American Journal of Electrical Power and Energy Systems

2019; X(X): XX-XX

http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/j/epes
doi: 10.11648/j.XXXX.2019XXXX.XX
ISSN: 2326-912X (Print); ISSN: 2326-9200 (Online)

Voltage Stability Improvement in KRG Network by Facts Devices

1
Name: Tana Taher Azeez

2
Name: Ameen Abbas Abdelfattah

Electrical Engineering, Salahaddin University, Erbil, Iraq

Email: tana.azeez@su.edu.krd , tanatahr@yahoo.com

Abstracts

Today’s the main portion of the electrical power system is the liability and servicing.

Improvement and protection system for the power system networks very big issue. The first aspect is

voltage instability. It can occur by many problems in the system like unbalancing transmission line

impedance, load sheadings environment and local area of the system. In KRG network there is a low

voltage rate in many places, especially long distance places like Soran area (Rezan substation), Duhok

area always has voltage instability problem. For solving this problem we suggest to study FACT devices

and texting them on the system by PSS/E software and showing a change in voltage in the system.For

improving dynamic performance on power system we use Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS)

devices .A Protection system with FACT devices very important stage in this paper determining distance

protection with FACT devices and effecting to the system stability. The purpose of this paper is to discuss

the impact of FACT devices on voltage stability and improvement of the KRG network to increase power

transfer capability of the transmission lines and increasing the voltage level at all buses. The results so

obtained after simulation demonstrate the performance of the system for every FACTS devices in solving

the power profile and that way voltage stability of the same.
Keywords: Voltage stability, FACTs devices, PSS/E model,

1. INTRODUCTION

Power system commonly is nonlinear system. Generally an electrical power system involves

three distinct constituent (generation, transmission and distribution substations). Electric power is

produced in generation stations by synchronous machines when it motivated by hydro turbines, steam

turbines, thermal stations…… etc. They are connected to each other through long distance transmission

lines. The stability of power system is very important for the system operation condition. Many network

blackouts are caused by instability of power system like voltage instability, frequency instability and rotor

instability. In our region KRG the electrical power is generated at 50Hz so that in all AC system

interconnections must be all units of rating 50Hz frequency. According original working condition, power

Stability broadly classified as steady state stability, transient stability and dynamic stability.

In KRG network show in figure (1) There are many problems one of them is voltage instability,

usually it occur in long distance transmission line. For improving this problem I suggest to study some

cases by using FACT devices such as (SVC, TSCS, STATCOM, UPFC), also it has many problems in

protection system such as under voltage load shedding, drop voltage, system blackouts and improving

them. The size of the transmitted power before failure, depends on the probability of the loss of stability.

The dynamic stability of power system is influenced by many factors such as admittance, duration of

failure, regulation of excitation)

In power system the SVC device is very important for improving voltage stability in the power

system network. For testing loads it was divided into four classes: 10MW and 8MVar, 50MW and

10MVar, and 100MW and 15MVar and 150MW and 20MVar [1]. Comparing old models with new

models to study the multimachine transient stability of power systems. The new model is categorized by

the modeling of the fault incidence and fault clearance as well as the procedure of computing the system

matrices through and after the fault through only modification of the matrix before the fault [2]. In a
power system faulting the voltage instability is occurring, by sudden increasing loads increase reactive

power demand. Instability of Voltage is the incipient cause collapse of the voltage system. The

consequences of voltage collapse involve partial or full power interruption in the system. One of the main

causes of voltage instability in a system is the occurrence of unbalancing system reactive power.

Unbalancing of Reactive power is an expectedly raising or lowering in the demand of system reactive

power. For improving this problem connecting shunt capacitors and/or Flexible AC Transmission System

(FACTS) controllers in a suitable place in the system[3].

The main purpose of protection system is improving system stability by changing the setting of

relays. By connecting FACTs devices in ( PSS/E software )with 132Kv and 400K transmission line bus

bars and 15Kv generation buses. Shown in figure (2).

2. POWER SYSTEM STABILITY

Power system stability is the ability of an electric power system, for a given initial operating

condition, to regain a state of operating equilibrium after being subjected to a physical disturbance, with

most system variables bounded so that practically the entire system remains intact [4].

2.1 Classification of Power System Stability

According CIGER/IEEE power system stability has classified as:

2.1.1 Voltage Stability

Voltage stability in power system is a very important case for being system ability to stable voltage in

network buses after accruing a disturbance. The instability is happening when there is system is voltage

instability. When the fault occurs in the network by voltage stability its nearly all buses caused decreasing

voltage according to power transported to the load. It is contingent on the capability to keep/return

symmetry among load demand and load source from the power system. The probable result of voltage

instability is a damage of load in an area, or tripping of transmission lines and other components of their

protective systems leading to dropping outages. The main purpose for happening voltage instability is

Damage of synchronism of some generators or from working situations that interrupt the field current
bound may result in outages We can say the system is stable when it reappearance back to normal case

after being conflicted. Voltage stability has another name is (load ability). There is a relation between

Voltage stability and rotor angle stability by interlinking small disturbance rotor angle stability. A power

system voltage stability is importantly reliant on upon the quantity, place and category of reactive power

sources obtainable. The key determination for producing a voltage drop is many issues such as a constant

load of real power, increasing the load demand VAR occur, roping shunt capacitance, increasing VARs

from the transmission line. The key goal for voltage instability is the absence of satisfactory reactive

power in a system [5]. Generator reactive power bounds and reactive power supplies in transmission lines

are the key reasons of inadequate reactive power. Voltage stability is categorized in two categories

according to the time scale:

1-Small disturbance voltage stability.

Small-disturbance voltage stability refers to the system’s ability to maintain steady voltages when

subjected to small fault such as incremental changes in system load.

2-Large disturbance voltage stability.

Large-disturbance voltage stability refers to the system’s ability to maintain steady voltages

following large disturbances such as system faults, loss of generation, or circuit contingencies. Its

Large disturbance voltage stability is involved together with a system’s potential after control voltage

consequent big disturbances such namely provision faults, ruin concerning generation, and then circuit

contingencies.

This capability is determined by way of the system-load characteristics or the interactions

regarding each non-stop and different control or protections. A determination about extensive

inconvenience toughness requires the exam about the nonlinear brawny performance of a dictation upon a

period at age sufficient according to capture the interactions regarding certain units as like under-load

transformer faucet changers and factor field-current limiters. The discipline duration concerning pastime

may also extend beyond a temperate seconds in accordance with tens of minutes. Therefore, long term

dynamic simulations are required because evaluation will become weak; as much an end result voltage
instability comes. Main factors causing voltage instability of a powerful dictation are in modern times

well defined yet understood.

So the voltage is involved, including the potential over the government dictation after keeping suitable

voltages at every the bus into the law underneath the everyday prerequisites and afterward life subjected

according to a trouble. (Voltage instability is one of the main problems in power systems. In voltage

stability problem some or all bus voltages decrease due to insufficient power delivered to loads.

2.1.2 Frequency Stability

Explanation of frequency stability in power system is the ability of the system to keep the

frequency in a suitable range through a normal operating situation when the fault occurred on the

network. Frequency instability happiness during incompatibility between load and main network system

when the system cannot compensate the unbalancing frequency and value equality. The main place for

happening frequency instability is generating units and isolating areas. The generator was working on ±0.

5 Hz according to minor frequency 50Hz without any limitation. Commonly, frequency stability

complications are connected with insufficiencies in equipment replies, poor direction of control and

protection equipment, or insufficient generation reserve [4]. Frequency stability is in range of short-term

stability or in range long term stability.

2.1.3 Rotor Angle Stability

The Rotor Angle stability of a power system is the capability of interconnected synchronous

machines on the power system network to remain in step with one another, i.e. In synchronism [1]. Rotor

angle stability is a big problem in power system needs synchronous operation maintenance. It’s the same

as voltage stability is pretentious by reactive power regulators. There is a linking among small

disturbance rotor angle stability and longer term voltage stability. So that when voltage fault occurs in

transmission line network it’s directly rotor angle stability problem. The Fundamental problem for root

angle stability is a synchronous output machine in the system by many rotor oscillations in steady state

and transient stability.

2.2 Distance Relay

 Distance relay is an equipment using for protecting extra high voltage in transmission line, when is is

transmitting power at 132Kv, 220Kv, 400 kV

2.3 VOLTAGE STABILITY ANALYZING METHODS

2.3.1 Q-V Curve Method

This method use for determining which bus having lowest voltage and which busses having

maximum reactive power at low voltage with Q-V curves that is possible, for the operators, according to

understand the quantity concerning most effective control so much execute stay completed yet added in

accordance with the weakest bus before accomplishing a minimal voltage limit. The able limit outskirts

are the PU strip beside the operating factor, according to the backside about the Q-V curve. The Q-V

curve may lie ancient so an index because voltage instability. The point where DQ/dev is absence shows

the voltage permanency monitoring robustness.

2.3.2 P-V Curve Method

The P-V curve is very important for analyzing voltage stability in radial system. This method uses

for small systems. This method depends on load characteristics, load margin can be determined by using

P-V method analysis of the power system. This load margin was the use of voltage stability criteria on the

current operating point.

3. IMPROVING SYSTEM STABILITY BY USING FACT DEVICES

Its power electronic devices. Every electrical power system having transmission lines when

depending directly on the FACT Devices. A flexible alternating current transmission system devices in

power systems have been used for improvement of its dynamic performance and increasing system

stability for voltage control. This device added to the power system in order to increasing system stability

and power flow in transmission line by changing parameters such as voltage magnitude, line impedance

and phase angle. [6] Study the Fault Location Estimation of Kurdistan Power System uses ANN.

FACTS Controllers are generally confidential into two categories with some major Supervisors existence

registered under:

3.1 FIRST GENERATION OF FACT DEVICES

3.1.1 Static VAR Compensator (SVC)

SVC is an electrical Shunt controller’s equipment and it’s a first generation of the FACT device

family, which is designed for refining fast-acting reactive power on high-voltage electricity transmission

line. SVC is an application using for voltage regulation, dynamic stability, damping Oscillations and

reducing voltage drop. SVC is most widely installed equipment’s form FACT devices in the world which

can be capable to supply reactive power in the system for improving voltage stability. It connected to

transmission system directly for controlling voltage at weak buses occasionally it connected with the

control of the transmission system. The modeling for SVC may be as (TCR-FC). [7] In power system

load is changed from time to time so that it causes confusing in the system causing voltage instability.

The basic appearances for SVC is voltage regulator and VAR switch mode. It’s a stator device. Leading

and lagging are terming for connecting SVC shunt devices. [8] Worked on Voltage Profile Improvement

of KR Power Network Using Reactive Power Control the result was improving stability of the system

instantaneously.

In our transmission line network, we, suggest to use shunt fact devices SVC for improving voltage

stability, voltage collapse and reactive power for increasing, transmitting power capacity, oscillation and

damping by contingent on the optimal sites.

SVC is separated in two quantities one is static VAR generator the second is static VAR absorber

when the output may be capacitive or inductive current to keep and regulate factors of electrical power

system, especially the bus voltage in general is thirstier Controlled Reactor (TCR) for absorbing reactive

power and thruster Switched Capacitor (TSC) for supplying reactive power as shown in figure (3). The

basic idea of working SVC controlling system is (a) reactive power generation for (capacitive SVC) for

low voltage; (b) reactive power absorbs for (inductive SVC) for high voltage. [9]

3.1.2 Thyristor Controlled Series Compensator (TCSC)

From FACT devices TSCS is most significant equipment when it’s connected in series with a

transmission line system to control the dynamic power flow and improve the power value. It used TCR in

parallel with capacitor sections on the series capacitor bank as shown in figure (4)
 This shape approves that in accordance with modifying rank impedance yet, therefore power

powers transmitted thru lines. In distinction in imitation of move on compensators, TCSC desire lie

greater advantageous because Thyristors can provide flexible adjustment, and more superior limit theories

execute be easily applied.

TCSC controllers make use of thyristor-controlled reactor (TCR) among parallelism along

capacitor segments concerning the sequence capacitor bank. The combination about TCR yet capacitor

enable the capacitive reactance in imitation of lie smoothly managed upstairs an extensive length yet

switched to direct in conformity with a situation where the bi-directional thyristor pairs administration

continuously yet get in an inductive reactance between the line. TCSC is a fantasy or thrifty capability of

solving problems over transient stability, main stability, constant regimen durability or voltage

permanency between long transmission lines. TCSC, the preceding era on FACTS, do limit the rank

impedance via the preface over a thirstier managed capacitor of sequence with the transmission line. A

TCSC is a collection managed capacitive reactance that do provide a non-stop limit regarding rule

regarding the AC block on a broad range. The functioning about TCSC do stay comprehended through

examining the behavior of an alternative inductor linked among series along a fixed capacitor.

3.2 SECONG GENERATION FO FACTS DEVICES

3.2.1 Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM)

STATCOM is one from shunt connected FACT devices for Inverting voltage from the DC input

source to output AC voltage use the STATCOM equipment’s for compensating active and reactive power.

STSTCOM connected with systems having low power factor or having low magnitude voltage. The

widely use this device is too controlling voltage stability.

STATCOM is a shunt-connected device, as controls the voltage at the linked lousy in imitation of

the mention value by using adjusting voltage then angle over the intimate voltage source. STATCOM

well-known shows constant current characteristics when the voltage is low/high under/over the limit. This
allows STATCOM in accordance with relinquishing steady effective power in accordance with the

system. Reactive monitoring sun, then provided by using STATCOM is routinely constant and as like in

accordance with preserving voltages regarding the buses to as buses are connected. The benefits

concerning STATCOM are tiny size, decrease prices or bendy regulation from the capacitive measure

after inductive range. The STATCOM execute stay split over its full output current range, also at

absolutely mangy voltage. The most capacitive or inductive outturn modern of the STATCOM be able

stand maintained independent of the AC regulation voltage.

The appearance about FACTS gadgets and in unique GTO thyristor-based STATCOM has enabled such

science in imitation of stand proposed so big aggressive choices according to conventional SVC. A fixed

coincident compensator (STATCOM) is a regulating device old of alternating current electrical energy

transmission networks. It is based on a control electronics voltage-source converter then execute practice

as much both a supply and fail about able AC government in imitation of an electrical energy network. If

connected to a source concerning power that can additionally provide active AC power. It is a feature

concerning the FACTS household on devices. Usually a STATCOM is established according to aid

electrical energy networks as bear a poor monitoring component or oft poor voltage regulation. There are,

however, ignoble uses, the just frequent utilizes is for voltage stability.

3.2.2 Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC)

The principle working of SSSC device is same as STATCOM. Using for adapting the source

voltage when connected straight series with transmission line by a transformer. Swapping active power

and reactive power in the transmission line is able of SSSC. For equilibrium system and reactive power,

the major factor is a fairly Smalling energy source. [10]

The inserted voltage can be controlled in phase and magnitude if we have an energy source that is a large

sufficient for the determination. Through reactive power compensation only the voltage is controllable,

because the voltage vector forms 90º degrees with the line intensity. In this case the sequential injected

voltage can delay or progressive the line current. This earnings that the SSSC can be regularly measured

in any rate, in the VSC occupied slot.

3.2.3 Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC)

The greatest significant flexible and difficult power electronic equipment’s among FACT devices

when takes entrance for switch and optimization of power flow in electrical transmission networks, it’s a

mixture compensator for controlling numerous restrictions like bus voltage, impedance of the

transmission line, phase angle among two buses either instantaneously or individualistically is called

unified power flow controller (UPFC). In general UPFC is a mixture between advanced shunt

(STATCOM) and series (SSSC) compensators connecting by a DC source. When it’s established for

controlling dynamic system compensation and actual time switching on the AC transmission network, in

case, multifunctional flexibility essential to explain several problems facing the power engineering. The

UPFC of the traditional power system is a related to controlling concurrent or selectively when all factors

of power flow are installed on the transmission system can control real and reactive power flow at the

same time not like other controller equipment.

3.3 FACT Devices Effect on Distance protection

KRG network grid consists of two voltage levels: 400 KV and132KV, and has two separate plus

safeguard systems for each line called substations. The essential cause for this is to estimate servicing

action of protective equipment when the line is loaded and still have the line acceptably protected.

Relay types used for protecting the system from damaging, depending on the parameters like in

transmission line connecting distance relay and dividing this distance in zones. [11]

4. CASE STUDY AND SIMULATION RESULT

In this paper, we connect FACTs devices to KRG network is very important for this time because

of many low voltages and drop voltage in the system also many lines are over loads by connecting this

device especially SVC for increasing bus voltage and Lessing loading in the lines. After checking, this

case in PSS/E the result is as:

Case1: Without connecting FACTs devices

 In this case the system working normally but we have many problems in the network low voltage at

many regions and many lines has loaded. As the table (1) when the loading more than 114% the relay will

be tripping. Shown in table (1)

Buses with Voltage Less than 115KV (Less than 0.86 PU) shown in the table (2).

Case 2: when100MVar FACT Device in DGPP and 150MVar FACT Device in Soran bus bar.

Shown in figure (4) also in table (3) shown the decreasing voltage drop by connecting FACT devices in

both Soran and Duhok area.

Case 3: 100MVar FACT in DGPP and 150MVar in Soran, load (3615MW) shown loading changing in

table (4) and voltage level in table (5)

5. CONCLUSION

Voltage drop and overloading of KRG network was a big problem. According to improve system

instability voltage we connect two FACT devices in two bus bars at a region having low voltage level and

overloading transmission line. For inductive and capacitive compensation using SVC.at low voltage on

the system buses SVC working as capacitive to generating reactive power but when the system has high

voltage the SVC working as inductive to soak up reactive power the output is increasing voltage levels at

all buses and decreasing overloads in the system at different MVA.

REFERENCES

[1. Jumaat, S.A., I. Musirin, and M.M. Baharun, A voltage improvement of transmission system using static
var compensator via matlab/simulink. Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science,
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2. Hamzeh, A. and Z.A. Al-Omari, Improved model for investigating transient stability in multimachine power
systems. Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2019. 13(1): p. 368-376.
3. Singh, M.K. and N. Saxena, Performance Analysis and Comparison of Various FACTS Devices in Power
System. International Journal of Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering, 2013. 2(2): p. 40-46.
4. Kundur, P., N.J. Balu, and M.G. Lauby, Power system stability and control. Vol. 7. 1994: McGraw-hill New
York.
5. Reis, C., A. Andrade, and F. Maciel. Voltage stability analysis of electrical power system. in 2009
International Conference on Power Engineering, Energy and Electrical Drives. 2009. IEEE.
6. Muhammad, A.A., Fault Location Estimation of Kurdistan Power System using ANN. ZANCO Journal of
Pure and Applied Sciences, 2016. 28(2).
7. Khoa, N.M., N.H. Hieu, and D.T. Viet, A Study of SVC’s Impact Simulation and Analysis for Distance
Protection Relay on Transmission Lines. Int. J. Electr. Comput. Eng, 2017. 7: p. 1686-1695.
8. Husein, T.S. and A.A. AbdulFatah, Voltage Profile Improvement of KR Power Network Using Reactive
Power Control. ZANCO Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, 2016. 28(2).
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2009. IEEE.
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2125.

Table 1: Over Load Lines without FACT device

Line Over
Over
Rate loading Loading
Loading
from To (MVA) (MVA) Percentag
(MVA)
e (%)
AKRE T2 BASRMA 123 125.6 2.6 2
AKRE T1 SHAQLAWA 123 138.9 15.9 13
BASRMA
MOB SHAQLAWA 123 143.7 20.7 17
TARJAN
MOB ERBIL GP 236 250 14 6
DUHOK
GP DGPP G1 165 168.1 3.1 2
KHABAT ERBIL GP 236 245 9 4
ERBIL CE KHORMALA 300 313.6 13.6 5
DOK/HPS TASLUJA 123 146.5 23.5 19

Table 2: Buses with Voltage Less than 115Kv (Less than 0.86)
Bus Name V(PU) V (Kv)
AKRE T2 0.7653 101.02
SORAN T2 0.7493 98.907
KHALIFAN 0.7438 98.19
HNDREN 0.7321 96.637
HARIR 0.7604 100.37
SORK MOB 0.8245 0.82
RAWANDZ MOB 0.7414 97.86
BALISAN MOB 0.7464 98.53
SALAHADD 0.8467 111.76
SHAQLAWA 0.8233 108.68
SORAN 0.7314 96.55
REZAN 0.7089 93.57

Table 3: Over Load Lines with FACT device

Line Over Over
loadin
Rate Loadin Loading
g
from To (MVA) g Percenta
(MVA)
(MVA) ge (%)
DOK/H TASLUJ
123 143.9 20.9 17
PS A

SGPP SGPP 1000 1091 90.7 9

Table 4: Over Load Lines with FACT device

 Line loadin Over Over
Rate
g Loadin Loading
(MVA
from To (MVA g Percentag
)
) (MVA) e (%)
ABDULL
SGPP 236 245 9 4
AS
DOK/HP TASLUJ
123 147.8 24.8 20
S A
BB1 BB2
177.2 18
SGPP SGPP 1000 1177

Table 5: Buses with Voltage Less than 115KV with FACT device
Bus Name V(PU) V (Kv)
CHWAR QU 0.8638 114.03
RANYA 0.8635 113.99
SHKARTA
0.862 113.79
MOB

Figure 1: KRG Network Single Line Diagram

 Figure 2: PSS/E Modeling KRG Network

When

Green Color is 132KV Bus, Blue color is 400KV Bus, Red color is Generation Units with 15KV

Figure 3: Simple Diagram of SVC

 Figure 4: Simple Diagram of TSCS

Figure 5: KRG Network with FACT Devices

When
Green Color is 132KV Bus, Blue color is 400KV Bus, Red color is Generation Units with 15KV