LN5 1718 PDF

Chapter --- Work, Energy & Power
Overview
5.1 WORK
(a) Define and apply work done by a constant force

 
W  F s
(b) Determine work done from a force-displacement

graph
• Equation
 
Definition W  F s
W  F cos θ s  Fs cos θ
Work is the dot
(scalar) product of F = magnitude of force
the force and
displacement s = displacement of the body
 = the angle between F and s
to the product of the
magnitudes of the
• UNIT: Joule (J)
displacement and the
component of the 1 J  1 N m  1 kg m 2 s 2
force parallel to that
displacement
5.1: WORK
5.1: WORK
5.1: WORK
yes no
# W = 0 if F = 0, s = 0 &  = 90o
writing an essay? pushing a trolley? pushing against a
wall?
NO YES NO
5.1: WORK
Example 5.1: Determine the amount of work done by the applied

force in each of the three situations described below.
DIAGRAM A DIAGRAM B DIAGRAM C
F F
F
A 100 N force is A 100 N force is An upward force 100

applied to move a 15 applied at an angle of N is applied to lift a 15
kg object a horizontal 30o to the horizontal kg object to a height
distance of 5 m . to move a 15 kg of 5 m.
object for a horizontal
distance of 5 m.
5.1: WORK
Example 5.2: You push your physics reference book 1.50

m along a horizontal table with a horizontal force of
5.00 N. The frictional force is 1.60 N. Calculate
(a) the work done by the 5.00 N force,
(b) the work done by the frictional force,
(c) the total work done on the book.
5.1: WORK
W  W
Solution (c) Wf
F
(a)  7.50   2.40
WF  Fs cosθ
W  5.10 J
 5.001.50 cos 0
WF  7.50 J OR
W  F nett s
(b)
W f  fs cos θ , θ  180 
W  F  f s
 1.601.50 cos180 
W  5.00  1.601.50
W f  2.40 J W  5.10 J
5.1: WORK
EXTRA:
Calculate the total work done on the sled.
5.1: WORK
F/N F/N
Work = Area
Work = Area
s/m
0 s1 s2 0 s s s/m
1 2
W = Area under force-displacement graph
5.1: WORK
Example 5.3: A
horizontal force F is
applied to a 2.0 kg
radio-controlled car as it
moves along a straight
track. The force varies
with the displacement Solution
of the car as shown in W  area under the F  s graph

figure. Calculate the
 6  5  35  7  6  4 
1 1
work done by the force 2 2
F when the car moves
W  18 J
from 0 to 7 m.
5.1: WORK
EXERCISE 5.1
1. How much work is done against gravity in lifting a 3 kg object
through a vertical distance of 40 cm? (11.77 J)
2. A 300 g object slides 80 cm along a horizontal tabletop. How much
work is done in overcoming friction between the object and the
table if the coefficient of kinetic friction is 0.20? (-0.47 J)
3. A 12 kg block is pushed 20 m up an incline at 37o to the horizontal
by a constant force F of 120 N acting parallel up the plane.
Calculate the work done by the force, F. (2400 J)
4. A trolley is rolling across a parking lot of a supermarket. You apply
a constant force 𝐹 = 30𝑖 − 40𝑗 𝑁 to the trolley as it undergoes
a displacement 𝑠 = −9𝑖 − 3𝑗 𝑚. Calculate
(a) the work done on the trolley by the force F,
(b) the angle between the force and the displacement of the trolley.
(150 J; 108)
5.1: WORK
5. A box of mass 20 kg moves up a rough plane which is

inclined to the horizontal at 25.0. It is pulled by a
horizontal force F of magnitude 250 N. The coefficient of
kinetic friction between the box and the plane is 0.300.
(a) If the box travels 3.80 m along the plane, determine
(i) the work done on the box by the force F,
(ii) the work done on the box by the gravitational force,
(iii) the work done on the box by the reaction force,
(iv) the work done on the box by the frictional force,
(v) the total work done on the box.
(b) If the speed of the box is zero at the bottom of the
plane, calculate its speed when it is travelled 3.80 m.
(861 J, -315 J, 0 J, -323 J, 223 J; 4.72 m/s)
5.1: WORK
5.2 ENERGY &

CONSERVATION of ENERGY
(a) Define and use potential energy:
i. gravitational potential energy, U  mgh
1 2
ii. elastic potential energy for spring, U  kx
2
(b) Define and use kinetic energy, 1 2
K  mv
2
(c) State and use the principle of conservation of
energy
(d) State work-energy theorem and use the related
equations
Mechanical
Stored energy energy
to release
Ability to
do work Potential Kinetic
energy, U energy, K
Scalar
quantity Gravitational Elastic
potential potential
energy, Ug energy, Us
Unit, J
5.2: ENERGY & CONSERVATION of ENERGY

Gravitational
potential energy
the depends
energy only on
stored in U = mgh the
a body or h = height height of
system (from the object
because ground) above the
of its surface of
position the Earth

Example 5.4: In a smooth

pulley system, a force F is
required to bring an object
of mass 5.00 kg to the
height of 20.0 m at a
constant speed of 3.00 m s1
as shown in figure below.
Determine
(a) the force, F
(b) the work done by the
force, F.

Solution m  5.00 kg; s  h  20.0 m; v  constant  3.00 m s 1
a. Since the object moves at the constant
 speed, thus Fnett  0
F F  mg
 5.009.81
 F  49.1 N
mg b. From the equation of work,
 W  Fs cos θ and θ  0

Constant F s  49.120.0 cos 0
speed W  982 J
OR Work-gravitational
 W  U  U f  U i potential energy
mg  mgh  0
theorem
 5.00 9.8120.0 
W  982 J
F= – kx
Fs = the restroring force of spring
“the restoring force, Fs k = the spring constant or force
of spring is directly constant
x = the amount of stretch or
proportional to the compression (xf – xi)
amount of stretch or
compression (extension
Negative sign in the
or elongation), x if the equation indicates that the
limit of proportionality direction of Fs is always
is not exceeded” opposite to the direction of
F–x the amount of stretch or
compression (extension), x.

• From the Hooke’s law

(without “” sign), a W  area under the Fs  x graph
restoring force, Fs 1
W  kx1 x1
1
against extension of the W  2 Fx1 2
spring, x graph 1 2
W  kx1  U s
F 2
s
F
1 2 1
Us  kx  Fs x
2 2
0 x
x1


Solution
Example 5.5: A force of
magnitude 800 N caused
an extension of 20 cm on Given F = 800 N
a spring. Determine the x = 0.200 m
elastic potential energy of (a) From the Hooke’s law,
the spring when Fs  F  kx
(a) the extension of the 800  k 0.20 
k  4  103 N m 1
spring is 30 cm
1 2
(b) a mass of 60 kg is U s  kx
2
suspended vertically
from the spring
1
2
 
U s  4  103 0.300 
2
U s  180 J
b. Given m=60 kg. When the spring
in equilibrium, thus
Fnett  0
 Fs  mg
Fs kx  mg
x  
4  103 x  60 9.81
x  0.147 m
Therefore
1 2
U s  kx
 2

W  mg
2
 3

 4 10 0.147 
1 2
U s  43.2 J

Kinetic
energy, K
the energy of a
moving object/
due to its motion
Depends on
(1) Mass
(2) Velocity


Example 5.6: A N 
block of mass 2.00 a
y
kg slides 0.750 m mg sin 36.9 
down an inclined 
plane that slopes mg cos 36.9

downward at an 36.9  x
mg 
angle of 36.9 s
below the 
horizontal. If the 36.9
block starts from
rest, calculate its
final speed. You
can ignore the
friction.

Solution Given m = 2.00 kg, s = 0.750 m, u = 0
Since the motion of the block along the incline surface thus nett
force is given by Fnett  mg sin 36.9
 2.009.81sin 36.9
Fnett  11.8 N
By using the work-kinetic energy theorem, thus
Wnett  K f  K i
1 2
Fnett s  mv  0
2
11.80.750  2.00v 2
1
2
v  2.98 m s 1

Energy cannot be In a conservative system

created or destroyed, (for example no friction),
the total mechanical energy
it transforms from ( Kinetic + Potential ) is
one form to another constant
Kinitial + Uinitial
Einitial = Efinal = Kinitial + Ufinal

Example



EXTRA1 u
C
A
10 m
B D
A ball of mass 0.50 kg is at point A with initial speed, u =4 m s1
at a height of 10 m as shown in figure (Ignore the frictional
force). Determine
(a) the total energy at point A,
(b) the speed of the ball at point B where the height is 3 m,
(c) the speed of the ball at point D,
(d) the maximum height of point C so that the ball can pass over
it.
ANS: 53.1 J; 12.4 m s1; 14.6 m s1; 10.8 m

EXTRA2
m1  m2
m1 u1
m2 h
A bullet of mass, m1=5.00 g is fired into a wooden block of

mass, m2=1.00 kg suspended from some light wires as shown
in figure. The block, initially at rest. The bullet embeds in the
block, and together swing through a height, h=5.50 cm.
Calculate
(a) the initial speed of the bullet,
(b) the amount of energy lost to the surrounding.
Solution m1  5.00  10 3 kg; m2  1.00 kg; h  5.50  10 2 m
(a)
v12  0
u2  0 m1  m2
m1 u1 u12
m2 h
m1  m2
(1) (2) (3)
Applying the principle of conservation of energy involving the
situation (2) and (3),
 E2   E3 K U 1
2
m1  m2 u12 2  m1  m2 gh

u12  2 gh  29.81 5.50  10  2  u12  1.04 m s 1
Solution m1  5.00  10 3 kg; m2  1.00 kg; h  5.50  10 2 m
Applying the principle of conservation of linear momentum
involving the situation (1) and (2),
 
 p1   p2
m1u1  m1  m2 u12
5.00 10 u  5.00 10
3
1
3

 1.00 1.04
u1  209 m s 1
b. The energy lost to the surrounding, Q is given by
Q E E 1 2
Q  m1 u1  m1  m 2 u12 
1 2 1 2
2 2
2
 3 2 1
2
 
Q  5.00  10 209   5.00  10 3  1.00 1.04
1 2

Q  109 J
EXTRA3
Objects P and Q of masses
2.0 kg and 4.0 kg
Smooth
respectively are pulley
connected by a light string
and suspended as shown Q
in figure. Object Q is
released from rest. 2m
P
Calculate the speed of Q
at the instant just before it
strikes the floor.

Solution mP  2.0 kg; mQ  4.0 kg; h  2 m; u  0
Smooth Smooth
Applying the pulley pulley
principle of
conservation Q
of mechanical
v P
energy, 2m 2m Q
P v
Initial Final
E  E
i f
U Q  U P  KP  KQ
1 1
mQ gh  mP gh  mP v  mQ v 2
2
2 2
4.09.812  2.09.812  2.0v  4.0v 2
1 2 1
1 2 2
v  3.62 m s
EXERCISE 5.2(a)
1. A 1.5 kg sphere is dropped
from a height of 30 cm onto
a spring of spring constant,
k = 2000 N m1 . After the
block hits the spring, the 30 cm
spring experiences
maximum compression, x as
shown below. x
(a) Calculate the speed of the
sphere just before strikes the
spring.
(b) Determine the maximum Before After
compression, x.
(Given g = 9.81 m s-2) Ans : 2.43 m s 1 ,7.43  10 2 m

Solution
(a)
h  30 cm
h0 v
x
h1
h2
(1) (2) (3)
The spring is not stretched The spring is not stretched The sphere is at height h2
hence Us = 0. The sphere is hence Us = 0. The sphere is at above the ground after
at height h0 above ground height h1 above ground with compressing the spring by x.
therefore U = mgh0 and it is The speed of the sphere at this
speed, v just before strikes the
stationary hence K = 0. moment is zero. Hence
spring. Therefore 1
E 1  mgh0  E2  mgh1 
2
mv 2  E3  mgh2 
2
1
kx 2

b. Applying the principle of conservation of energy involving the

E  E
1
1 2
2
mgh0  mgh1  mv
2
mg h0  h1   mv and h  h0  h1 
1 2
2
v  2 gh
v  29.810.30
v  2.43 m s 1

c. Applying the principle of conservation of energy involving the

E  E
2 3
1 2 1 2
mgh1  mv  mgh2  kx
2 2
mg h1  h2   mv  kx and x  h1  h2 
1 2 1 2
2 2
1.59.81x  1.52.43  2000x
1 2 1 2
2 2
1000 x 2  14.7 x  4.43  0
x  7.43  10 2 m
42
2. Suppose your hand moves

up 0.50 m while you are
throwing the ball, which
leaves your hand with an
upward velocity of 20.0 m
s-1. Again ignore air
resistance.
(a) Assuming that your hand
exerts a constant upward
force on the ball, find the
magnitude of that force.
(b) Find the speed of the ball
at a point 15.0 m above
the point where it leaves
your hand.
ANS: 59.42 N, 10.28 m s– 1

• Net work done on a body by all forces acting

on it is equal to the change in kinetic energy
of the body
• this theorem tells that, when work is done
on an object there is a change in energy
W  Kfinal  Kinitial
W  K (Work Energy Theorem)

• A moving object, such as a wrecking ball, processes kinetic

energy and can do work
• A massive ball is used in demolishing building

Solution
EXTRA: 6.0 kg block
initially at rest is pulled to
the right along a Apply Work Energy Theorem
horizontal, frictionless
surface by a constant, W  K  Kfinal  Kinitial
horizontal force of 12 N as
in Figure 4.5. Find the 1 2 1
speed of the block after it Fs  mv  mu 2
has moved 3.0 m. 2 2

0
1 1
12(3)  (6)v  (6)(0)
2 2
2 2
1
v  3.46 m s
EXERCISE 5.2(b)
A block of mass 2.00 (a) How much work
Q1
Q2
kg slides 0.750 m is done to move a
down an inclined 1840 kg Jaguar XJ6
plane that slopes automobile from rest
downward at an angle to 27.0 m s-1 (60
of 36.9 below the mi/h) on a level road?
horizontal. If the (b) If this takes place
block starts from rest, over a distance of 117
calculate its final m, what is the average
speed. You can ignore net force?
the friction. ANS: 6.71 x 105 J,
ANS: 2.98 ms-1 5735 N
Q3 A 2.5 g bullet A pile driver with mass
Q4
traveling at 350 m s-1 10 000 kg strikes a pile
hits a tree and slows with velocity 10 m s-1.
uniformly to a stop (a) What is the kinetic
while penetrating a energy of the drives as
it strikes the pile?
distance of 12 cm (b) If the pile is driven
into the tree’s truck. 20 cm into the ground,
What force was what force is applied to
exerted on the bullet the pile by drives as it
in bringing it to rest? strikes the pile?
ANS: – 1.3×10-3 N ANS: 5×105 J, 2.5×106
N
-Ability to do work
- Energy was transferred
5.2 Energy
when we’re doing work &Conservation of
-- Example: Energy
Mechanical Conservation Work-Energy

energy? of energy theorem
Potential energy - the Kinetic energy –

energy stored in a body or the energy of a
system because of its body due to its
position, shape and state motion
Gravitational Elastic potential energy-

potential energy - the energy stored in in
the energy stored elastic materials as the
in a body or result of their stretching
system because of or compressing
its position

5.3 POWER & MECHANICAL

EFFICIENCY
(a) Define and use average power
- Average power, W
Pav 
t
 
(b) Derive and use power, P  F v
(c) Define and use mechanical efficiency,
Poutput
η  100%
Pinput
and the consequences of heat dissipation
Power,
Chapter P--- Work, Energy & Power
W E Unit ?
Pav  
t t
The instantaneous power, P is defined as the instantaneous

rate of doing work, which can be write as
dW  F cos θ ds
dW and
P
dt
P
 F cos θ ds and
v
ds
dt dt
  F : magnitude of force
P  Fv cos θ OR P  F v v : magnitude of velocity
 
θ : the angle between F and v
5.3: POWER & MECHANICAL EFFICIENCY
Solution
Example 5.7: A 70 kg
person runs up a staircase
Given: m = 70 kg, t= 3.5 s,
3.0 m high in 3.5 s. How
P=?
much power does he
develop in climbing the W mgh
P 
steps? t t
(70)(9.81)(3.0)

3.5
 590W

Example 5.8: A 1000 kg

elevator carries a maximum
load of 800 kg. A constant
frictional force of 4000 N
retards its motion upward.
What minimum power, in
kilowatts, must the motor
deliver to lift the fully
loaded elevator at a
constant speed of 3.00 m s-
1?

Solution F  0
Given: mele = 1000 kg, T  mg  f  0
mload = 800 kg, f = 4000N, T  mg  f
v= 3.00 ms-1 , P=? T  21658 N
T do work to lift up the
## The motor must supply elevator:
the force T, that pulls the
elevator upward. From
P  Fv
Newton’s 1st law and from  21658(3)
the fact a = 0 m s-1
because v is constant.  6.5 10 W 4

Example 5.9: An elevator Solution

has a mass of 1.5 Mg and M = mass of the elevator +
is carrying 15 passengers mass of the 15 passengers
through a height of 20 m M = 1500 + (5515) = 2325 kg
from the ground. If the According to the definition of
time taken to lift the average power,
elevator to that height is E
Pav 
55 s. Calculate the average t
Mgh
power required by the Pav 
t
motor if no energy is lost.

23259.8120 
(Average mass per
55
passenger is 55 kg) Pav  8294 W

Example 5.10: An object of mass 2.0 kg moves at a constant
speed of 5.0 m s1 up a plane inclined at 30 to the horizontal.
The constant frictional force acting on the object is 4.0 N.
Determine
(a) the rate of work done against the gravitational force,
(b) the rate of work done against the frictional force,
(c) the power supplied to the object.(Given g = 9.81 m s2 )
 v
N

s

y mg sin 30
x f 30 
30  mg cos 30

W  mg
Solution m  2.0 kg; v  5.0 m s 1  constant; f  4.0 N
a. the rate of work done against the gravitational force
is given by Wg mg s cos θ
 and θ  120 
t t
 mg  cos120 and v 
s  s
t t
 mg v cos120
Wg Wg
 2.0 9.815.0  cos120 
 49.1 W
t t
Wg
OR  Fg v cos θ
t
 mg v cos120 

b. The rate of work done against the frictional force is
W f
 fv cos θ and θ  180
t
 4.05.0 cos180
W f
 20.0 W
t
c. The power supplied to the object, Psupplied
= the power lost against gravitational and frictional
forces, Plost
Wg W f
Psupplied  
t t
 49.1 20.0
Psupplied  69.1 W
Mechanical efficiency, 
Notes :
– In practice, Pout< Pin hence  <
100%
– The system loses energy to its
surrounding because it may
have encountered resistances
such as surface friction or air
resistance
Wout
η  100% – The energy which is dissipated
Ein to the surroundings, may be in
the form of heat or sound
Pout
η  100%
Pin
Example 5.11: Electrical power of 1.5 kW is delivered to a motor.

The motor lost 20% of the power delivered to it in form of heat.
(a) Determine the power produced by the motor which is used
to lift an object.
(b) If mass of the object is 50 kg. Determine the constant speed
at which it is being lifted vertically upwards by the motor.
Neglect air resistance.
Solution
Given: Pin = 1.5 ×103 W

20 % power lost
m = 50 kg
Pout = ? ; v = ?

(a) To find the Pout, we must (b) From:
know the efficiency of the
machine. P  Fv
20% power lost means
Efficiency P  (mg )v
= ( 100 – 20 ) = 80% 1200  50(9.81)v
Pout
  100%
v  2.45 m s 1
Pin
Pout
80%  100%
1.5 10 3
Pout  1200W
Mid Semester Exam session 06/07
(a) State TWO factors that contribute to the
potential energy of an object.
(b) A 60 g object is dropped from a height of 2.0 m.
After striking the floor, the object rebounds
vertically upwards, losing 25% of its initial
energy. During its first rebound, calculate
(i) the initial velocity of the object.
(ii) the maximum height of the object.
[Ignore air resistance]

Solution (b) Given: m = 60 g = 0.06 kg, h = 2.0 m
After 1st rebound lost 25% energy
(a) means only 75% of U change to K.
1. Position
Einitial  mgh
2. State or
75
condition Krebound   Einitial h  2m v
(elasticity) 100
1 2 75
mv  mgh
2 100
1 2 75
v  (9.81)(2)
2 100
v  5.42 m s 1
(b)(ii) at max height, v = 0 means all K change to U
1 2
mv  mgh max
2
1
(5.42) 2  (9.81)h max  h max  1.50 m
2

Example 5.12: A 1.0 kW motor is

used to lift an object of mass 10
kg vertically upwards at a End of Chapter 5
constant speed. The efficiency of
the motor is 75 %. Determine Next Chapter…
(a) the rate of heat dissipated to CHAPTER 6:
the surrounding.[250 W] Circular motion
(b) the vertical distance travelled
by the object in 5.0 s.
ANS: 250 W, 38.3 m
(Given g = 9.81 m s2 )

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Chapter --- Work, Energy & Power

Chapter --- Work, Energy & Power

(a) Define and apply work done by a constant force

(b) Determine work done from a force-displacement

Example 5.1: Determine the amount of work done by the applied

A 100 N force is A 100 N force is An upward force 100

Example 5.2: You push your physics reference book 1.50

W = Area under force-displacement graph

of the car as shown in W  area under the F  s graph

5. A box of mass 20 kg moves up a rough plane which is

5.2 ENERGY &

5.2: ENERGY & CONSERVATION of ENERGY

5.2: ENERGY & CONSERVATION of ENERGY

Example 5.4: In a smooth

5.2: ENERGY & CONSERVATION of ENERGY

5.2: ENERGY & CONSERVATION of ENERGY

• From the Hooke’s law

5.2: ENERGY & CONSERVATION of ENERGY

5.2: ENERGY & CONSERVATION of ENERGY

5.2: ENERGY & CONSERVATION of ENERGY

5.2: ENERGY & CONSERVATION of ENERGY

5.2: ENERGY & CONSERVATION of ENERGY

5.2: ENERGY & CONSERVATION of ENERGY

Energy cannot be In a conservative system

5.2: ENERGY & CONSERVATION of ENERGY

5.2: ENERGY & CONSERVATION of ENERGY

5.2: ENERGY & CONSERVATION of ENERGY

5.2: ENERGY & CONSERVATION of ENERGY

5.2: ENERGY & CONSERVATION of ENERGY

A bullet of mass, m1=5.00 g is fired into a wooden block of

5.2: ENERGY & CONSERVATION of ENERGY

5.2: ENERGY & CONSERVATION of ENERGY

5.2: ENERGY & CONSERVATION of ENERGY

b. Applying the principle of conservation of energy involving the

5.2: ENERGY & CONSERVATION of ENERGY

c. Applying the principle of conservation of energy involving the

2. Suppose your hand moves

5.2: ENERGY & CONSERVATION of ENERGY

• Net work done on a body by all forces acting

5.2: ENERGY & CONSERVATION of ENERGY

• A moving object, such as a wrecking ball, processes kinetic

5.2: ENERGY & CONSERVATION of ENERGY

has moved 3.0 m. 2 2

Mechanical Conservation Work-Energy

Potential energy - the Kinetic energy –

Gravitational Elastic potential energy-

5.2: ENERGY & CONSERVATION of ENERGY

5.3 POWER & MECHANICAL

The instantaneous power, P is defined as the instantaneous

5.3: POWER & MECHANICAL EFFICIENCY

Example 5.8: A 1000 kg

5.3: POWER & MECHANICAL EFFICIENCY

5.3: POWER & MECHANICAL EFFICIENCY

Example 5.9: An elevator Solution

5.3: POWER & MECHANICAL EFFICIENCY

5.3: POWER & MECHANICAL EFFICIENCY

Example 5.11: Electrical power of 1.5 kW is delivered to a motor.

Given: Pin = 1.5 ×103 W

5.3: POWER & MECHANICAL EFFICIENCY

5.3: POWER & MECHANICAL EFFICIENCY

(b)(ii) at max height, v = 0 means all K change to U

5.3: POWER & MECHANICAL EFFICIENCY

Example 5.12: A 1.0 kW motor is