


array:
Ip ( 0 )  Vp ( 0 )
I ( 0 )  V ( 0 )
s   Y11 Y12    s 
Ip (  ) Y21 Y22   Vp (  )
(21)

   
Is (  )  Vs (  )

Where each array element Yij is derived from ij


elements of the [] array.

1 1 Figure 6. Cable system in cross bonding configuration as


Y11  Y22  12  11  22  12 three consecutive quadrupoles of three pairs of terminals
1
each one conductor-earth and sheath-earth.
Y12  Y21  12 (22)
A specific software application has been developed
Using the equation (21) node analysis can be
to determine automatically the response frequency
applied. Considering the injection of a unique
of any generic cable system and to permit HFCT
current signal in a conductor at x=0, for example
sensors emplacements. Several examples are
Ia(0)= 1. sin t, no other current injection in the
described in section 4.3.
others quadrupole terminals should be added.
4. CABLE PD MONITORING EXAMPLES 4.2 Distance between PD sensors and PD
sensitivity requirements
4.1 Frequency response of a cable
system To determine the maximum distance between
consecutive PD sensors a minimum acceptable
A 220 kV cable system of 12 km length composed sensitivity level should be defined for two kinds of
by five major cross bonding sections with minor disturbances: noise background level and other
sections around 810 m length and a single bonding environment not critical PD pulses (corona, surface
section at its cable end (installation layout in flat) is PD, floating electrodes, etc.). The minimum
considered for the frequency response analysis. acceptable sensitivity level required on the basis of
A sinusoidal current of amplitude 1 p.u. is injected field experiences is 10 pC for calibration PD pulses
between the conductor of one phase and earth of under background noise of 4000 pC and and
the first terminal on the left (E1). The frequency of immersed in not critical PD pulses of high
the injected sinusoidal current is swept from 1 MHz amplitude (e.g. corona) of 100 pC.
to 40 MHz to determine frequency response of the
current through the cable sheaths at each cable The distance between two consecutive PD sensors
accessory (E2, E3…E17) where a HFCT sensor depends on the type of PD sensors and the PD
could be installed if sectionalized screens in all approach to be used. HFCT sensors are
accessories were installed. appropriate enough for continuous PD monitoring
of cable systems. The PD approach [6] operating in
frequency range between several hundred of
kilohertz and few tens of MHz using a signal
processing tool on the basis of wavelet transform
for noise suppression satisfies the referred
requirements for on line continuous PD
measurements. In addition, it is able to reconstruct
Figure 7. Cable system composed by five major cross the original PD pulse after filtering process
bonding sections and one single-bonding section at the maintaining significant amplitude values in the
cable end. frequency range where the PD pulse was
measured.

PD location requires PD signals generated by the


same internal discharge (PD signal on the right
and PD signal on the left) are detected by the first
HFCT sensors to both sides of the cable system,
while PD location requires that only one of both PD
signals is detected by a PD sensor. Consequently,
the maximum distance between sensors is doubled
Figure 8. Frequency response of current through the if only PD detection is required instead of PD
cable sheaths at each cable accessory (E1- E17) location. However in the following examples only
PD location is considered, because automatic
The frequency response through the cable sheaths information is obtained without any complementary
at the cable accessories (E1, E2…) shown in measurements.
figure 7 shows that a monitoring frequency higher
than 20 MHz is not justified for long cables, 4.3 PD monitoring cases
because strong attenuation appear above 10 MHz
for usual h.v. cables. 4.3.1 Case 1: Cable system of a MV grid of 12 kV
connected to two MV/LV substations.
When straight splices are installed at both ends of
each cross bonding not any HFCT sensors can be A cable system of 270 m length connected
installed on cable sheaths. They can only be between two MV/LV substations was monitored in
installed on the grounding cables used for earth PD using HFCT sensors installed at both MV/LV
connection or inside of the grounding link boxes. In substations. Although the measured attenuation of
these cases, a negligible PD current flows through the cable system was greater than others many
these grounding cables to earth. The most part of cable systems (see table 1) PD signals below few
the PD current goes on through the metallic cable tens of pC (around 25 pC) could be located for
sheaths because the earth impedance is lower frequencies lower than 10 MHz (see figure 8.a).
than the cable sheath impedance.
4.3.2 Case 2: Cable system of 45 kV connected to
two GIS.
A cable system of 2.8 km length connected to two
GIS at both ends was monitored in PD using HFCT
sensors installed at each cable end. The measured
PD attenuation of the cable system (table 1) Table 1
permitted to assure that PD signals below 50 pC Signal attenuation values for different measuring
could be located only for frequencies lower than frequencies of four experimental cases
4 MHz (figure 8.b).
Cable SS-SS GIS-GIS GIS-GIS GIS-OL
4.3.3 Case 3: Cable system of 220 kV connected ends
to GIS. Un (kV) 12 45 220 220
L (km) 0.27 2.8 1.8 1.6
A cross bonding cable system of 1.8 km length MHz Signal Attenuation (dB/km)
connected to a GIS at each cable end was 1 3,5 1,9 2,5 -
monitored in PD using HFCT sensors installed at
2 9,7 4,1 3,3 5,6
each cable accessory. The low attenuation of the
5 26,1 12,9 7,5 20
cable system (see table 1) permitted to assure that
10 50,7 29,7 19,2 -
PD signals below 20 pC could be located for
frequencies lower than 10 MHz (figure 8.c). 20 97,1 72 61,4 -

4.3.4 Case 4: Cable system of 220 kV connected


to GIS and an overhead line. 5. CONCLUSIONS
A cross bonding cable system of 1.6 km length PD measurement in the HF range is the most
connected to a GIS and to an overhead line was efficient way for on-line PD monitoring of cable
monitored in PD using HFCT sensors installed at systems. HFCT sensors up to 20 MHz are
each cable accessory. The HFCT sensors installed appropriate enough, but the most critical problem
at cable terminal of an overhead line does not have is the noise rejection to achieve an acceptable PD
sensitivity enough for PD signals coming from the sensitivity. On the basis of field experiences, for
cable system, consequently, in the last cable on line cable PD monitoring, the minimum
section connected to the tower only PD detection acceptable sensitivity level required is of 10 pC for
below 60 pC could be assured. calibration PD pulses under strong background
noise (e.g. 4000 pC) and immersed in not critical
a) PD pulses of high amplitude (e.g. corona of
100 pC). The determination of signal attenuation of
the cable system to be monitored is crucial to
decide where a HFCT shall be installed.
Semiconducting layers characteristics and cable
sheath data are needed to determine the PD
b) attenuation along cable system.

REFERENCES
[1] IEC 62478 - High-voltage test techniques:
Measurement of partial discharge by electromagnetic
and acoustic methods.
c) [2] G.C. Stone, S.A. Boggs: Propagation of partial
discharge pulses in shielded power cables.
Proceedings of Conference on Electrical Insulation
and Dielectric Phenomena. IEEE Publication
82CH1773-1(1982) paper V-6, pp. 275-280.
[3] E. Lemke, T. Strehl: Möglichkeiten und Grenzen der
d) TE-Fehlstellenortung in kunststoffisolierten
Energiekabeln unter Vor-Ort-Bedingungen. ETG-
Fachtagung Köln (2004) pp. 209-213.
[4] E. Gulski, E. Lemke, M. Gamlin, E. Gockenbach, W.
Hauschild, E. Pultrum: Experiences in partial
discharge detection of distribution power cable
systems. ELECTRA 35 (2003) No. 208
[5] A. Khamlichi, F. Garnacho, F. Álvarez “Cable Model
for Partial Discharge Measurements”, 2016 IEEE
International Conference on Dielectrics (ICD)
Figure 9. PD Attenuation for different measuring ISBN: 978-1-5090-2804-7.
frequencies along four cable systems: a) Cable system of [6] F. Garnacho, M. Sánchez-Úran, J. Ortego, J.
12 kV connected to two MV/LV Substations b) Cable Moreno, F. Álvarez, J.L. Vallejo, B. Losada, J
system of 45 kV connected to two MV/MV Substations, Gonzalo “Partial Discharge Monitoring System for
c) Cable system of 220 kV connected to two GIS High Voltage Cables.” B1-306. Cigre Session 2010,
d) Cable system connected to a GIS and to an overhead Paris, France.
line.

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