Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment

https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-018-01450-6

ORIGINAL PAPER

An investigation on the evaluation of dynamic soil characteristics

of the Elazig City through the 1-D equivalent linear
site-response analysis
Y. Bulent Sonmezer 1 & Murat Celiker 2 & Selcuk Bas 3

Received: 29 October 2018 / Accepted: 17 December 2018

# Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2019

Abstract
Consideration of the effects of the site response in the design of civil structures systems is of important to mitigate the damages to a
certain extent on structures and the environment. Hence, it is relatively crucial to reliably attain the dynamic soil parameters of an
earthquake-prone city/state. In the current study, a comprehensive investigation on the dynamic soil properties of the city of Elazig
with very close proximity to the East Anatolian Fault Zone (EAFZ) having a high potential of producing destructive earthquakes is
carried out. Performing probabilistic seismic hazard analysis (PSHA), the moment magnitude of the city is determined as Mw = 7.7
according to 10% probability of exceedance in 50 years. Bedrock-level acceleration spectra is developed utilizing different atten-
uation relationships for the city, and 1-D equivalent linear site response analysis is conducted on an example soil profile of the city
through the SHAKE2000 software considering 16 earthquake motions recorded at the bedrock level. Local surface acceleration
spectra obtained from the analysis are then compared to the design spectra of the Turkish Seismic Code for Buildings (TSCB) and
Eurocode-8 (EC8) in an attempt to identify the difference between the code spectra and local surface spectra. In addition, in situ
geotechnical tests of standard penetration and seismic refraction are conducted at different locations of the study area. Incorporating
the results from the field tests into the site response analysis, the soil amplification factor, predominant soil period, peak ground
acceleration and spectral maps for the period of T = 0.2 and T = 1.0 s are obtained for the study area. The outcomes from the analysis
reveals that structures with higher vibration period than T = 1.0 s are subjected to lower spectral acceleration (Sa), whereas higher Sa
values can be used for those with a vibration period lower than T = 0.2 s.

Keywords Site response analysis . Local surface response spectrum . Seismic hazard analysis . Soil amplification .
Spectral acceleration

Introduction

* Selcuk Bas In order to better understand the effects of earthquake motion

sbas@bartin.edu.tr on structures, to make confident decisions in finding the most
Y. Bulent Sonmezer suitable region for new civil engineering structures as well as
bsonmezer@kku.edu.tr to determine effective design and analysis concepts under
seismic excitation, it is critical for an earthquake-prone coun-
Murat Celiker
mceliker23@gmail.com try/state, such as Turkey, to determine the effects of local soil
properties and local surface ground motions. Recent advances
1
Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kirikkale in geotechnical methods and field testing tools have enabled
University, 71450 Kirikkale, Turkey researchers to make detailed studies on local soil effects, to
2
9th Regional Directorate, General Directorate of State Hydraulic accurately perform seismic risk assessment, to obtain elabo-
Works, 23200 Elazig, Turkey rate information for local geotechnical soil properties and to
3
Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Bartin conduct site response analyses of an area of interest; these
University, 74100 Bartin, Turkey methods of analysis indicate the specifications of an effective

fault mechanism and seismic sources (El-Hady et al. 2012;
Eskişar et al. 2014; Kienzle et al. 2006; Shafiee et al. 2011;
Shiuly and Narayan 2012). Therefore, various studies and
projects in many earthquake-prone countries have been con-
ducted with the aim of determining seismic risk, soil amplifi-
cation, site predominant period, potential of liquefaction and
spectral acceleration values of the short-period (T = 0.2) and
long-period (T = 1.0 s) range of a study area (Akin et al. 2013;
Garini et al. 2018; Kılıç et al. 2006; Kolat et al. 2012;
Mahmood et al. 2016; Selçuk and Çiftçi 2007; Sonmezer
et al. 2015; Ulusay et al. 2004).
Another important point is to make the site response
analyses considering seismic response and potential of
soil liquefaction of a region. Cavallaro et al. (2008) con-
ducted an elaborate investigation for an earthquake-prone
area of Monte Po Hill located on the northeastern part of
the Italian city Catania. Performing an equivalent linear
seismic site response analysis, they estimated the ground
response history and response spectra of the region through
developed 1-D computer code. They also showed that a 2-
D model of the considered area could be possible with the
details obtained from the equivalent linear site response
analysis. Similar studies on the city of Catania were carried
out by Castelli et al. (2016a). With the help of seismic
dilatometer Marchetti tests (SDMTs), they estimated the
soil profile of shear wave velocity (Vs) of the city consid-
ering site effects. SDMTs were also used by Cavallaro et al.
(2016a) to develop geotechnical model of soil characteris-
tics for better seismic response analysis of the Vincenzo
Bellini Garden area. They obtained certain important
points for seismic response analysis of the region at the
surface adopting the developed 1-D equivalent linear code.
A detailed study on the seismic microzoning of Catania
city was conducted by Castelli et al. (2016b) considering
synthetic ground motion parameters estimated for the city
according to expected earthquake scenarios. Performing
the 1-D site response analyses in approximately 1200 bor-
ings, they established certain seismic microzoning maps
for the city according to the earthquakes that occurred be-
tween 1818 and 1963. Liquefaction potential of the Emilia
Romagna Region (Italy) was estimated with a number of in
situ, laboratory and geophysical tests by Cavallaro et al.
(2018). They proposed a new SDMT-based procedure to
evaluate the potential of soil liquefaction of the region un-
der the influence of the Emilia Romagna Earthquake con-
sidering laboratory and in situ tests. For an effective resto-
ration strategy of Saint Nicholas Church at Cyprus, soil–
structure interaction (SSI) was determined by Cavallaro
et al. (2013) carrying out detailed laboratory and in situ
tests of borings and standard penetration tests (SPTs).
Thus, the soil profile of the region was obtained.
Comprehensive site investigations were also per-
formed by Ferraro et al. (2016) for the city center of
Y. B. Sonmezer et al.
L’Aquila (Italy) to develop a geotechnical model utiliz-
ing various in situ tests of boreholes, down-hole (D-H)
tests, SDMTs and multichannel analysis of surface
waves (MASW). They revealed that 1-D equivalent seis-
mic response analysis estimated a higher soil amplifica-
tion factor than the Italian Building Code (NTC 2008).
In addition, the results from the site response analysis
were determined to be pertinent to the observed damage
in the region during the earthquake. Ferraro et al.
(2015) conducted extensive local seismic response anal-
ysis for the estimation of shear wave velocity, making a
comparison between different test methods. They
discussed the results from the seismic response analysis
according to the computer codes developed to perform1-
D site response analysis. Caruso et al. (2016) showed in
their study for eastern Sicily that the first crucial at-
tempt to reliably obtain geotechnical characteristics of
the region was to identify accurately the shear wave
velocity of the soil profile. A number of in situ and
laboratory dynamic and static tests were conducted by
Castelli et al. (2016c, 2018a, b) to determine the site
response characteristics of the ancient Italian cities of
Noto, Catania and Messina. In these studies, the
results obtained from in situ and laboratory tests were
compared with each other. A similar study was
performed by Cavallaro et al. (2016b) for eastern
Sicily where many monuments and historical buildings
have been constructed. They proposed a geotechnical
model based on in situ tests for the area where signif-
icant monuments are built.
Turkey is located on the most destructive fault zones,
named as the North Anatolian Fault Zone (NAFZ) and the
East Anatolian Fault Zone (EAFZ). Many destructive
earthquakes on the NAFZ and EAFZ have given rise to
great loss of life and poverty (BDTIM 2015): some of the
destructive earthquakes were the 1939 Erzincan earth-
quake (Ms = 7.9), the 1944 Bolu earthquake (Ms = 7.2),
the 1999 Gölcük earthquake (Ms = 7.8), the 1999 Düzce
earthquake (M w = 7.2) and the 2011 Van earthquake
(M w = 7.2. This study is focused on the city of Elazig
which is surrounded by the Ovacık and Nazimiye Faults
and is very close to the EAFZ [Directorate of Turkish
Disaster Affairs (AFAD) 2016]. The recent earthquake
with Mw = 6.1 in 2010 can be an indicator for seismic
activity of study region. Besides, a certain part of the city
is situated on alluvial deposits that increase the destructive
effects of earthquake motion on structures (Firat et al.
2016). Due to these critical points of the region, detailed
geotechnical investigation provides an important opportu-
nity to better understand local dynamic soil properties of
the city of Elazig.
In literature, many researchers have proved in their studies
(Cetin et al. 2002; Firat et al. 2009; Oguz and Sasatani 2004)
An investigation on the evaluation of dynamic soil characteristics of the Elazig City through the 1-D...
that local soil characteristics of a study area should be properly
known in oreder to implement an accurate design procedure
for structures subjected to earthquake motion. Grasso and
Maugeri (2009) conducted 1-D and 2-D equivalent linear site
response analyses on a typical soil profile considering the
1963 Catania earthquake as the worst-case scenario earth-
quake. They obtained the peak surface acceleration and spec-
tral acceleration values. Accordingly, the city of Catania was
separated into different parts and seismic micro-zoning maps
were developed for the city. With the aim of reducing uncer-
tainties related to earthquake design of structures, Tavakoli
et al. (2016) conducted a set of site response analyses for the
city of Babol, Iran, using experimental and numerical
methods; they indicated a high soil amplification factor in all
regions of the city and that this factor was relatively similar in
an alluvial soil layer by comparing the results from
microtremor testing with 1-D equivalent site response
analysis.
For the Yenisehir province of the city of Bursa,
Turkey, various studies were carried out to determine
the effects of local site characteristics of the region.
Dikmen and Mirzaoglu (2005) aimed to determine seis-
mic micro-zoning maps of the Yenisehir region. The
maps developed in their study present the distribution
of soil amplification factor and predominant site period
of the province. The site response analyses revealed that
higher soil amplification factor and predominant site pe-
riod values were observed on northern and southern
sides of the Yenisehir province when compared to its
central location. In order to identify the most suitable
new regions in the province, Topal et al. (2003) deter-
mined local soil properties of the study area utilizing
geotechnical, seismotectonic and hydrogeological data.
They divided the province into two regions according
to slope and direction maps, potential of liquefaction
and expansion of cohesive soils. Hasancebi and Ulusay
(2006) compared the soil amplification factor values ob-
tained using different methods with those from the
microtremor field tests. In that study, they established
the maps of the predominant site period and soil ampli-
fication factor for the Yenisehir district taking into ac-
count data obtained from three different methods, which
are 1-D site response analysis through the SHAKE2000
software (Ordonez 2012), an empirical approach based
the shear wave velocity (V s ) and microtremor field
testing.
With the purpose of assessing the influence of local
soil conditions on the observed structural damages,
Gautam et al. (2016) carried out equivalent linear and
nonlinear site response analyses at the different critical
sites of the Kathmandu Valley in Nepal. They figured
out that in order to accurately estimate structural dam-
ages, nonlinear site response analysis yielded more
reliable outcomes in terms of the soil amplification fac-
tor and spectral acceleration. Fatahi et al. (2014) con-
ducted a parametric study on local site effects and SSI.
In an attempt to properly comprehend the seismic re-
sponse of structures located on a soft soil layer, they
proved that site conditions should be considered in the
nonlinear site response analysis, including the SSI.
In the regions surrounded by the Cigli and Karsiyaka
provinces located on the northern side of the Izmir
Gulf, the effects of possible earthquake motion with a
magnitude of Mw = 6.5, obtained according to the results
from the deterministic and probabilistic seismic hazard
analyses, were investigated by Eskişar et al. (2014). In
that study, they developed maps for soil amplification
value, peak ground acceleration (PGA), maximum spec-
tral acceleration and potential of liquefaction for a far-
fault and near-fault earthquake motions. In addition, an
elastic design spectrum was determined. The greatest
soil amplification factor was obtained in the southwest
parts of the study area. Compared to those from the
near-fault earthquake motions, the soil amplification fac-
tor was determined to be higher in case of the far-fault
seismic actions. Also, the potential of liquefaction of the
study region was found to be low to mid-level.
The current study is aimed at showing the effects of
local soil properties in the city center of Elazig on im-
portant earthquake monitoring parameters, such as soil
amplification factor, predominant soil period, PGA and
spectral acceleration values for T = 0.2–1.0 s. Changes
in these parameters are shown via regional distribution
displayed on contour maps of the city. Utilizing previ-
ous earthquake motions recorded at the city center of
Elazig, probabilistic seismic hazard analysis (PSHA)
was first carried out according to 10% probability of
exceedance in 50 years. Bedrock-level target accelera-
tion spectra were then obtained using different attenua-
tion relationships considering the earthquake magnitude
obtained from the PSHA and soil parameters obtained
from field tests in the region. Using earthquake motions
selected by matching to the bedrock-level target spec-
trum, the site response analyses were performed on the
soil profiles specified at 125 different locations of the
study area and the example soil profile. For all these
analyses, the SHAK2000 software (Ordonez 2012) was
utilized. The scaled average acceleration spectra obtain-
ed from the analysis on the example soil profile of the
city is also compared with those given in the Turkish
Seismic Code for Buildings (TSCB) and Eurocode-8
(EC8 2004) to depict the discrepancy between the local
surface spectrum and given design spectra of the 2018
TSCB and EC8 2004. As a result of the analyses, the
PGA, T = 0.2–1.0 s spectral acceleration values, predom-
inant site period and soil amplification factor were

determined for the city center of Elazig, and the chang-
es of these parameters in the study region are visually
presented with the developed contour maps.
General description of study area
The study area for the field testing, the city of Elazig, is
located on the upper region of the Firat River
(Euphrates) at the southern part of the Eastern
Anatolian Region of Turkey. The area has an altitude
of 1067 m above sea level and its global position is
40° 21′–38° 30’ east longitudes and 38° 17′–39° 11′
north latitudes. In Fig. 1, the location, morphology and
elevation of the study area are depicted in detail.
Geology
A major part of the Elazig province was in the form of
a continent during the Late Paleocene–Early Miocene.
Later, the great part of the region transformed to a ma-
rine environment with the transgression of the
Neotethyan in the Middle Eocene period (Turkmen
et al. 2001). The oldest geological form of the study
(a)
(c )
(d )
Fig. 1 (a) The location of the study area in Turkey. (b) Margins of the study area and neighboring cities. (c) Morphology of the study area. (d)
Representative model for geological elevation (Palutoglu 2014)
Y. B. Sonmezer et al.
area is the Keban Metamorphite including marble and
crystalized limestone-calcschist. The migmatites of
Elazig, which consist of granodiorites and the island
arc tholeiites represented with gabbro diorite rocks, are
in the form of an advanced arc form of tholeiites in-
clined in a northern direction (Turan et al. 1995). Above
these geological units, are the plio-quaternary and qua-
ternary aged-new sediments that form the main soil pro-
file of the city center of Elazig (Palutoglu 2014). The
majority of buildings at the city center are located on
the sediments.
Tectonics and seismicity
The recent destructive earthquakes that have occurred in
Turkey, which is located on one of the most tectonically
active continents, are the 1998 Ceyhan earthquake
(Ms = 6.3), the 1999 Duzce earthquake (Mw = 7.1), the
Izmit earthquake (Mw = 7.4) and the 2011 Van earth-
quake (Mw = 7.2). The main reason for the destructive
earthquakes is the motion of Anatolian Plate towards to
the west under the stress resulting from the African and
Arabian Plates with motion to the north and the
Eurasian Plate with no motion. The compressive motion
(b )
An investigation on the evaluation of dynamic soil characteristics of the Elazig City through the 1-D...
of these plates is caused by two relatively active fault
zones, the NAFZ and the EAFZ, as shown in Fig. 2
(Hempton 1982; Şengör and Canitez 1982; Şengör
et al. 1985).
The active EAFZ lies from Hatay-Antakya to Bingol-
Karliova and its distance to the city of Elazig is 20–
26 km (Arpat and Şaroğlu 1972). The EAFZ with a
total length of 550 km was first identified by Allen
(1969) as a left lateral strike-slip fault. This fault zone
was formed with a number of parallel and sub-parallel
left lateral strike-slip faults and was separated into cer-
tain geometrical parts according to fault ruptures, fault
separations and changes in fault line (Hempton and
Dewey 1981; Muehlberger and Gordon 1987; Şengör
et al. 1985; Westaway 1994). Saroglu et al. (1992) con-
sidered the EAFZ as six different segments depending
Fig. 2 Tectonic map of the study
area and its surroundings
(Perinçek et al. 1987)
on fault ruptures and separations, whereas Hempton
et al. (1981) divided the fault into five parts according
to geometry and fault behavior. Similarly, 14 segments
were recommended for the EAFZ by Barka and
Kadinsky-Cade (1988) taking into account fault geome-
try, seismicity and surface ruptures. In the city center of
Elazig, the two fault segments, which are Hazar Lake-
Palu (PLHS) with a length of 54 km and Hazar Lake-
Sincik (LHSS) with length of 80 km as depicted in Fig.
3, have the ability to seismically affect the study region
(Herece and Akay 1992).
The effective faults capable of influencing the city
center of Elazig are seen in Figs. 2 and 3. It is also
possible to assess these faults in two groups: (i) plate-
boundary faults (EFAZ) and (ii) local faults inside a
plate. Local faults are the Malatya and Ovacik Faults

Fig. 3 Faults systems
surrounding the study area
(Elazig)
located 75–80 km from the center, and Nazimiye and
Karakoçan Faults located 50 km from the center.
Recently occurred effective earthquakes in the study re-
gion are the Sivrice earthquakes in 2004 (Mw = 5.6) and
2007 (Mw = 5.5 and Mw = 5.7) and the 2010 Karakocan
earthquake (Mw = 6.1). Apart from the earthquakes in
the instrumental period, the 1873, 1874 and 1875
Elazig earthquakes and the 1875 Palu earthquake in
the historical period also proved the significance of seis-
mic activity of the region.
Seismic hazard analysis
Seismic hazard analysis (SHA) is mostly used to quan-
titatively determine seismic risk of a region. This
Y. B. Sonmezer et al.
analysis can be performed with either deterministic seis-
mic hazard analysis (DSHZ) considering particular
earthquake scenarios, or probabilistic SHA (PSHA) con-
sidering the probability of an earthquake and its magni-
tude, effect and location (Kramer 1996; Kramer 2009;
Scawthorn and Chen 2002). In PSHA, all effective seis-
mic sources in a region of interest are regarded, and
various analyses are also possibly performed according
to different probabilities of earthquake exceedance. As a
result of the PSHA, maps of potential seismic risk of a
study region can be prepared. In many studies (e.g., Das
et al. 2006; Gülkan et al. 1993; Kalkan et al. 2009;
Kijko and Graham 1998), different versions of this
map were established through PSHA.
One of the most important and main inputs for the
SHA is to determine historical earthquake motion
An investigation on the evaluation of dynamic soil characteristics of the Elazig City through the 1-D...

Fig. 4 Locations of the earthquakes in the surroundings of Elazig Province

records. For determining seismic risk of the Elazig the earthquake database identifying the earthquake con-
province, historical earthquake catalogues of the centration for a considered region (Yucemen 2011). For
Directorate of Turkish Disaster Affairs (AFAD), the this exclusion, different methods have been developed
BDTIM of Bogazici University and the United States and used in the literature (Kagan 2002; Savage and
Geology Survey (USGS) were scanned in detail. Rupp 2000; Utsu et al. 1995; Van Dyck 1985).
Besides, recent attenuation relationships for shallow In this study, the dimensions of time and distance
plate ground motions at the active tectonic zones are frames necessary to specify the foreshocks and after-
recommended for earthquakes that occurred 100 km shocks are determined according to those used in the
away from the point of interest (Abrahamson and study of Deniz (2006). In Table 1, the dimensions of
Shedlock 1997). Hence, the earthquakes in the circular time and distance frames obtained within the scope of
area with a diameter of 100 km are taken into account the study conducted by Deniz (2006) are given. For
for the PSHA of the study region. However, as revealed calculating the intermediate values that are not given
in Fig. 4, the major part of the earthquakes to be in this table, linear and logarithmic-linear interpola-
regarded in the PSHA of the study area is observed to tion are used for the time and distance values,
concentrate on the surroundings of the EAFZ relatively respectively.
close to the center of Elazig. Due to limited number of
earthquakes higher than M w > 4.5 obtained from the Table 1 Dimensions of time and distance frames for identifying
main seismic sources of the Ovacik and Nizamiye foreshocks and aftershocks
Faults in the study region, the earthquakes with a mag-
Magnitude (Mw) Distance (km) Time (day)
nitude higher than Mw > 4.5 recorded on the EAFZ are
considered to make the PSHA according to 10% prob- 4.5 35.5 42
ability of exceedance in 50 years. 5,0 44.5 83
In the Poisson model widely used in the PSHA, 5.5 52.5 155
ground motions are assumed to occur independently in 6.0 63.0 290
terms of the location and time. In order to provide the 6.5 79.4 510
condition of independence in the Poisson model, the 7.0 100 790
foreshocks and aftershocks need to be excluded from
 Y. B. Sonmezer et al.

The geographical locations, depth and magnitudes as well
as occurrence date of earthquakes that are considered in the
SHA are shown in Fig. 4 and given in detail in Table 2. The
same earthquakes recorded in different catalogues are speci-
fied, and one of them is only taken into account in the earth-
quake database. The magnitude of the considered earthquakes
given in different scales (Mb: body wave magnitude, ML: local
magnitude, Md: duration magnitude and Ms: surface wave
magnitude) is then transformed to the scale of Mw(moment
magnitude) using Eqs. 1–4 developed from Deniz and
Yucemen (2010).
M w ¼ 2:25  M b −6:14 ð1Þ
M w ¼ 1:57  M L −2:66 ð2Þ
M w ¼ 1:27  M d −1:12 ð3Þ
The probabilistic distribution of magnitudes of earth-
quakes is obtained with the magnitude-recurrence rela-
tionships. The most commonly used magnitude-
recurrence relationship recommended by Gutenberg and
Richter (Gutenberg and Richter 1942, 1944, 1956;
Richter 1958) as given in Eq. 5 is utilized for this
aim in the literature.
logN ¼ a−b∙M ð5Þ
where N is the number of earthquakes with magnitude
value of M in a unit time period, M is the earthquake
magnitude of and a and b are regression factors.
The probability of occurrence and exceedance of earth-
quakes with different magnitude in a time period is estimated
using Eqs. 6–7 according to the Poisson distribution (P).

M w ¼ 0:54  M s þ 2:81 ð4Þ PðN ≥ 1Þ ¼ 1−e−λt ð6Þ

lnð1−PÞ
λ¼− ð7Þ
Table 2 Earthquakes used in the SHA t
No. Date Latitude Longitude Depth (km) Magnitude (Mw) where N is the number of earthquake occurrences, t is the time
step and λ is the average ratio of occurrence of an event.
1 23.06.2011 38.578 39.640 6.1 5.2
In an attempt to make the soil behavior under seismic
2 24.03.2010 38.821 40.138 4.5 5.1 load clear, it is necessary to determine the earthquake
3 08.03.2010 38.677 40.050 10.0 4.9 motion with the highest risk during the life expectancy
4 08.03.2010 38.776 40.143 5.0 5.1 of buildings. Generally, this earthquake motion is de-
5 08.03.2010 38.828 40.119 5.0 5.6 fined as the design earthquake with 10% probability of
6 08.03.2010 38.761 40.062 5.0 4.9 exceedance or return period of 475 years in the service
7 08.03.2010 38.709 40.051 10.0 5.6 life of 50 years (Yucemen 2011). This earthquake level
8 08.03.2010 38.864 39.986 12.0 6.1 was considered for high-rise buildings in seismically
9 28.02.2007 38.164 39.312 10.0 4.7 vulnerable regions (Sitharam and Anbazhagan 2007).
10 21.02.2007 38.318 39.275 6.0 5.7 Cornell (1968) developed iso-seismal maps for PGA
11 09.02.2007 38.390 39.043 2.6 5.5 and velocity on a rock site using SHA proposed by
12 26.01.2007 38.418 40.216 5.5 4.9 Algermissen and Perkins (1976) according to 10% prob-
13 26.11.2005 38.260 38.814 8.5 5.1 ability of exceedance in the period of 50 years. The
14 11.08.2004 38.377 39.261 7.4 5.7 developed maps in that study were then used for the
15 13.07.2003 38.288 38.963 10.0 5.6 acceleration response spectra given in the American
16 20.12.1998 38.591 40.002 10.0 5.3 Association of State Highway and Transportation
17 09.05.1998 38.278 38.988 10.0 5.1 Officials' (AASHTO) bridge design specifications.
18 06.07.1993 37.891 39.315 47.4 4.7 In the present study, the number of earthquake occur-
19 07.05.1992 38.698 40.143 18.3 5.2 rences given in Table 2 for the city center of Elazig and
20 20.01.1981 38.079 38.473 10.0 5.3 the cumulative frequencies of earthquakes are deter-
21 12.09.1979 38.662 39.803 10.0 5.1 mined. Utilizing these outcomes, the magnitude-number
22 25.03.1977 38.562 40.024 21.0 5.5 of the earthquake occurrence relation is demonstrated in
23 10.09.1973 38.491 39.621 33.0 4.9 Fig. 5 according to the Eq. 5 proposed by Gutenberg
24 14.06.1964 38.205 38.622 10.0 5.8 and Richter (Gutenberg and Richter 1942, 1944, 1956;
25 25.08.1963 39.019 38.477 35.0 5.3 Richter 1958). From the analyses of the Poisson distri-
26 09.05.1950 38.039 38.515 15.0 5.4 bution, the moment magnitude of the design earthquake
27 20.12.1940 38.300 38.300 10.0 5.9 corresponding to 10% probability of exceedance in
28 09.01.1931 38.000 38.500 10.0 5.4 50 years is determined as M w = 7.7, as depicted in
29 28.09.1908 38.350 39.150 10.0 6.1 Fig. 6.
30 04.12.1905 38.153 38.645 10.0 6.8 Considering the PLHS and LHSS fault segments pos-
sibly affecting the city center of Elazig and the
An investigation on the evaluation of dynamic soil characteristics of the Elazig City through the 1-D...
Fig. 5 The magnitude-number of
the earthquake relationship
earthquake rupture scenarios presented in Table 3, a
magnitude range very close to Mw = 7.7 was found as
Mw = 7.1–7.7 in the study of Cetin et al. (2003). In that
study, the empirical expressions developed by Wells and
Coppersmith (1994) were utilized. Besides, Arpat (1977)
and Saroglu et al. (1992) estimated a magnitude value
of Mw = 7.0–8.0 for the region located on the EFAZ and
close to the Elazig province.
Within light of all these related studies and outcomes, the
moment magnitude value of Mw = 7.7 determined for the
study region according to the worst earthquake scenario is
shown to be estimated well.
Civil infrastructures are subjected to different levels
of earthquake motion in seismic zones. Ground motion
parameters needed for earthquake resistance design of
structures could be obtained through attenuation
Fig. 6 Probability of the
occurrence-magnitude relation-
ship according to Poisson distri-
bution for 50 years
relationships (Kramer 1996). Various attenuation rela-
tionships have been used and developed in many studies
(Abrahamson et al. 2013; Akkar and Bommer 2007;
Ambraseys and Bommer 1991; Boore et al. 2013;
Campbell 1989; Campbell and Bozorgnia 2013; Joyner
and Boore 1981). These attenuation relationships were
achieved with regression analyses through recorded
earthquake motions regarding geological properties of
the site, the seismic source mechanism and distance to
source (Akın 2009).
Efforts to determine attenuation relationships were al-
so made in Turkey (Ozbey et al. 2004). Mostly, these
attenuation relationships were developed depending on
the data obtained from the 1999 Kocaeli earthquake
(Mw = 7.4). Instead, in the present study, new attenua-
tion relationships proposed by Abrahamson et al.
 Y. B. Sonmezer et al.

Table 3 Estimated moment

magnitude (Mw) for three earth- Parameter Scenario 1 Scenario 2 Scenario 3
quake rupture scenarios proposed
by Wells and Coppersmith (1994) All SS faults All faults All SS faults All faults All SS faults All faults

A 7.3 7.2 7.7 7.6 7.7 7.6

W 7.6 7.4 7.6 7.4 7.6 7.4
L 7.1 7.1 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5
D 7.3 7.2 7.3 7.2 7.6 7.4

Scenario 1: L = 54 km, D = 4.85 m, W = 30 km

Scenario 2: L = 133 km, D = 9.7 m, W = 30 km
Scenario 3: L = 133 km, D = 9.7 m, W = 30 km
A: Fault rupture area; W: fault width; L: surface rupture length;
D: maximum displacement; SS: strike-slip

(2013), Boore et al. (2013) and Campbell and
Bozorgnia (2013), which were developed within the
project of BNext Generation Attenuation WEST2^
( N G A - We s t 2 2 0 1 3 ) g o v e r n e d b y t h e P a c i f i c
Earthquake Engineering Research (PEER) Center
(Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research 2017) were
utilized using the extended database for the earthquakes
that have occurred in Turkey. Accordingly, as shown in
Fig. 7, the target acceleration response spectrum at the
bedrock level is obtained from the PEER database for
the study area by taking the average of the attenuation
relationships mentioned above.
The first step to determine the spectrum-scaled
earthquake records in the site response analysis is to
select a set of earthquake records and to find the
suitable scaling method for making spectral matching
of the selected earthquakes (Kramer 2009; Naeim
et al. 2004). To show the spectral compatibility of
an earthquake with the target spectrum, the well-
known quantitative indicator is the BMean-Square-
Error^ that is calculated with difference between the
spectral values from recorded earthquake motions and
those from the target spectrum. This aim is achieved
using Eq. 8 (Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research
2017).
   
3
∑i wðT i Þ ln S target ðT i Þ −ln f  S record ðT i Þ
MSE ¼ A A
ð8Þ
∑i wðT i Þ
where MSE is the mean squared error, S Atarget is the
target spectral acceleration, SArecord is the spectral ac-
celeration of the selected earthquake, w is the
weighting function [for general case w (Ti ) = 1.00]

Fig. 7 Target and spectra from

Abrahamson et al. (2013), Boore
et al. (2013) and Campbell and
Bozorgnia (2013) for a 5%
damping ratio
An investigation on the evaluation of dynamic soil characteristics of the Elazig City through the 1-D...

and f is the scale factor. The scaling factor (f) pro-
duces the earthquake records most compatible with
the target spectra (Pacific Earthquake Engineering
Research 2017). This factor (f) is calculated using
Eq. 9 given below.


∑i wðT i Þln S target ðT i Þ=S target ðT i Þ
ln f ¼ A A
ð9Þ
∑i wðT i Þ
In the present study, 16 earthquake time-histories
scaled according to the target spectrum at the bedrock
level are obtained from the PEER database and the se-
lected earthquake motions are given in Table 4. For this
aim, a distance of 26 km from the study area to the
EAFZ, a shear wave velocity of Vs30 = 341–580 m/s
attained from seismic refraction tests and a magnitude
of Mw = 7.7 are taken into consideration. Acceleration
response spectra of these scaled earthquakes are indicat-
ed in Fig. 8.
Site response analysis
Soil behavior under cyclic loading is identified with
dynamic soil properties. Damping and stiffness direct-
l y a ff e c t i n g d y n a m i c s o i l f e a t u r e s a r e m o s t l y
considered as the key parameters for the response of
structures to seismic motion (Kramer 1996). The
change in soil stiffness due to deformation is deter-
mined with the damping ratio (D) curve and shear
modulus decay curves (G/G max ). Soil damping ratio
(D) and shear modulus (G) are taken into account as
a function of shear strain under cyclic loading. The
damping ratio and shear modulus decay curves are
also the two most important input parameters for the
site response analyses using the equivalent linear and
nonlinear methods (Hanumantharao and Ramana
2008). These curves have been determined in many
studies for different soil types (Darendeli 2001; Seed
et al. 1986; Sun et al. 1988; Vucetic and Dobry
1988). For the site response analyses in the studies,
the soil damping ratio and shear modulus curves de-
veloped by Darendeli (2001) were utilized due to the
fact that this model regarded the confining pressure
and plasticity index (PI) at the same time (Firat
et al. 2016). The damping ratio and shear modulus
decay curves used in the example soil profile are giv-
en in Figs. 9 and 10 for the study area.
The shear wave velocity (Vs) of soil is mostly uti-
lized in the site response analyses to characterize the
behavior of soil (Akin et al. 2013; Eskişar et al. 2014;
Kolat et al. 2012; Selçuk and Çiftçi 2007; Sonmezer

Table 4 General properties of the

scaled earthquake records No. Earthquake name Year Station name Magnitude Mean squared Scale
(Mw) error factor (f)

1 Landers 1992 Barstow 7.28 0.16 0.80

2 Landers 1992 Joshua Tree 7.28 0.32 0.46
3 Landers 1992 Morongo Valley Fire 7.28 0.45 0.72
Station
4 Kocaeli_Turkey 1999 Iznik 7.51 0.29 0.80
5 Duzce_Turkey 1999 Lamont 1061 7.14 0.12 1.16
6 Duzce_Turkey 1999 Lamont 362 7.14 0.29 2.71
7 Duzce_Turkey 1999 Mudurnu 7.14 0.16 1.26
8 Sitka_Alaska 1972 Sitka Observatory 7.68 0.08 1.71
9 Manjil_Iran 1990 Abbar 7.37 0.12 0.27
10 Landers 1992 Fun Valley 7.28 0.44 0.80
11 Landers 1992 North Palm S. F. Sta 7.28 0.13 0.87
#36
12 Landers 1992 Whitewater Trout 7.28 0.20 1.28
Farm
13 Darfield_New 2010 Heathcote V. Primary 7.00 0.34 0.42
Zealand School
14 Darfield_New 2010 OXZ 7.00 0.09 1.03
Zealand
15 Darfield_New 2010 SPFS 7.00 0.33 0.74
Zealand
16 El Mayor-Cucapah_ 2010 Sam W. Stewart 7.20 0.10 1.55
Mexico

et al. 2015; Ulusay et al. 2004). When the V s value is
not obtained in the field tests, the value of Vs and
G max can also be estimated with the correlations of
SPT, PI and soil gradation (Kramer 1996; Vucetic
and Dobry 1991). For example, many studies con-
cluding the relationship between SPT blow count
and Vs have been conducted (Dikmen 2009;
Hanumantharao and Ramana 2008; Iyisan 1996; Seed
and Idriss 1981).
In the present study, the seismic refraction test on
170 soil profiles depicted in Figs. 11 and 12 and the
SPT test at 125 points as given in Fig. 13 are carried
out to determine the dynamic soil behavior of the study
region. Locations of these tests are depicted in Fig. 11.
The depth of the boring tests in the study area varies
from 10 to 30 m; however, the tests are mostly made at
depths of 15–20 m. Thus, the shear wave velocity (Vs)
of the study area is obtained between 163 and 746 m/s
according to the seismic refraction tests and the SPT-Vs
relation. The empirical equation (Eq. 10) developed by
Iyisan (1996) to estimate the Vs value from SPT value
is adopted at each testing point for the city center of
Elazig.
V s ¼ 51:5  N 0:516 ð10Þ
Fig. 8 Target spectrum and the
spectrum of the scaled
earthquakes
Y. B. Sonmezer et al.
where
Vs is the shear wave velocity (in m/s) and N is the SPT blow
count.
In case it is not possible to reach to the engineer-
ing bedrock level, soil parameters obtained at the
depth of 30 m were regarded as sufficient for the
existing soil (Borcherdt 1994; Midorikawa 1987),
and this assumption has been made in many studies
(Ansa et al. 2004; Ansal et al. 2005; Finn 1995).
Besides, soils types in the codes of NEHRP-BSSC
2003 and EC8 2004 have been recently classified ac-
cording to the average V s value at a 30-m depth. The
data obtained from the strong ground motion seismo-
graphs vertically deployed on different depths of soil
and certain efforts indicated that soil and rock layers
at a 30-m depth had significant effect on the dynamic
properties of surface soil (Borcherdt 1994). In this
study, the site response analyses of the study area
were performed according to the boring data attained
from a 30-m depth soil profile due to not reaching to
the engineering bedrock level.
Hardin and Drnevich (1972) experimentally demonstrated
that the variation of Vs changed exponentially from surface to
An investigation on the evaluation of dynamic soil characteristics of the Elazig City through the 1-D...

Fig. 9 Shear modulus decay

curves for the example soil profile
of the study region

bedrock depending on stress value. The Vs was normalized
according to the stress by Robertson et al. (1992) and they
proposed an equation (Eq. 11) to determine the Vs value in
case that it was not found until reaching a 20–30-m depth.
 0:25
0
V s1 ¼ V s ∙ Pa =σv
where Pa is the reference atmospheric stress (100 KPa), Vs is
the shear wave velocity, Vs1 is the normalized shear wave
velocity and σv’ is the vertical effective stress.
An example soil profile used for the site response
analyses is determined averaging the Vs and PI values
ð11Þ obtained from all boring points and identifying the

Fig. 10 Damping ratio curves for

the example soil profile of the
study region

Fig. 11 Locations of SPT field testing and seismic refraction on the study area
main soil types of the study region. This soil profile is
given in Fig. 14 and the geotechnical characteristic
parameters of the example soil are given in Table 5.
For this purpose, all boring logs are investigated in
detail. At 0–5 m, gravel = 10.3% sand = 10.2%, clay
+ silt = 79.5% and PI = 18.7%; at 5–10 m, gravel =
8.3%, sand = 16.6%, clay + silt = 75.1 and PI =
15.7%; at 10–15 m, gravel = 27.2% gravel, sand =
9%, clay + silt = 63.8% and PI = 12.1% and at 15–
20 m, gravel = 17.4%, sand = 47.8% and clay + silt
= 34.8%. For the depth of 20–30 m, the general soil
type is obtained as silty sand. Depending on the shear
wave velocity (Vs), the soil class of the study region is
obtained as ZC (Vs = 360–760 m/s) and ZD (180–
360 m/s) according to the TSCB (2018), and according
to EC8 2004, this class is defined as B (360–800 m/s)
and C (180–360 m/s).
In seismically vulnerable regions, dynamic response
parameters of soil (PGA, maximum deformation and
time-history record at the surface, etc.) require estima-
tion. Different soil types transfer the cyclic load under
earthquake motion to structures differently. The
changes in soil profiles along the considered depth
Y. B. Sonmezer et al.
give rise to amplifying or damping the cyclic load
according to frequency content of soil. Due to this
amplification and damping, different time-history mo-
tions and response spectrums at the surface are inev-
itably obtained (Unutmaz et al. 2011). In the present
study, SHAKE2000 software (Ordonez 2012) is
adopted to determine the response spectrum and dy-
namic soil properties at the surface. The site response
analyses for the study are performed with the
SHAKE2000 software using the example soil profile,
unit-weight per volume (Vs), shear wave velocity (Vs)
and shear modulus decay (G/Gmax) curves. It is not
possible to know the frequency content of possible
earthquake motions. So, instead of using only one earth-
quake motion whose frequency content is known, 16
earthquake records matched to the target spectrum are
utilized for the site response analysis. Accordingly, the
parameters obtained from these earthquake records as
given in Table 4 are utilized after averaging them.
Based on these considerations, the site response
analyses of the study region are conducted considering
the example soil profile and 16 matched earthquake
records. As a result, acceleration response spectra for
An investigation on the evaluation of dynamic soil characteristics of the Elazig City through the 1-D...
Fig. 12 Seismic refraction test
results at a height of 95 m
each earthquake and average spectrum are obtained and
depicted in Fig. 15. From Fig. 15, spectral acceleration
values of the earthquakes are observed to vary 1.3–
5.4 g, while the average spectral acceleration value is
obtained as 2.3 g. In addition, the transfer functions
between the bottom soil layer and surface soil layer
and PGA values are demonstrated as given in Fig. 16
depending on the depth of soil. The PGA values are
revealed to range from 0.27 to 1.1 g; however, the
average value is about 0.55 g. Detailed information is
also given in Table 6 for spectral acceleration values of
T = 0.2 s and T = 1.0 s, predominant site period, PGA
and soil amplification ratio.
In the seismic codes, it is recommended to deter-
mine the PGA value through the design response spec-
trum (Akkar and Gulkan 2002). Considering the results
from the site response analyses, the averaged local re-
sponse spectrum of the study region is obtained, as
shown in Fig. 17, and is compared with the design
spectra given for the soil types of ZC and ZD in
TSCB 2018 and the soil types of ZB and ZC in EC8
2004. The averaged spectral acceleration values of the
surface response spectrum are clearly observed to be
higher than those of the design spectra. As seen in
Fig. 17, the soil amplification ratio is also inferred to
be higher in the short-period range than that in the
long-period range due to the nonlinear response of soil
under cyclic loading. Compared to the ZC spectrum of
TSCB 2018 and C spectrum of EC8 2004, the spectral
values of the averaged surface spectrum of the study
region are much higher at the period of 0.20 and
0.38 s. Similarly, a high spectral acceleration range of
the surface spectrum is obtained between the period of
0.20 s and 0.38 s for the ZD spectrum of TSCB 2018
and between the period of 0.22 s and 0.35 s for the D
spectrum of EC8 2004. From the outcomes, the local
surface spectrum of the study region has a higher spec-
tral band for the TSCB 2018 than the EC8 2004. Since
the buildings at the study region have similar effective
modal vibration periods to those from the site response
analysis, they are predicted to be excited with a high
spectral acceleration value. In this study, the distribu-
tion of the spectral acceleration values is also given
with the contour maps for the study region. The out-
comes prove that local site conditions should be taken
into account to reliably design earthquake-resistant
structures.
Adopting the data obtained from the boring tests at
125 different points at the study area as shown in Fig.
11, 1-D equivalent linear site response analyses are

Fig. 13 Sample SPT results from the region
Fig. 14 Example soil profile for the study area
Y. B. Sonmezer et al.
Table 5 Geotechnical characteristics of considered soil
Soil Type γn (kN/m3) PI (%) Vs (m/s)
CL 17.5 18.7 351
CL 17.9 15.7 410
ML 16.5 12.1 467
SM 18.4 0 517
SM 18.4 0 555
SM 18.4 0 580
conducted through the SHAKE2000 software
(Ordonez 2012). As in finding the local surface spec-
trum, 16 scaled earthquake records are considered in
the site response analysis at the each point. Averaging
the results from the analyses of each earthquake, the
dynamic soil properties of the study region are deter-
mined in terms of the soil amplification factor, pre-
dominant soil period, PGA and spectral acceleration
for T = 0.2 s and T = 1.0 s. Further, these parameters
are presented within the contour maps of the study
area as shown in Figs. 12–22. These maps enable
making reliable prediction of which regions of the
city of Elazig are suitable for low-rise or high-rise
buildings. Compared to the maximum acceleration
value from general surface spectrum, the spectral ac-
celeration values obtained for short period (T = 0.2)
and long period (T = 1.0 s) are more effective at esti-
mating the effects of seismic load on structures and
identifying the resonance case for buildings
(Sonmezer et al. 2018a, b).
As demonstrated in Fig. 18, the PGA values range
from 0.36 to 0.76 g in the city, and the southern part
of the region (Atasehir, Sursuru, Kultur, Izzetpasa and
Dogukent Street) is observed to be subjected to the
highest PGA values. As seen in Fig. 19, the soil am-
pl ificati on ratios are determined as 1.13–3.84.
Regions highly vulnerable to the soil amplification
ratio are specified on the eastern and southern part
of the city (Gumuskavak Nailbey Sanayi and
Izzetpasa Street). The predominant periods of the
study are seen in Fig. 20 to be between 0.06 and
0.52 s, and the highest period values are obtained
for the eastern region (Harput, Sanayi Nailbey and
Gumuskavak Street) of the city of Elazig. The spec-
tral values for the short period of T = 0.2 s and long
period of T = 1.0 s are obtained as 0.70–3.63 g and
0.19–0.32 g as revealed in Figs. 21 and 22,
respectively.
For the eastern part of the study region (Atasehir,
Sursuru, Kultur, Izzetpasa and Dogukent Street), the
soil amplification ratio is obtained high (3.0–3.8)
An investigation on the evaluation of dynamic soil characteristics of the Elazig City through the 1-D...
Fig. 15 Response spectrums of
the scaled earthquakes and
average response spectrum
while low (0.25 g–0.32 g) and medium level (0.70 g–
1.00 g) spectral acceleration values for the long peri-
od (T = 1.0 s) and the short period (T = 1.0 s) are
observed respectively. For the western and southern
west part of the city (Sahinkaya, Safran, Sursuru,
Cumhuriyet and Hilalkent Street), the soil amplifica-
tion ratio is determined at a medium level (1.5–2.0),
although low (0.19–0.23 g) and high (3.00–3.50 g)
spectral acceleration values for the long period (T =
1.0 s) and the short period (T = 1.0 s) are determined,
respectively.
Fig. 16 The variation of PGA
values of the example soil profile
When it comes to evaluating the results in terms of
newly designed buildings, high-rise buildings with a
high modal vibration period are expected to be sub-
jected to lower spectral acceleration values in all re-
gions of the city. However, low-rise buildings to be
built at the eastern parts (Harput, Sanayi Nailbey and
Gumuskavak Street) of the city are predicted to be
excited by medium-level spectral acceleration values,
while these buildings with low modal vibration period
are inferred to be affected by a high spectral acceler-
ation value at the western and southwestern parts of
 Y. B. Sonmezer et al.

Table 6 The values of dynamic

soil parameters for each Earthquake name Sa (g ; Sa (g PGA Soil Predominant
earthquake T = 0.2 s) T = 1 s) (g) amplification period (s)

Barstow, Landers, 1992 0.64 0.19 0.27 2.14 0.24

Joshua Tree, Landers, 1992 1.09 0.32 0.43 2.13 0.27
Morongo Valley F. S., Landers, 0.95 0.23 0.41 2.11 0.28
1992
Iznik, Kocaeli, 1999 0.82 0.27 0.26 2.12 0.25
Lamont 1061, Düzce, 1999 1.58 0.21 0.81 2.13 0.33
Lamont 362, Düzce, 1999 0.77 0.33 0.34 2.13 0.26
Mudurnu, Düzce, 1999 1.54 0.12 0.82 2.14 0.32
Sitka Observatory, Sitka, 1972 1.46 0.12 0.56 2.14 0.28
Abbar, Manjil, 1990 1.16 0.12 0.55 2.16 0.28
Fun Valley, Landers, 1992 1.78 0.28 0.77 2.14 0.31
North Palm S. F. S., Landers, 1.11 0.24 0.44 2.13 0.26
1992
Whitewater Trout F., Landers, 1.43 0.20 0.53 2.13 0.28
1992
Heathcote Valley P. S., Darfield, 1.73 0.13 1.06 2.21 0.32
2010
OXZ, Darfield, 2010 0.88 0.23 0.37 2.11 0.27
SPFS, Darfield, 2010 1.07 0.34 0.45 2.14 0.27
Sam W. Stewart, El Mayor C., 0.95 0.16 0.39 2.14 0.26
2010

the city. These outcomes present crucial information
about both urban transformation and new construction
areas in order to minimize the effects of earthquakes
on structures.
Summary and conclusions
The current study presents the need to consider local
soil conditions in the design of earthquake-resistant
civil structures in the city of Elazig which is
surrounded by an active fault mechanism. For this ob-
jective, SHA of the city is first performed, which
yields a moment magnitude of Mw = 7.7 for the study
area. Considering Mw = 7.7, the fault mechanism and
the new-generation attenuation relationship model, a
target design spectrum is obtained at the bedrock level.
Records of 16 mostly related earthquake are then se-
lected according to the bedrock level spectrum of the
region. With the field testing at 125 different points
within the study region, the average soil profile is es-
timated to obtain the local surface acceleration

Fig. 17 (a) Comparison of the surface spectrum with design spectrums of TSCB 2018 and EC8 2004 for soil class C. (b) Comparison of the surface
spectrum with design spectrums of TSCB 2018 and EC8 2004 for soil class D
An investigation on the evaluation of dynamic soil characteristics of the Elazig City through the 1-D...

Fig. 18 PGA map of the city of

Elazig

spectrum for the city of Elazig. The local surface spec-
trum is also compared to the design spectra, and the
local surface acceleration spectrum is demonstrated to
be required in the seismic design of structures accord-
ing to its higher spectral value than that of the design
spectra. Utilizing the results from these analyses, 1-D
equivalent linear site response analysis is performed to
obtain the dynamic soil properties of the study area.
From the analyses, the soil amplification factor, pre-
dominant soil period, PGA and spectral value for the

Fig. 19 Soil amplification map of

Elazig
 Y. B. Sonmezer et al.

Fig. 20 Predominant site period

map of Elazig

period of T = 0.2 and T = 1.0 s are attained, and for spectrum of a region and developing contour maps for
these parameters, contour maps of the study area are the important dynamic soil parameters to mitigate the
developed. Accordingly, the results from the present adverse effects of earthquakes. Further points are given
study show the need for determining the local surface below in detail:

Fig. 21 Spectral acceleration map

of Elazig for the short period (T =
0.2 s)
An investigation on the evaluation of dynamic soil characteristics of the Elazig City through the 1-D...
Fig. 22 Spectral acceleration map
of Elazig for the long period (T =
1.0 s)
& From the analyses through the Poisson distribution, the
moment magnitude of the region is determined as Mw =
7.7 for the design earthquake corresponding to 10% prob-
ability of exceedance in 50 years.
& The averaged spectral acceleration values of the surface
response spectrum are clearly observed to be higher than
those of the design spectra. The local surface spectrum of
the study region has a higher spectral band for the TSCB
2018 than the EC8 2004. Since the buildings in the study
region have similar effective modal vibration periods to
those from the site response analysis, they are predicted to
be excited with a high spectral acceleration value.
& For the eastern part of the study region (Atasehir, Sursuru,
Kultur, Izzetpasa and Dogukent Street), a high soil ampli-
fication ratio is obtained (3.0–3.8 g), while low (0.25–
0.32 g) and medium-level (0.70–1.00 g) spectral acceler-
ation values for the long period (T = 1.0 s) and the short
period (T = 1.0 s) are observed, respectively.
& For the western and southwestern parts of the city
(Sahinkaya, Safran, Sursuru, Cumhuriyet and Hilalkent
Street), a medium-level soil amplification ratio is obtained
(1.5–2.0 g), although low (0.19–0.23 g) and high (3.00–
3.50 g) spectral acceleration values for the long period
(T = 1.0 s) and the short period (T = 1.0 s) are determined,
respectively.
& High-rise buildings with high modal vibration periods are
expected to be subjected to lower spectral acceleration in
all regions of the city.
& Low-rise buildings to be built in the eastern parts of the
city are predicted to be excited by medium-level spectral
acceleration, while these buildings with a low modal vi-
bration period are inferred to be affected by a high spectral
acceleration value at the western and southwestern parts of
the city.
& The contour maps for the important soil parameters help to
make reliable prediction on which parts of a region are
suitable for low-rise or high-rise buildings.
Acknowledgements The authors highly appreciate the engineering firms
of AKARE Planlama Müş. Mim. Müh. İnş., Ltd. Şti. and Elazığ
Jeoteknik for their help conducting field tests in the study area.
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