AGRICULTURAL MECHANICS (W/TVET)

NAME: RON F. REANTASO

SECTION: BAT-1C

III. METHODOLOGY:

I. DESCRIBE A TYPICAL AGROMET STATION

The agromet station in CBSUA is a station of PAGASA that monitors weather

in our respective places. In here, we are able to see various instruments and tools we

use to measure wind speed, wind direction, air temperature, rainfall and others. We

can also set our eyes on different software’s PAGASA uses in recording data and

things that are happening in this world. And lastly, we may witness here how a

certain application or software predicts or foresees what phenomenon is possible to

happen in the succeeding years, just like for example, the eclipse.
II. DIFFERENT APPARATUS FOUND IN THE STATION

1. ANEMOMETER
The anemometers are devices designed to
determine the speed of wind. They were
initially used primarily for measuring the
speed and direction of wind. Today, except
in weather stations, they are widely used in
determining the average speed in ventilation
systems built in the industrial and residential
buildings.

2. RAIN GAUGE
A Rain gauge is an instrument for measuring
the precipitation that has fallen in a given
time interval. The rain gauge is part of every
weather station. It is used in meteorology as
an additional tool of the weather forecast
and the climatology for the purpose of long-
term statistics of precipitation.
The amounts of rain accumulated in the
gauge are read either manually or by
automatic weather station (AWS).
3. WIND PROFILER
A wind profiler is a meteorological
measurement system that uses radar
or sound waves (SODAR) to
determine the wind speed and
direction at various elevations above
the ground. The variables measured
from wind direction and speed is
useful to meteorological forecasting
and timely reporting for flight
planning.

4. AIR THERMOMETER
An air thermometer is a device that
measures the temperature of the
indoor or outdoor atmosphere. The
most common type consists of a long
tube that contains mercury or colored
alcohol at the base, although there are
also other kinds, such as spring
and digital thermometer. When the
atmospheric temperature rises, it
causes the material inside the air
thermometer to expand. Conversely,
when the air gets colder, the material
contracts and travels back down.
Thermometers use temperature scales,
either Fahrenheit, Celsius, or Kelvin,
to provide a measurement of heat in
degrees.
5. HYGROMETER
Hygrometer is a device used for detecting
and measuring humidity. There are several
types of hygrometers (coil, hair tension,
capacitive, resistive and others), whose
operation is based on different principles.

6. BAROGRAPH
A Barograph is an instrument for recording
air pressure onto a drum covered with paper
for a set period of time. The resulting curve
is called a barogram. The evaluation of the
barogram can give to the weather expert
evidence of future weather developments.
Barographs are often found on ships.
 7. PAN EVAPORATION
Pan evaporation instrument is used to
measure the effective evaporation.
Several types are used; however, one of the
most used is the “Class A”. This is a
cylindrical galvanized steel tank, 1.21 m in
diameter and 25 cm deep. It is placed on a
wooden platform, perfectly horizontal.

The instrument works by measuring the volume of water required to maintain a constant level
in a given time, which can be 6, 12 or 24 hours. The volume of water consumed becomes mm
of water evaporated per unit of time.

8. AUTOMATIC WEATHER
STATION (AWS)
An automatic weather station is a weather
station, based on a fixed or mobile site,
whose sensors relate weather data to a data
logger without human intervention. These
stations were developed for use in hard to
reach places (weather buoy at sea or remote
areas).
An automatic station includes, some of the sensors listed above, connected to a central
processor. The data can be stored in a logger, or transmitted by cable or radio signal to one or
more remote locations.
The recorder and the processor are located in a waterproof housing. The station is powered by a
rechargeable battery, a solar panel or a wind turbine. The number of sensors depends on the
needs.
A good automatic station has at least: thermometer, anemometer, wind vane, hygrometer, and
barometer.
 9. DISDROMETER
Disdrometr is a device for analyzing
the volume of distribution of micro
particles in a controlled environment.
The main application is to determine
the size, speed, and number of
raindrops. With disdrometer the
meteorologist differs raindrops from
graupel and hail.

10. WEATHER BALLOON

A weather balloon is a balloon which
in meteorology is used for
transportation of instruments and
radiosondes into the atmosphere.
A typical weather balloon is usually
made of rubber and has a weight of
only about 200 grams. The skin of the
weather balloon is very sensitive and
delicate, so they must be touched only
when wearing protective gloves. Even
minimal damage may result in
increasingly risk bursting at high
altitude.
The balloon is filled usually with helium or hydrogen. The probe is attached to the weather
balloon at a enough distance so it won’t mess with the balloon slipstream.
The weather balloon can reach heights of 20-30 km before it bursts and the probe returns with a
parachute to the ground.
 11. LIDAR
Lidar (English: LIDAR or LiDAR,
LADAR), is a technology for
measuring distance and remotely
obtaining information about object in
a distance. A laser is used to
illuminate the target and then the
reflected light is analyzed.
In meteorology the Lidar is used to
perform a range of measurements that
include profiling clouds, measuring
winds, studying aerosols and
quantifying various atmospheric
components.

12. STEVENSON SCREEN.

A Stevenson screen is a box, made of
a double layer screens and it is used to
shield meteorological instruments
when there is precipitation or the
instruments are exposed to direct heat
radiation from outside sources. This
shelter allows free passage of air
around the temperature and humidity
sensors. Most of the time the
Stevenson screens is painted white to
reflect the sun’s radiation.
The Stevenson Screen is one of a very few designs that is recommended by the World
Meteorological Organization in their aim to provide standardized environment in which to
measure weather variables.
Stevenson screens are also known as an instrument shelter, cotton region shelter, a thermometer
shelter, a thermo screen or a thermometer screen.
The screen was invented in 1864 by Thomas Stevenson.
 III. DESCRIBE BRIEFLY THE PROPER EXPOSURE OF THE FOLLOWING
INSTRUMENTS FOR AGRICULTURAL USES.

1. AIR THERMOMETER:
When a thermometer is exposed to the atmosphere, the surrounding air's temperature will permeate it,
eventually balancing the thermometer's temperature with its own—a process whose fancy scientific name is
"thermodynamic equilibrium." If the thermometer and it's inside liquid must warm to reach this equilibrium, the
liquid (which will take up more space when warmed) will rise because it is trapped inside of a narrow tube and
has nowhere to go but up. Likewise, if the thermometer's liquid must cool to reach the air's temperature, the
liquid will shrink in volume and lower down the tube. Once the thermometer's temperature balances that of the
surrounding air, its liquid will stop moving.
(The air temperature can be measured separately with a thermometer.) thermometers have been used to schedule
Irrigation of crops such as corn (Clawson and Blad, 1982). In such work it is important to measure the canopy
temperature of a well-watered control for a standard, local reference.
2. SOIL THERMOMETER
(Also called earth thermometer) A thermometer used to measure the temperature of the soil.
Two forms of the mercury-in-glass thermometer are used for this purpose. For measurement at small depths, a
thermometer with a right-angle bend in the stem is used. The bulb is inserted into a hole in the ground with the
stem lying along the surface. A thermometer that has been fused into an outer protecting glass shield is used for
measurement at greater depths. Wax is inserted between the bulb and the shield to increase the time constant.
To obtain a measurement, the instrument is lowered into a steel tube that has been driven into the soil to the
desired depth.
3. RAIN GAUGE
A rain gauge is an important tool to help monitor global weather patterns, aid farmers dealing with drought and
help meteorologists prepare for natural disasters.
Rain gauges are centuries-old tools, and some of those records of past rainfall patterns still exist. That data is
invaluable to the researchers who study weather patterns and compare today’s climate to that of the past.
One of the most important uses for rain gauges is to monitor droughts in areas reliant on agriculture, as well as cities that
don’t get much rain

4. NET RADIATION INSTRUMENT

Prediction of minimum temperature and frost damage is a common method and important application in the
field of agriculture like outdoors crops growth. In particular the areas where vegetation can be exposed to low
temperatures, frost can be disastrous for young plants or fruits. Heat loss measurements inside a greenhouse is a
similar application to control the temperature of the crop. When the IR radiation exchange is measured with a
pyrgeometer, special screens can be closed when temperature are expected to drop rapidly.
5. WIND INSTRUMENT
An anemometer is a device for measuring the wind speed or wind pressure. We have a large range of
Anemometers which have all been carefully selected for their quality. Use to measure wind speeds, determine
growing locations and areas to erect wind breaks or wind  generators. Also use anemometers to find suitable
days for spraying or dusting crops, and taking crop samples, as well as for recording storm intensities
and collecting long term environmental data about an area
IV. MAKE A SCALE PLAN FOR PLACEMENT OF INSTRUMENT IN A
STANDARD AGROMET STATION.
REFERECES: http://www.nwclimate.org/guides/meteorological-instrumentation/
https://www.thoughtco.com/how-does-a-thermometer-work-3444248

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/thermometers

https://www.thoughtco.com/how-does-a-thermometer-work-3444248

http://glossary.ametsoc.org/wiki/Soil_thermometer

https://sciencing.com/rain-gauge-important-6611576.html