Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
of Andhra Pradesh
Dr M Devender Reddy
Director
Director,
Water Technology Centre,
ANGRAU Rajendranagar, Hyderabad
metukudevender@gmail.com
@g
Presented in 18th Annual conference of AERA Special seminar on Reshaping trajectory of Agricultural
1 growth in Andhra Pradesh, held at NAARM, Hyderabad. Nov 18-20, 2010
Andhra Pradesh – Agriculture & Water Profile
Average Annual Rainfall 500 mm from SE monsoon
1100 mm from NW monsoon
Estimated ground and surface 108 15 BCM
108.15
water
Ground and surface water 62.29 BCM
utilized
Total geographical area 27.5 m ha
Gross cropped
pp area 13.2 m ha
Net cropped area 11.5 m ha
Gross irrigated area 5.77 m ha
Net irrigated area 3.88 m ha
Sources of irrigation Canals – 34.7%
Tanks – 12.3%
Tube wells & others – 53.0%
2
AP - Surface water resources
River Availability Utilized
basin BCM (TMC) BCM (TMC)
Godavari 41.90 (1480) 20.39 (720)
Krishna 22.96 (811) 22.96 (811)
Pennar 2.77 (98) 2.77 (98)
Others 10.12 (357) 3.51 (124)
Total 77 75 (2746) 49
77.75 49.63
63 (1753)
3
Water requirement for various sectors
(Milli C
(Million Cubic
bi MMeters)
t )
Sector Present Need by
Utilization (2000) 2025
Drinking Water 601 3468
Irrigation 64252 108050
Industries 288 1445
Power Generation 28 56
Total 65169 114101
7
Current Scenario of AP – Water
M
Management
g t
Surface Water
¾20-25% gap between irrigation potential created
(
(the planned command area)) and utilized ((actual
p
irrigated area).
The Govt.
Govt is taking up
¾The renovation of canals, distributions and field
channels to bridge gap.
gap
¾WUAs for administrative mechanism to improve
water
t use efficiency
ffi i and
d productivity
d ti it
8
Rotational water supply
y Rotational water supply
pp y at wider intervals ((5-15
days) at less critical stage and adequate water
supply at critical stages improve irrigation water
use
16
Ground
G ou d Water
ate Exploitation
p o tat o
90-100 Critical 82 6
17
Disadvantages with ground water
irrigation
18
Cropped Area under Wells in A
A.P.(
P ( lakh ha)
19
y Water quality deterioration due to increased depth of
water
y Floride in 83 wells out of 83 wells tested in a watershed
area of 512 ha
0.00
Mean Ground water level (m)
-5.00
m)
Water taable level (m
-10.00
-15.00
-20.00
-25.00
-30.00
Mar,09
Mar,10
Seept,08
Nov,08
May,09
Nov,09
May,10
Aug,08
n,2009
Apl,09
n,2010
Apl,10
Oct,08
Dec,08
FFeb,09
une,09
JJul,09
Aug,09
SSep,09
Oct,09
Dec,09
FFeb,10
une,10
M
M
O
O
M
M
A
A
Jan
Jan
N
N
D
D
Ju
Ju
A
20
Month/Year
Source: WTC, annual report, 2010
Comparison of Incomes from Ground water
and Surface water irrigated areas
Gross income generated
y Rs
R 49,323/ha
49 323/h under ground water
y Rs 47,506/ha SRSP canal command with
conjunctive use of ground and surface water
productivityy ((Rs/ m3)
Water p
y Higher with cotton and maize over rice during
Kharif (rainy season) and potato and flora bean than
rice in Rabi (rain free period) with groundwater.
y Higher with turmeric and maize over rice in
kharif
kh if and
d groundnut
d d i rabi
during bi and
d sesame in
i
21 summer over rice under canal command.
W t h
Water harvesting
ti
y Most of the water availability assessments are
based on the assumption of 30% run-off
22
Land and Water Management Programs
taken up in Andhra Pradesh
9Watershed management
9Neeru-Meeru program
9Andhra Pradesh Economic Restructuring
Project – Tank command areas
9Andhra Pradesh Micro Irrigation Project
9AP Well
9JalaYagnam
9Rainwater conservation through Farm
23 ponds
People’ss institutions
People
The Govt. promoted
p
- Water Users Associations
– Watershed
W t h d Associations
A i ti
– Vana Samrakshana Samitis
– Water Conservation and Utilization
Committee
To achieve a sustainable use of water
resources
24
Wet lands
y Andhra Pradesh contains 259 coastal wetlands covering an
area of 18,552 km2 out of which 88 are manmade.
y The principal threat is the continued expansion of
agricultural activities in wetland areas.
y A spurt in the volume of agricultural and industrial
effluents entering in a lake is causing rapid
eutrophication, and pollution with pesticides is
becoming a serious problem
y Conservation
C ti measures were taken
t k up are Kolleru
K ll
lake, Pakhala lake, Neelapattu tank, Krishna
mangroves Hussain sagar lake and Srisailam reservoir
mangroves,
25
etc.
Water Quality
y Musi, Krishna, Godavari rivers and their tributaries are
Polluted with faecal/toxins
y Godavari river water quality is within the safe limits
until Manchiryal
y but ppolluted further down stream.
y Most Polluted is Musi River (upto 100 Km)
y Industries in and around Hyderabad and other major cities are
polluting the drinking water sources causing health problems
to human beings, livestock and agricultural crops.
y Main reason for using wastewater
y Only water source available during the short and
unpredictable
p monsoon season.
y Decreasing groundwater levels due to drought and low
26 rainfall.
Water quality
¾ Ground
G d water
t (GW)
GW in 0.5 M ha is of poor quality - due to geological salts
and in coast due to marine influence and pollution
(industries & aquaculture farms)
In Krishna and Godavari delta,
delta in shallow zone it is within
the potable limits, but deteriorates rapidly with depth
In 36 mandals (East Godavari 6, West Godavari 17, and
Krishna 13) of the State, GW quality is unsuitable even for
irrigation
Localized poor GW quality areas are found in
Anantapur, Cuddapah, Kurnool, Nellore, Guntur and
Visakhapatnam districts when considering the drinking
27
water.
The problems identified and issues
with waste water irrigation
y Degradation of soil - accumulation of salts, micro
nutrients, toxic metal ions and change g in microbial
activity
y Ground water contamination besides public health
problems
y Health hazards due to human contamination with
wastewater and agricultural produce
y Meager database on different livelihood activities with
use of wastewater in the river belt area
y A
Assessing
i the
th quality
lit off waste
t water
t and d Suggestions
S ti f
for
its improvement and reuse for agriculture and allied
activities
y Quantification of salinity ingression due to restriction of
28
water flow in the rivers and rivulets in coastal areas.
In equal development of water resources -
(Political & Economic scarcity)
29
Drought Management
y In Andhra Pradesh,
Pradesh the rainfall deficiency
during SW monsoon season cause severe crop
loss or total crop
p failure
y Analysis of data
y To develop p indices to forewarn and monitor
the drought
y To minimise its effect by using the approaches
and drought indices
y To develop long-term drought proofing
strategies
i
30
Critical areas that require immediate
attention
Water
W t resource managementt
Water infrastructure
Water efficient technologies
Crop
p research
Education and enhancement of skills
Training of scientific personnel at various
levels in the use of latest tools
(GIS Remote Sensing
(GIS, Sensing, and Micro
31 irrigation)
32
Thank you