LN14 PDF

Chapter --- Kinetic Theory of Gases
14.1 Ideal Gas Equations (1 Hour)

14.2 Kinetic Theory of Gases (1 Hour)
14.3 Molecular Kinetic Energy and Internal
Energy (1 Hour)
14.1 IDEAL GAS EQUATIONS

(a) Sketch and interpret the following graphs of an ideal
gas:
(i) p-V graph at constant temperature
(ii) V-T graph at constant pressure
(iii) p-T graph at constant volume.
(b) Use the ideal gas equation,
PV  nRT
P
Charles’
Law
VT
Gay-Lussac
Boyle’s Law
Law
P  1/V
PT
IDEAL
GAS
LAW
14.1: IDEAL GAS EQUATIONS

• An ideal gas is defined

as a perfect gas which
obeys the three gas
laws (Boyle’s, Charles’s
and Gay-Lussac’s)
exactly
• It is a relationship
between
MACROSCOPIC
behaviour of gas

 For n mole of an ideal gas,
the equation of state is R 
 
PVm 101.3  103 0.0224 
T 273.15
written as PV  nRT R  8.31 J K 1 mol 1
n: the number of mole gas
m: mass of gas R: molar gas constant (constant)
m
n M: molar mass of
M gas  If the Boltzmann constant, k is
N: no. of molecules defined as
N
n R
NA
NA: Avogadro’s constant
= 6.02 x 1023 mol-1
k  1.38  10  23 J K 1
NA
 Consider 1 mole of gas at  then the equation of state
standard temperature and becomes
pressure (S.T.P.), T = 273.15
K, P = 101.3 kPa and Vm = PV  NkT
0.0224 m3
The volume of vessel A is three
times of the volume vessel B. The
vessels are filled with an ideal gas Solution: V
A
 3V ; m  m;
B A
and are at a steady state. The
temperature of vessel A and vessel T  300 K;T  500 K
0A 0B
B are at 300 K and 500 K

Since the vessels A and B are
respectively as shown below.
connected by a narrow tube thus
the pressure for both vessels is
A B same, finally i.e.
PA  PB  P
(300 K) (500 K)
If the mass of the gas in the vessel The system is in the steady state,
thus
A is m, obtain the mass of the gas in T  T  300 K;
0A A
the vessel B in terms of m.
T  T  500 K
0B B

By applying the equation of state Vessel B:
for an ideal gas,  mB 
PV  nRT and n 
m PVB  500 R (2)
M M 
m
PV    RT
M  By equating the eqs. (1) and (2)
Therefore, Vessel A : hence
 mA  m   mB 
PAVA    RTA 100  R  500 R
M  M  M 
m m
P3VB     R300  mB 
M  5
m
PVB  100  R (1)
M 
Refer to figure below, initially A
contains 3.00 m3 of an ideal gas at a
Solution: V  V  3.00 m ; 3
temperature of 250 K and a 0A 1A
pressure of 5.00  104 Pa, while B T  T  250 K;

0A 1A
contains 7.20 m3 of the same gas at
400 K and 2.00  104 Pa. Calculate P  5.00  10 Pa;
0A
4
the pressure after the connecting V  V  7.20 m ; 3
tap has been opened and the 0B 1B
system reached equilibrium, T  T  400 K;

0B 1B
assuming that A is kept at 250 K
and B is kept at 400 K. P  2.00  10 Pa
0B
4
connecting After the connecting tap has

tap been opened and the
B  A system reached equilibrium,
thus P1A  P1B  P

By using the equation of state for ideal gas,
P0V0 P1V1

T0 T1
P0AV0A P0BV0B  V1A V1B 
  P  
T0A T0B  T1A T1B 
5.00 10 3.00  2.00 10 7.20  P 3.00  7.20 
4 4
250 400  250 400 

P  3.20 10 4 Pa

Given R = 8.31 J mol1 K1 and NA = 6.0  1023 mol1

1. A gas has a volume of 60.0 cm3 at 20 C and 900 mmHg. What
would its volume be at STP? (Given the atmospheric pressure =
101.3 kPa and the density of mercury = 13600 kg m3)
ANS: 66.2 cm3
2. Estimate the number of molecules in a flask of volume 5.0
 104 m3 which contains oxygen gas at a pressure of 2.0 
105 Pa and temperature of 300 K. ANS: 2.41  1022 molecules
3. A cylinder contains a hydrogen gas of volume 2.40  103 m3 at

17 C and 2.32  106 Pa. Calculate
(a) the number of molecules of hydrogen in the cylinder,
(b) the mass of the hydrogen,
(c) the density of hydrogen under these conditions.
(Given the molar mass of hydrogen = 2 g mol1)
ANS: 1.39  1024 molecules; 4.62 g; 1.93 kg m3
14.2 KINETIC THEORY

OF GASES
(a) State the assumptions of kinetic theory of gases
(b) Apply the equations of ideal gas, pV  1 Nm  v 2 
3
1
p    v2 
and pressure 3 in related problems
(a) Explain root mean square (rms) speed of gas
molecules and use the equation,
3kT
vrms   v  
2
m
14.2: KINETIC THEORY OF GASES

All gases are made up of identical atoms or

molecules
The volume of the atoms or molecules is negligible
when compared with the volume occupied by the gas
The intermolecular forces are negligible except

during collisions
Inter-atomic or molecular collisions are elastic
The duration of a collision is negligible compared with

the time spent travelling between collisions (Gravity
has no effect on molecular motion)
Macroscopic
m N The left-hand side of the equation is
n n
PV  nRT M NA
a macroscopic amount of pressure-
volume energy representing the state
of the bulk gas
m is a physical constant
PV    RT relating energy at the
M 
individual particle level
N mv 
 2
with temperature
F   
R 3 d 
 N  k
PV    RT NA
 NA   1.38 10  23 J K 1
1
PV  NkT PV   Nm  v   2
Microscopic: The right-hand side

3
divides this energy into N units, one for Nm 1
each gas particle, each of which has an  P    v2 
average kinetic energy equal to kT V 3
• is defined as  Therefore
vrms   v 2  3kT 3RT
vrms  OR vrms 
• From the equation of state m M
in terms of Boltzmann
constant, k:  Since
PV  NkT 1
P    v  thus  v 
2 2 3P
• By equating the eqs. (14.4) 3 
and (14.2), thus
 
1  therefore the equation of root mean
NkT  Nm  v 
2
square velocity of the gas molecules
3 also can be written
3kT 3P
 v 
2
vrms 
m 
Eight gas molecules
chosen at random are Solution: N = 8
found to have speeds
(a) The mean speed of the molecules
of 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 3, 4 and
is given by
5 m s1. Determine N
(a) the mean speed of vi 
the molecules,  v  i 1
(b) the mean square N
speed of the
 v 
1  1  2   2   2   3  4   5
molecules, 8
(c) the root mean  v  2.5 m s 1
square speed of
the molecules.

(b) The mean square speed of the (c) The root mean
molecules is given by square speed of
N
the molecules is
 vi
2
 v 2  i 1
vrms   v 2 
N
12
 12
 2 2
 2 2
 2 2
 32
 4 2
 5 2 vrms  8
 v 2 
8 vrms  2.83 m s 1
 v 2  8 m 2 s 2

A cylinder of volume 0.08 m3 contains oxygen gas at a

temperature of 280 K and pressure of 90 kPa.
Determine
(a) the mass of oxygen in the cylinder,
(b) the number of oxygen molecules in the cylinder,
(c) the root mean square speed of the oxygen
molecules in the cylinder.
(Given R = 8.31 J mol1 K1, k = 1.38  1023 J K1, molar mass of
oxygen, M = 32 g mol1, NA = 6.02  1023 mol1)

Solution: V  0.08 m ;T  280 K; b. The number of oxygen
3
P  90  10 Pa 3
molecules in the cylinder is
a. By using the equation of m N
state, thus n 
M NA
PV  nRT and n  m m
M N   NA
m M 
PV    RT
M   9.90  10 2 
        23
8.31280
m N 6.02 10
90  10 3 0.08    0.032 
 0.032   
m  9.90  10 2
kg N  1.86  10 24 molecules

c. The root mean square speed of the oxygen molecules

is
3RT
vrms 
M
38.31280 
vrms   467 m s 1
0.032
(Constant for oxygen at this temperature)
3kT
OR vrms  , m  mass for one molecule
m

Given R = 8.31 J mol1 K1, Boltzmann constant, k = 1.381023 K1

1. In a period of 1.00 s, 5.00  1023 nitrogen molecules strike a wall with
an area of 8.00 cm2. If the molecules move with a speed of 300 m s1
and strike the wall head-on in the elastic collisions, determine the
pressure exerted on the wall. (The mass of one N2 molecule is 4.68 
1026 kg) ANS: 17.6 kPa
2. Initially, the r.m.s. speed of an atom of a monatomic ideal gas is 250 m

s1. The pressure and volume of the gas are each doubled while the
number of moles of the gas is kept constant. Calculate the final
translational r.m.s. speed of the atoms. ANS: 500 m s1
3. Given that the r.m.s. of a helium atom at a certain temperature is 1350

m s1, determine the r.m.s. speed of an oxygen (O2) molecule at this
temperature. (The molar mass of O2 is 32.0 g mol1 and the
molar mass of He is 4.00 g mol1)
ANS: 477 m s1

14.3 MOLECULAR KINETIC

ENERGY & INTERNAL ENERGY
(a) Explain and use translational kinetic energy of a molecule,
3 R  3
K tr   T  kT
2  NA  2
(b) State the principle of equipartition of energy
(c) Define the degree of freedom
(d) State the number of degree of freedom for monoatomic,
diatomic and polyatomic gas molecules
(e) Explain internal energy of gas
(f) Relate the internal energy to the number of degree of freedom
and use the equation, 1
U fNkT
2
• From equation
1  Nm 
P   v 
2
3 V 
thus 2  N  1 
P    m  v  2
3  V  2 
• This equation shows that
N
  increases
V 
P increases () When
1 
 m  v  increases
2
2 
14.3: MOLECULAR KINETIC ENERGY & INTERNAL ENERGY

Temperature is a
Chapter --- Kinetic Theory of Gases direct measure of
average molecular
• Rearrange equation kinetic energy
2 1 
PV  N  m  v 2   and PV  NkT T  2  1 m  v 2  
3 2  3k  2 
2 1 
NkT  N  m  v  
2
3 2 
1 3 1
m  v  kT and
2
m  v 2  K tr
2 2 2
1 1
mv x 2  kT
3 3 R 
K tr  kT   T
2 2 Theorem of
1 1 equipartition
mv y 2  kT 2  NA
2 2 of energy
2 
1 1
mv x 2  kT
2 2 K tr : average translational kinetic energy of a molecule
where T : absolute temperature R : molar gas constant
k : Boltzmann constant N A : Avogadro constant
 For N molecules of an ideal gas in the cubical container, the
total average (mean) translational kinetic energy, E is given by
E  NK tr
3 
E  N  kT 
2 
3 N  number of molecules
E  NkT R
2 k
NA
OR
3
E  nRT n  number of moles
2
Calculate the Solution:

mean kinetic O2 – f
diatomic KO 2  k T
energy of a 2
(5 degree
molecule of of
5
 ( 1.38 x10  23 ) ( 300 )
Oxygen & a freedoms) 2
molecule of KO 2  1.035 x10 20 J
Ozone at a
temperature f O3 –
KO 3  k T
triatomic
of 27 °C . 6
2
6 degree
 ( 1.38 x10  23 ) ( 300 ) of
2
20 freedoms)
 1.242 x10 J

• is defined as a Monatomic gas (e.g. He, Ne, Ar)

number of
independent
ways in which Diatomic gas (e.g. H2, O2, N2)
an atom or
molecule can
Polyatomic gas (e.g. H2O, CO2, NH3)
absorb or
release or store
the energy

 Table below shows the degrees of freedom for

various molecules
(At temperature of 300 K)

 Degrees of freedom depend on the
H H
absolute temperature of the gases
 For example : Diatomic gas (H2) vibration
 Hydrogen gas have the vibrational kinetic energy (as

shown in figure above) where contribute 2 degrees of
freedom which correspond to the kinetic energy and the
potential energy associated with vibrations along the
bond between the atoms
 when the temperature,
At 250 K f 3
At 250 – 750 K f 5
At >750 K f 7

• States: f
 K  kT
“the mean 2
(average) Mean (average) kinetic
OR energy per molecule
kinetic energy
of every f
 K  RT
degrees of 2
freedom of a Mean (average) kinetic
molecule is energy per mole
f: degrees of freedom
T: absolute temperature
A vessel contains hydrogen gas
of 2.20  1018 molecules per Solution: N
unit volume and the mean  2.20  10 ;
18
square speed of the molecules V

is 4.50 km s1 at a temperature  v  4.50  10 m s ;
2 3 1
of 50 C. Determine
T  323.15 K
(a) the average translational
a. The average translational
kinetic energy of a molecule
for hydrogen gas, kinetic energy of a molecule is
(b) the pressure of hydrogen 3
K tr  kT
gas. 2
(Given the molar mass of hydrogen
gas = 2 g mol1, NA= 6.02  1023
mol1 and k = 1.38  1023 J K1)
3
2

K tr  1.38  10  23 323.15
K tr  6.69  10 21 J

b. The pressure of hydrogen gas is given by
1 N  M
P   m  v 2  where m 
3V  NA
1  N  M 
P      v 2 
3  V  N A 
1

 2.20  10  
18  0.002 

 4.50  10 3

3  6.02  10 23 
P  1.10  10 5 Pa

A vessel contains an ideal
polyatomic gas at Solution:
temperature of 30 C. The By applying the equation of the
total translational kinetic total translational kinetic energy,
thus
energy of the gas molecules
is 6.00  106 J. The mass of 3
E  NkT where
the gas is then doubled and 2
the total translational kinetic m R
energy of the molecules N    N A and k 
M  NA
becomes 13.00  106 J.
Determine the new 3 m  R 
E   N A  T
temperature of the gas. 2M  N A 
3 m 
E    RT
2M 
For temperature T1 : 3  m1 
E1    RT1 (1)
2M 
For temperature T2 :
3  m2 
E2    RT2
2 M 
3  2m1 
E2    RT2 (2)
2 M 
(2)(1) : 6
E2 2T2 13.00 10 2T2
 6

E1 T1 6.00 10 303.15
T2  328 K

• is defined as the sum of

total kinetic energy and • Thus for N molecules,
total potential energy U NK
of the gas molecules. f
U  NkT
• But in ideal gas, the 2
intermolecular forces N: number of molecules
are assumed to be k: Boltzman’s constant
negligible thus the OR
potential energy of the f
molecules can be U  nRT
neglected. Assumption of 2
Kinetic Theory n: number of moles
of Gases

 The properties for 1 mole of an ideal gas
Monatomic Diatomic Polyatomic

Degrees of freedom, f 3 5 6
Average kinetic energy per 3 5 6
kT kT kT  3kT
molecule, <K> 2 2 2
3 5 6
Internal energy, U per mole RT RT RT  3RT
2 2 2

A vessel contains
monoatomic neon gas of Solution: Monoatomic gas, d.o.f = 3,
mass 10g at temperature 20 mNe = 0.01, T=20 + 273.15= 293.15 K
°C. Determine the internal Amount of gas in mole,
energy of the gas. Assume m N
n 
that the gas behaves like an M NA
ideal gas. mNA 0.01(6.02 x10 23 )
N 
[Boltzmann constant = 1.38 x 10 -23 M 0.04
J K-1, NA = 6.02 x 1023 mol-1, Relative
atomic mass of neon = 40] N  1.51x10 23 atoms
Internal energy f
 U  N kT
3 2
f  (1.51x10 23 ) (1.38 x10  23 )(293.15)
U  N kT 2
2 U  916.3 J
Two moles of an ideal
monatomic gas in a closed Solution:
container at constant volume
is heated until its pressure is
n  2; P2  2 P1 ; T2  750 K
doubled. If the final
temperature of the gas is 750 a. Apply Gay-Lussac’s law,
K, Calculate
(a) the initial temperature of P1 P2

the gas T1 T2
(b) the change of the internal
energy of the gas. P1 2 P1

(Given R = 8.31 J K1 mol1) T1 750
T1  375 K

b. The change of the internal energy is given by
U  U 2  U1
 f   f 
  nRT2    nRT1 
2  2 
f
 nR T2  T1 
2
3
  2  8.31 750  375 
2
U  9.35 103 J

Given R = 8.31 J mol1 K1, Boltzmann constant, k = 1.381023 K1

1. Nitrogen gas N2 of 14 g is filled into a container at STP.
Calculate the internal energy U of the gas. ANS: 2837 J
2. A closed container contains 0.3 mol of nitrogen gas. What

is the internal energy , U of the system if the root min
square velocity, of the nitrogen molecules is 180 m s1?
(Molar mass of nitrogen = 28 g mol1 ) ANS: 227 J
3. The quantity of heat absorbed by 2.0 moles of an ideal gas

is 416 J. The gas expands at constant pressure and the gas
temperature rises by 10 K. Determine the quantity of heat
to be absorbed by the gas so that the temperature of the
gas can increase by 5 K at constant volume. ANS: 125 J

THE END…
Next Chapter…
CHAPTER 15 :
Thermodynamics

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Chapter --- Kinetic Theory of Gases

14.1 Ideal Gas Equations (1 Hour)

14.1 IDEAL GAS EQUATIONS

14.1: IDEAL GAS EQUATIONS

• An ideal gas is defined

14.1: IDEAL GAS EQUATIONS

B are at 300 K and 500 K

14.1: IDEAL GAS EQUATIONS

temperature of 250 K and a 0A 1A

pressure of 5.00  104 Pa, while B T  T  250 K;

the pressure after the connecting V  V  7.20 m ; 3

tap has been opened and the 0B 1B

system reached equilibrium, T  T  400 K;

connecting After the connecting tap has

14.1: IDEAL GAS EQUATIONS

By using the equation of state for ideal gas,

250 400  250 400 

14.1: IDEAL GAS EQUATIONS

Given R = 8.31 J mol1 K1 and NA = 6.0  1023 mol1

3. A cylinder contains a hydrogen gas of volume 2.40  103 m3 at

14.2 KINETIC THEORY

14.2: KINETIC THEORY OF GASES

All gases are made up of identical atoms or

The intermolecular forces are negligible except

Inter-atomic or molecular collisions are elastic

The duration of a collision is negligible compared with

Microscopic: The right-hand side

14.2: KINETIC THEORY OF GASES

14.2: KINETIC THEORY OF GASES

A cylinder of volume 0.08 m3 contains oxygen gas at a

14.2: KINETIC THEORY OF GASES

14.2: KINETIC THEORY OF GASES

c. The root mean square speed of the oxygen molecules

14.2: KINETIC THEORY OF GASES

Given R = 8.31 J mol1 K1, Boltzmann constant, k = 1.381023 K1

2. Initially, the r.m.s. speed of an atom of a monatomic ideal gas is 250 m

3. Given that the r.m.s. of a helium atom at a certain temperature is 1350

14.2: KINETIC THEORY OF GASES

14.3 MOLECULAR KINETIC

14.3: MOLECULAR KINETIC ENERGY & INTERNAL ENERGY

Calculate the Solution:

14.3: MOLECULAR KINETIC ENERGY & INTERNAL ENERGY

• is defined as a Monatomic gas (e.g. He, Ne, Ar)

14.3: MOLECULAR KINETIC ENERGY & INTERNAL ENERGY

 Table below shows the degrees of freedom for

(At temperature of 300 K)

14.3: MOLECULAR KINETIC ENERGY & INTERNAL ENERGY

 Hydrogen gas have the vibrational kinetic energy (as

14.3: MOLECULAR KINETIC ENERGY & INTERNAL ENERGY

square speed of the molecules V

14.3: MOLECULAR KINETIC ENERGY & INTERNAL ENERGY

14.3: MOLECULAR KINETIC ENERGY & INTERNAL ENERGY

14.3: MOLECULAR KINETIC ENERGY & INTERNAL ENERGY

• is defined as the sum of

14.3: MOLECULAR KINETIC ENERGY & INTERNAL ENERGY

Monatomic Diatomic Polyatomic

14.3: MOLECULAR KINETIC ENERGY & INTERNAL ENERGY

14.3: MOLECULAR KINETIC ENERGY & INTERNAL ENERGY

b. The change of the internal energy is given by

14.3: MOLECULAR KINETIC ENERGY & INTERNAL ENERGY

Given R = 8.31 J mol1 K1, Boltzmann constant, k = 1.381023 K1

2. A closed container contains 0.3 mol of nitrogen gas. What

3. The quantity of heat absorbed by 2.0 moles of an ideal gas