Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
Abstract: The new TS IEC 62478 introduces different PD approaches for unconventional
PD measurements in high voltage cable systems. However several questions arise when
a continuous on-line PD monitoring is required: What is the most appropriate frequency
measuring range in order to minimize the number of PD sensors? Should all accessories
be monitored? What is maximum distance between two consecutive sensors to be sure a
good monitoring is achieved? What kind of PD monitoring (PD detection or PD location)
should be chosen? What is the relationship between PD sensitivity of the measuring
instrumentation under background noise and the number of PD sensors required? PD
measurement in the HF range is the most efficient approach to reduce the number of PD
sensors when large cable system must be monitored using the minimum number of PD
sensors. However, noise rejection in the HF range is the most critical problem for the PD
instruments operating in this frequency range. When only a narrowband measuring
frequency higher than few megahertz is used to perform on-line PD measurements
special attention must be paid to be sure the selected narrowband measuring frequency
is not affected by noise influence for time period where the PD monitoring will be
performed. Higher measuring frequency values are usually less affected by electrical
noise but for frequency values higher than 8 MHz signal attenuation along cable system
could be too high. Consequently, cable length to be monitored could be very short and
the number of PD sensors too much. PD approaches in frequency range between several
hundred of kilohertz and few tens of MHz using powerful signal processing tools for noise
suppression are appropriate enough for on line continuous PD measurements, because
they are able to reconstruct the original PD pulse after filtering process maintaining
significant amplitude values in any frequency range where the PD pulse was measured.
Automatic noise rejection approach without any expertise intervention and with a PD
sensitivity at least of 10 pC is convenient for on-line PD monitoring to be able to detect
internal defects with time enough to make the corresponding maintenance decisions.
dB/km
wave-shape is attenuated and distorted. The cable
rs= 750
m
system behaves a low-pass filter, in which the 15
rs= 1000
frequency components of the PD pulse higher than
20 MHz are negligible. The equivalent circuit of a 10
power cable with its two semiconducting layers
(see figure 1.a) was studied by Stone and Boggs 5 = 10 ·m
[2] for frequencies up to 100 MHz. Signal s
attenuation curve C1 derived from Stone y Boggs’s 0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
for a specific 28 kV cable is included in Figure 2. f(MHz)
chosen to fit the experimental data.
L’ R’ L’ R’ 22( ) Y cosh Z Y Y -1
C1’ G1’
G’ Z and Y are the series impedance array and
C’ parallel admittance array. The series impedance
C’
array, Z, includes conductor self-impedance, Zcc,
C2’ G2’ sheath self-impedance, Zss and mutual impedance
between conductor and sheath Zcs. All of them
Figure 1.a) radial semiconducting layer loss model [5] should be determined considering the contribution
b) classical circuit line model with R’ and G’ values
the inner and outer flux links, and considering also
corrected to consider semiconducting layer effect.
the current through the earth impedance Ze.
Z Z cs ( cs ) 0
Z cc α ( )
( se )
(12)
Z ss
(5)
Z sc 0
Consequently the signal attenuation conductor-
The parallel admittance array Y includes the sheath mode is given by:
equivalent admittance of the three admittances (for cs ( cs ) (13)
the main insulation and the inner and outer and the signal attenuation sheath-earth mode is
semiconducting layers) expressed by Ymie and the given by:
over-sheet admittance Yos: se ( se ) (14)
Ymie Ymie The signal attenuation conductor-sheath mode, cs
Y
Ymie Yos
(6) and sheath-earth mode, se, are shown in Figures 4
Ymie and 5 respectively for a 220 kV cable considering
different values of resistivity of the semiconducting
Two different propagation modes are can be layers. The figures show that the attenuation in the
considered for traveling PD pulses: the coaxial sheath-earth mode, se, is greater than conductor–
propagation mode between conductor and cable sheath mode, cs. In addition the se attenuation
sheath (c-s mode) and earth propagation mode does not depend on resistivity of the
between sheath and earth (e-s mode). For this semiconducting layer.
reason Z and Y arrays are transformed: 100
Z 0 s = 1e-006 ·m
Z m T Z T cs
90
t s = 1e-005 ·m
Z se
80 s = 0.0001 ·m
0 (7) 70
s = 0.001 ·m
s = 0.01 ·m
Y 0
s = 0.1 ·m
t 1
60
Ym T Y T
1
cs
s = 1 ·m
dB/km
50 s = 10 ·m
0 Yse 40
s = 100 ·m
s = 1000 ·m
and e- s mode. 10
0
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
900
s = 1e-006 ·m
x=0 x=l s = 1e-005 ·m
Ic(0) Ic(l) 800
s = 0.0001 ·m
700 s = 0.001 ·m
s = 0.01 ·m
600
s = 0.1 ·m
Vc(0) Is(0) Is(l) Vc(l)
dB/km
500 s = 1 ·m
Vs(0) Vs(l) s = 10 ·m
s = 1000 ·m
300
200
Figure 3 Conductor and sheath voltages and currents at
100
the cable origin and at the cable end.
0
2 3 4 5 6 7
10 10 10 10 10 10
f(Hz)
Is ( ) Vs ( )
REFERENCES
[1] IEC 62478 - High-voltage test techniques:
Measurement of partial discharge by electromagnetic
and acoustic methods.
c) [2] G.C. Stone, S.A. Boggs: Propagation of partial
discharge pulses in shielded power cables.
Proceedings of Conference on Electrical Insulation
and Dielectric Phenomena. IEEE Publication
82CH1773-1(1982) paper V-6, pp. 275-280.
[3] E. Lemke, T. Strehl: Möglichkeiten und Grenzen der
d) TE-Fehlstellenortung in kunststoffisolierten
Energiekabeln unter Vor-Ort-Bedingungen. ETG-
Fachtagung Köln (2004) pp. 209-213.
[4] E. Gulski, E. Lemke, M. Gamlin, E. Gockenbach, W.
Hauschild, E. Pultrum: Experiences in partial
discharge detection of distribution power cable
systems. ELECTRA 35 (2003) No. 208
[5] A. Khamlichi, F. Garnacho, F. Álvarez “Cable Model
for Partial Discharge Measurements”, 2016 IEEE
International Conference on Dielectrics (ICD)
Figure 9. PD Attenuation for different measuring ISBN: 978-1-5090-2804-7.
frequencies along four cable systems: a) Cable system of [6] F. Garnacho, M. Sánchez-Úran, J. Ortego, J.
12 kV connected to two MV/LV Substations b) Cable Moreno, F. Álvarez, J.L. Vallejo, B. Losada, J
system of 45 kV connected to two MV/MV Substations, Gonzalo “Partial Discharge Monitoring System for
c) Cable system of 220 kV connected to two GIS High Voltage Cables.” B1-306. Cigre Session 2010,
d) Cable system connected to a GIS and to an overhead Paris, France.
line.