Tutorial 1

D AB ( p A 1− p A 2 )
J ¿AZ =
RT ( z 2−z 1 ) equimolar counter diffusion in gases

p B2 − p B 1
pBM =
ln( p B 2 / p B1 )
pB 1 =P− p A 1
pB 2 =P− p A 2 Diffusion of gases A & B plus convection

D AB P D AB P P−p A 1
N A= p −p N A= ln
RT ( z 2 −z 1 ) pBM ( A 1 A 2 ) = RTz P− p A 0

D AB P
N A 1= p A 1 −p A 2 )
RTr 1 p BM ( Diffusion of gas A through stagnant non diffusing gas B
1/2
1 1

D AB =
1 . 00×10−7 T 1 .75
( +
M A MB )
P( ∑ v +∑ v )2
A 1/3 B 1/3 Diffusion through varying cross sectional area

D AB ∝T 1. 75

Tutorial 2
P=P A +P B
from Raoult's law
P A=P 0A x A =Py A
PB=P 0B x B=P0B (1−x A )=Py B=P(1− y A ) learn to prove the formula…
yA yA
xA xA
α AB= =
yB ( 1− y A )
xB ( 1−x A )

Plot x-y and T-x-y diagram

0
P P x
y A= A = A A
P P
Tutorial 3 – Flash distillation
D
Let =f ( the fraction of vapor to the feed )
F
Fx F -Dy D -Bx B=0
F-D-B=0
1−D z 1-f 1
y=− x+ ; y D=−( ) x B + x F
D D f f ---- to plot q line

Balance equations:

F−V −B=0. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .( Mass)

Fx F−Vy V −Bx B=0 .. ... .. . .. .. . .... .. . ..(Composition)
FH F −VH V −BH B=0 .. . .. .. . .. ... .. .. . .. .. ( Energy )

H=mcQ

Tutorial 4 – Fractional distillation

McCable-Thiele method:

Overall material balance

F=D+B
L
R=
D

Operation line for the rectification section is

L D
y n+1=( ) x n +( ) x D
V V1
or
L D
y n+1= xn+ x
L+D L+D D
or
R 1
y= x+ x
R+1 R+1 D
Define q- line
L L L/D R
= = =
Slope V L+ D L/D+ D / D R+1
Rm
=? ⇒ Rm=?( slope)
1+ Rm
x
or D =? ⇒ Rm=? ( y−intercept )
1+ Rm

theoretical plates
The efficiency =
actual plates
Tutorial 5 – Fractional distillation
Ponchon graphical methods

Balances:
Mass F=D+ B (1 )
Component Fx F = Dy D + Bx B (2 )

Reflux ratio, R = (Q’ - HV1) / (HV1 - HL0)

Q' = HD + QC / D

Q" = HW - QB / B

Energy balance: F HF = D Q' + B Q"

Tutorial 6 – Distillation Packed Column

1. locate x D , x F & x B on the phase diagram

2. Draw operation line on rectification section
3. Draw feed line
4. Draw operatin line on stripping section
y2
dy
5. Determine NTU's⇒ NTU=∫
y1
y*-y

Trapezoidal Rule
h
()
= ( D1 +2×D2 +2×D3 ++2×Dn-1 +Dn )
2
NTU at stripping section =?
NTU at rectification section =?
equation for log-mean gives
mV
Δy 2 −Δy 1 ( y 2 − y 1 )( L −1)
( Δy )lm= =
Δy 2 mV
ln ( −1 )N OG
Δy 1 L
So the number of transfer units is simply
( y2− y1)
N OG=
( Δy )lm

Tutorial 7 – Gas Absorption

''
L y Lx '
y= (x−C) So, = ' −C ' ' ' 1 1 x L' Y
V 1−y V 1−x =V2(1−y2)¿2.Calcuate{L¿=L1(1−x1)or{L¿=L2(1−x2)¿3 .Calcuate{C¿= '(L1x−V1y)= '(L2x−V2y)¿4 .Fromx,caluate h fol wing:¿1−x,X= ,¿Y= 'X−C,for peratingline =y¿
' V V 1 − x V 1 + Y
1).Calcuate{V= 1(1−y1)or{V
 y∗¿p*/pt
y∗¿ x Y∗¿ X∗¿
Y∗¿ ;X= ¿ =y∗ ¿¿¿¿
1−y∗¿ 1−x 1+Y∗¿ 1+X∗¿
¿
y1
x1∗¿ ⇒
H ¿
x1∗¿ y1 /H y1
X1∗¿ ¿= =
1−x1∗¿ 1−(y1 /H) H−y1 Henry’s law

L ' min Y 1 −Y 2
=
V' X 1∗− X 2

Weddle’s Rule for numerical integration

6h
I= ( f +5 f +f +6 f +f +5 f +f )
20 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
where : I is the integral; h is the interval
correction factor for stagnent phase
1 1− y 2
ln
2 1− y 1( ) =?

⇒ N OG =number of stage gotten+correction factor

Z =N OG ×H OG

Tutorial 8 – Humidification and Drying

Minimum water flow
Occurs when O/L touch the E/L
H sat . vs T from chart is replotted to get Equilibrium Curve
L'c L
( )
V'
min=?( the slope of the graph)

L'cL
(T L1 -T L2 )
V' ( )
=H 1 −H 2 ----> Equation of operation line
and calculate the No. of Transfere Units
Humid heat, CH=1.005+1.88Y’ in kJ/kg dry air (K) , Y’=humidity value

Enthalpy, H’=2500Y’+(1.005+1.88Y’)(T-To) eq/graph

Tutorial 9 – Leaching

Step 1.
Draw overflow line
and underflow line
¿Tie lines pass through the origin .
¿Locate the feed L0
¿Locate Solvent S0

Step 2.
Define the mixing point using M=L0 +S0
where quantities are in kilograms.
Step 3.
Apply the inverse lever rule to an oil balance
Mx M =( L0 +S 0 )x M =L0 x L0 +S0 x S0
L ( x -x )
Thus 0 = S0 M ⇒ x M =?
S 0 ( x M -x L0 )
¿ Apply solvent balance
My M =( L0 +S 0 ) y M = L0 y L0 +S 0 y S0
L ( y -y )
Thus 0 = S0 M ⇒ y M =?
S 0 ( y M -y L0 )
¿ The point M must lie on a straight line connecting S 0 and L0
then by the above eqns
L0 length of line S0 M
=
S 0 length of line ML0

Step 4:
Define point S1 and L1 which are found by drawing a straight tie line connecting
point M to the origin (0,0).
 solvent balance
S 1 y S 1 +L1 y L1 =L0 y L0 +S0 y S 0

S 1 x S1
Percent extraction of oil =
( )
L0 x L0
( 100% )

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FbxOe1h9xVE to find number of stages

Tutorial 10 – Extraction
Almost the same like leaching

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kDid7fJFmrQ