06 01 RA41206EN60GLA0 LTE Link Budget PDF

RA4120-60A
Nokia Academy
LTE RPESS
LTE FDD Link Budget
RA41206EN60GLA0 ©2014 Nokia Solutions and Networks. All rights reserved.

Index
LTE/EPC Overview
LTE Air Interface
Air Interface Overheads
RRM overview
LTE Link Budget
Radio Planning – Coverage Planning Cell Range
Radio Planning – Capacity
LTE Performance Simulations
Nokia LTE Solution
Initial Parameters Planning
5 RA41206EN60GLA0 ©2014 Nokia Solutions and Networks. All rights reserved.

Module Objectives
•After completing this module, the participant will be able to:

• Calculate link budget for different bit rates
• Describe link budgets and parameters
• Describe planning margins

Coverage Dimensioning
• Introduction
• RNT DIM Tool
• General Parameters
• Features
• Transmitting
• Receiving
• System Overhead
• Capacity
• Channel
• Propagation

Introduction
- Link Budget is the basis of coverage dimensioning, aiming to calculate UL / DL maximum allowed path
loss (MAPL) for a certain type of service.
- With the MAPL and a suitable propagation model, which can be generally seen as a function about path
loss (PL) and distance between UE and eNB, average cell coverage radius can be calculated.
- With cell coverage radius, radio network planners can easily figure up the site coverage area and site
count for given area. That’s the target of coverage dimensioning.
Coverage dimensioning requires multiple inputs:

Service type
Target service probability
Initial site configuration
Equipment performance
Propagation environment Coverage Area
CA Range

Link budget
• Target of the Link Budget calculation: estimate the maximum allowed path loss on radio path from transmit
antenna to receive antenna
• The minimum SINR requirement is achieved with the maximum allowed path loss and transmit power
both in UL & DL
• The maximum allowed Path Loss can be used to calculate cell range
Tx Power
+ Gains
– Losses/Margins
– Path Loss Lmax_UL Lmax_DL
≥ minimum required Rx Power
⇒ max. Path Loss Lmax
Range
• Introduction
• RNT DIM Tool
• Features
• Transmitting
• Receiving
• System Overhead
• Capacity
• Channel
• Propagation

RAN Dimensioning Tool
•Within NSN, the java based RAN Dimensioning tool is used to evaluate link budgets for coverage planning
proposes.

• Introduction
• RNT DIM Tool
• Features
• Transmitting
• Receiving
• System Overhead
• Capacity
• Channel
• Propagation
LTE DL Link Budget
General Parameters
Assumptions:
• Operating Band
– 3GPP TS 36.104 specifies 23
operating bands for FDD
– Defined by customer
• Flexi RF Unit
• 8, 20, 40, 60 and 80W options
• UE Power Class
• Class 3 default, 23 dBm for LTE UE
• Channel Bandwidth
– 3GPP TS 36.104 specifies values of
1.4, 3, 5, 10, 15 & 20 MHz
– Defined by customer.

LTE DL Link Budget
Operating Band
– For simplicity only the main centre Frequency band Band Index
frequencies (e.g. 1700, 2100, 2600 ...) are 450MHz Band 31
considered for the link budget calculation APT700 Band 28
– It is also assumed that there is no bandwidth 730 MHz Band 12 & 17
separation between UL & DL
750 MHz Band 13
Channel Bandwidth 760 MHz Band 14
– The bandwidth configuration impacts factors 800 MHz Band 20
such as Thermal Noise, overhead ratio & 850 MHz Band 5 ,6 ,19 & 27
total cell throughput. The wider the working 900 MHz Band 8
band is, the better the network performance
1600 MHz Band 24
(max. peak rate & cell throughput) is.
1800 MHz Band 3 & 9
1900 MHz Band 2
1700/2100 MHz Band 4 & 10
2100 MHz Band 1
2600 MHZ Band 7
3.5GHz Band 22
New at RL60
• Introduction
• RNT DIM Tool
• Features
• Transmitting
• Receiving
• System Overhead
• Capacity
• Channel
• Propagation

Features
Enable appropriate features;
•MIMO- OL and CL
•IRC - Interference Rejection
Combination
•DL Power boosting for RS
•4 way Rx Diversity
•Increased UL MCS
•Interference aware UL Power control
•DL Carrier Aggregation
•EPS bearer for voice (QCI1)
•Support QCI 2,3,4
•UL intra eNB CoMP
•RoHC – Robust header compression
•TTI Bundling
•OTDOA – Observed time difference on
arrival
•Flexi lite – 1 sector per site
The features selected affect the link budget and or capacity / coverage calculations

DL Carrier Aggregation
• Feature in RAN Dim tool can be activated by selecting proper checkbox and defining feature-
specific parameters in Features configuration tab:
• Secondary Component Carrier operating band
• Secondary Component Carrier channel bandwidth
Feature activation in RAN Dim tool is

done by selecting proper checkbox
There have to be configured

additional feature-specific
parameters

CA principles P.Cell and S.Cell data transmission

• A regular cell is paired with additional logical
cell serving the same site sector. PRIMARY
CELL
• this dependency could be bi-directional,
SECONDARY
this first cell could serve as secondary cell CELL
• PCell and SCell have to be collocated
• RL50 supports inter-band CA only
• RL60 starts with selected intra-band CA CA capable UE
• only non-GBR data could be sent via Scell

• all CA configured cells serve simultaneously
CA UEs and also regular, non-CA Ues Carrier 1, P.Cell
• there is no CA in the uplink direction Carrier 2, S.Cell

Downlink data rates of up to 300Mbps

Downlink carrier aggregation - 40 MHz (RL60)
Challenges The two component carriers can have different MIMO settings, e.g.
• Fragmented spectrum availability with Operators (multiple bands) • 2x2 MIMO + 2x2 MIMO
• Higher throughput / Capacity required to cater exponential growth in mobile broadband • 4x2 MIMO + 2x2 MIMO
traffic
• 4x2 MIMO + 4x2 MIMO
• High churn due low peak data rate
Motivation, Benefits
• Doubling the DL peak data rates to 300 Mbps LTE-Advanced Carrier Aggregation
• Very fast load balancing between carriers (on TTi level)
• A mix of carrier aggregation UEs and non-carrier aggregation UEs are supported in
downlink
• All HO types are supported between CA and Non-CA cells Primary Band A 150Mbps
• ARPU increase due to higher data package prices Comp. 20 MHz Carrier
• Mitigates the challenge of fragmented spectrum Carrier Aggre- 300Mbps
Seconda Band B gation 40 MHz
• The downlink carrier aggregation is applied for
ry 20 MHz
• UEs with the related UE capabilities and 150Mbps
Comp.
• UEs having only non GBR e-RABs established Carrier
• UE’s are admitted based on the primary component carrier (PCC) admission
control settings
• The mobility for carrier aggregation configured UE’s is based on PCC
measurements (HO works with one carrier PCC)
• UE’s with an activated SCC are scheduled by separate and coordinated downlink LTE1332- Downlink carrier aggregation - 40 MHz
schedulers
• Both Inter band and Intra band combination is possible.

RL60 embodiment of Carrier Aggregation functionality

• Primary improvements coming with RL60 LTE1332 feature:
• Additional cell bandwidth combinations are supported on top of RL50 • Support for additional band combinations is provided:
band combinations:
5 MHz + 15 MHz band 1 + band 7 band 4 + band 17

5 MHz + 20 MHz 20 MHz band 2 + band 4 band 5 + band 7 2.6 G
15 MHz + 20 MHz 20 MHz band 3 + band 7 band 4 + band 7
20 MHz + 20 MHz band 3 + band 20 band 7 + band 7 1.8 G
band 4 + band 4
RL60 extends maximum possible

aggregated bandwidth from 20 MHz (RL50
LTE 1089) to 40 MHz Note that RL60 provides also support for
certain intra-band carrier aggregation
options – this support was not in place in
RL50

UL Intra eNodeB CoMP
Improving the cell capacity and the cell edge performance

Uplink intra eNodeB CoMP
Challenges It improves the cell capacity and the cell edge performance by taking uplink information
• How to Improve the end user experience in UL with cell capacity and the cell edge from neighbor cells into account
performance e.g. social networking, e-mailing etc.
• Cell edge throughput increase with improved end user experience.
• Better service quality for with Release 8 UE's
Field trial results:
Benefits
• In example case with 7500 cells and 1520 thsd. users (average) churn cost could be
reduced by 700 kEUR p.a. and revenue could be improved by 1120 kEUR p.a. due to
better end user experience and upsell of upgraded tariff plans (4Y)
• Slighly positive impact on churn and revenue due to better end user experience and
upsell of upgraded tariff plans
• 18% Cell edge throughput increase
• 6% Uplink capacity improvement
• Payback time 13 month
• Uplink intra eNode B CoMP functionality is applied for cells with 2RX paths
• eNode B selects automatically based on uplink SINR measurement per UE and per Average UL MCS
TTI the most suitable neighbor cell out of the CoMP candidate set which is applied
for the PUSCH CoMP on: 10.85
CoMP off: 4.28
• The CoMP candidate set, i.e. which neighbor cell shall be considered for the
selection, is operator configurable LTE1402- Uplink intra eNode B CoMP
• LTE979 IRC for 2 RX paths (FDD) or LTE936 IRC for 2 RX paths (TDD)needs to be
enabled
• Does not requires dark fiber backhaul to single baseband module

Interference-aware Uplink Power Control
• Interference-aware UL Power Control improves overall system

capacity by better management of the UE power:
- Maximized UE throughput with proportional fair scheduler
- Improved average and cell-edge throughput
• The feature is intended to the interference limited scenarios only,
therefore the gains apply only for ISD500 scenario
• The gains used in the RAN Dim obtained from system-level
simulations
- Open Loop Power Control (OLPC) results were compared to
LTE1336 gain CUS CAS IAS
LTE1336 using various schedulers: Channel Aware/Unaware
and Interference-aware Scheduler Cell edge 35% 30% -11%
Average cell
• Please note that these metrics are always subject of cell edge throughput
20% 15% 14%
cell average optimization using parameters introduced by the

feature

• Introduction
• RNT DIM Tool
• Features
• Transmitting
• Receiving
• System Overhead
• Capacity
• Channel
• Propagation

Transmitting
• Tx. Power per Antenna
− Typical value: 43dBm (20W)
• Antenna TX Gain
– Antenna gain changes with the antenna type and
frequency band
– For DL 18dBi + possible
• For UL typically assumed to be 0 dBi
• For UL data card 2 dBi possible
• Feeder Loss
• Feederless solution considered
• Body Loss
• On Transmitting applied to UL
• 2-3 dB for VoIP users & 0 dB for data users
• TMA Insertion Loss
• Tower Mast Amplifier TMA: Pre-Amplifier for UL
receive path Typical 0.5 dB
• Total TX power Increase
EIRP = Tx. Power per Antenna + • Tx power increase caused by multi-antenna
Antenna Gain - Cable Loss - Body Loss configurations
- TMA Insertion Loss + Total Power • EIRP
Increase • Effective Isotropic Radiated Power from the
transmit antenna.

Transmitting
Tx. Power per Antenna Connector
• Depends on the Flexi Radio Module selected

• Typically 8, 20, 40, 60 & 80 Watts
• 8, 40, 60 & 80W are SW licensed
• In case of transmit diversity techniques like MIMO the power could be
Flexi RRH
increased with 3dB in DL
Flexi multiradio BTS provides high radio downlink

output power when using Flexi 3-sector RF module with
the total of 210w power amplifiers, or RRH.
Flexi RF Module

Transmitting
Antenna Gain
• Proportional to the physical size, signal frequency and antenna vertical & horizontal beamwidth
• Large size & High frequency → Narrow beam → High gain
• BTS Antennas vary in frequencies, sizes & configuration
- smaller antenna beam ⇒ higher Antenna Gain
- larger size (e.g. 1m → 2 m) ⇒ higher Antenna Gain (at same frequency)
- lower frequency ⇒ lower Antenna Gain
• Typical values:
• 3 dBi for omni directional antenna (small one, ceiling mounted)
• 8 dBi for typical directional panel antenna (wall mounted)
• 17 dBi for direction high gain panel antenna with narrow beam width (wall mounted)
– UL 0dB

Feeder loss
•Feeder Loss
•is the sum of all signal losses caused by the antenna line outside
the base station cabinet
- Jumper losses
- Feeder cable loss
- MHA (or TMA) insertion loss in DL when MHA is used
• Typical 0.5 dB
• No MHA is used with Feederless solution which is
prefered by Nokia
Typical values for the cable loss:
- 0.4 dB with Feederless solution* (jumper losses only)
- 2 dB feeder solution w/o TMA
- 2.4 dB if feeders with TMA used (2 dB feeders + 0.4dB
additional jumpers for TMA) + 0.5dB MHA Insertion loss
- * in the case of feederless solution the Flexi RF Module is

mounted closed to the antenna. There is only a jumper cable
connection between the RF module and the antenna system

Total TX power Increase
- Total TX power Increase

• Tx power increase caused by multi-antenna configurations
• It is automatically set to 3 dB when 2Tx-2Rx scheme is chosen in DL. The 3 dB gain
is caused by the doubling of the Tx power when adding the 2nd power amplifier.
• The ‘required SINR’ figures include only the transmit diversity gain. Therefore the
total Tx power increase reflects the 3 dB gain due to the duplication of the Tx
amplifiers
•
• Introduction
• RNT DIM Tool
• Features
• Transmitting
• Receiving
• System Overhead
• Capacity
• Channel
• Propagation

Receiving
• TMA - if enable automatically adds 0.5 dB
loss
• Feeder Loss
• For UL feeder loss is same as DL loss
• Antenna Gain
• For UL apply the eNb antenna gain
• Noise Figure
• depends on the receiver equipment
design and represents the additive
noise generated by various HW
components
• Typical 7dB for the UE
• for Flexi-BTS default values: 2.2 dB
(w/o MHA) / 2 dB (with MHA)
• Body Loss
• on Receiving applied to the DL

• Introduction
• RNT DIM Tool
• Features
• Transmitting
• Receiving
• System Overhead
• Capacity
• Channel

System Overhead
• # of PRBs per TTI
• Dependent on Sys BW
• Cyclic Prefix
• Normal / Extended
• # of OFDM symbols / SF
• Dependent on cyclic prefix
• # of PDCCH symbols
• Amount of signalling per SF
• # of PRBs for PUCCH
• Typical PUCCH usage per SF.
Dependent on Sys BW, between
2 and 8
• RACH density
• Number of PRACH repetitions
per radio frame.
• Ref Signal
• Cell specific Ref Signal,
dependent on Ant config.
• PSS/SSS
• Primary and Secondary Sync
Signals
System Overhead • PBCH/ PRACH
• PBCH resources on DL, fixed
value but % varies with BW.
• PDCCH
• DL and UL signalling in %.
• Sounding
• SRS for Channel aware
Scheduling.
• PUSCH UCI
• Signalling carried on UL in
PUSCH when scheduled instead
of PUCCH.
• OTDOA
• Number of PRBs used for PRS
(positioning Ref sig), note: user
data not multiplexed with PRBs
containing PRS.
• Additional OH
• Used to account for any other
OH, such as higher layer protocol
headers.

• Introduction
• RNT DIM Tool
• Features
• Transmitting
• Receiving
• System Overhead
• Capacity
• Channel

Capacity • Modulation
• Set modulation to optimize (or manual)
• Service type
• Switch between Data user and Voip user
• Cell Edge User Throughput
• The minimum net user throughput that shall
be supported for a single UE at the cell edge
with a certain probability.
• VoIP Packet segmentation
• Relates to feature Controlled uplink packet
segmentation (LTE671)
• 1 = packet not segmented
• 2 = packet divided into 2
• Uplink TTI bundling
• – TTI Bundling feature allows transmitting
a single transport block in space of four
consecutive UL subframes, which leads to
increased energy per transmitted bit and
therefore, improved uplink link budget.
More robust transmission scheme leads to
reduction of PDCCH traffic

LTE DL Link Budget
Cell Edge User Throughput [kbps]

• Target throughput requirement to be achieved at the cell edge; minimum net single UE throughput
requirement
• Determines the service that can be provided at the cell border
• It can limit the MCS (Modulation & Coding Scheme) to be used
• Normally customer requirement
In LTE the scheduling is done on a per sub-frame basis: 180KHz in frequency domain and 1ms in time
domain --- PRB pair.
For each time interval the scheduler controls which resources will be allocated to which users (considering
the buffer status, pending retransmissions, ...) HARQ retransmissions and Signaling Radio Bearers (SRB)
have a higher priority than the first transmission for data radio bearers.
The frequency domain scheduler takes into account the channel conditions for every user and makes the
best possible assignment. It applies in DL "throughput-to-average" and "proportional-fair-
scheduled“ (LNCEL: dlsFdAlg). In UL "Round robin" and "exhaustive FD scheduler" is used (LNCEL:
ulsFdPrbAssignAlg).

UL coverage gains with TTI Bundling
• TTI Bundling gain is introduced by the energy collected from additional transport blocks with assumed
service delay budget
– UE transmits the TB over four consecutive pre-scheduled TTIs – each transmission is performed with
different redundancy version for more effective combining at eNB
Classical
transmis
sion
8ms RTT
TTI
Bundling
16ms RTT
TTI bundling gain = 10 ⋅ log( 12 / 7 ) = 2 . 34 dB
• Assuming 53ms delay budget there can be received one additional bundle transmission leading to 3.59 dB
gain comparing to classical dimensioning with 8ms HARQ RTT and 50ms delay budget
– this value i.e. 3.59 dB is used in the RAN_Dim when TTI Bundling is used in the calculations → see
next slides for more details

TTI Bundling in RAN_Dim
• TTI Bundling is supported in the RAN_Dim tool
– number of TB transmissions in the TTI Bundling mode is fixed to 16 (1st transmission + 3
retransmissions) which gives the 3.59 dB gain in the UL coverage
TTI Bundling taken into

account during dimensioning
Gain from the TTI Bundling

TTI Bundling in RAN_Dim
• TTI Bundling is supported in the RAN_Dim tool

Non--TTI Bundling TTI Bundling
Non
Upon activation of the TTI

Bundling, allowable path loss in
UL transmission is increased
(in comparison to the non-
bundling scenario)

Capacity
• Residual BLER
• 10% for Data and 2% for VoIP.
• DL Resource block Size
• 1 for NSN.
• Limit UL Resource Block group size
• Enabled.
• # PRBs per User
• PRBs consumed by single user
• Channel Usage per TTI
• Percentage of PRBs used by a single cell-
edge user. Used to calculate FDPS gain.
• Transport Block Size for PDSCH/ PUSCH
• Number of User bits sent in a TTI
• Modulation efficiency
• Bits per modulated symbol
• ME = TBS / (#PRB x (1-overhead) x 2 x
#RE_per_PRB)
• Effective coding rate
• Coding rate applied to PDSCH/PUSCH
• ECR = TBS / (#PRB x (1-overhead) x 2 x
#RE_per_PRB x ModOrder)

• Introduction
• RNT DIM Tool
• Features
• Transmitting
• Receiving
• System Overhead
• Capacity
• Channel
• Propagation

Channel
• Channel Model
• The SINR is based on link level
simulations results which are available
for:
• Enhanced Pedestrian A 5Hz (EPA05)
valid for low speed mobiles in general,
i.e. 3 Km/h at 1800 MHZ (5Hz Doppler)
• Enhanced Typical Urban (ETU70) valid
for higher speed mobiles
• Antenna configuration
• Number of Tx and Rx Antennas used in
UL DL
• Tx/RX Algorithm
• DL- OL – SFBC and CL with PMI
• UL- IRC or MRC
• Frequency Scheduler
• DL – Channel Aware
• UL- Channel Aware/ Channel unaware

Channel
• PDSCH Power Penalty when DL

boosting
• PDSCH power penalty caused by
boosting of Cell Specific Reference
Signal.
• Number of Users per TTI
• Defines the maximum number of users
which can be scheduled in the
frequency domain in a single TTI.
• Frequency Scheduling gain
• Added gain from FDPS.
• 2dB gain for SINR will be considered
independent on the channel usage

Number of Users per TTI
Maximum Number of Users per TTI depends on System Bandwidth
Bandwidth [MHz] Maximum number of users per TTI
1.4 1 (strong signaling limitation)

3 3 (strong signaling limitation)
5 7
10 10
15 15
20 20

Channel
• Required SINR
• For DL-
• Based on link level simulations.
• For UL -
• Same decision sequence as in the DL .
• Based on link level simulations .
• Differences in UL coming from different
MCS allocation strategy .
• Coding Rate Offset
• Internal tool alignment parameter for
overhead
• Required SINR at Cell Edge
• Calculated considering the Frequency
scheduling gain, the HARQ gain and the
Coding Rate Offset.
• Maximum SINR at Cell Edge
• Used for the calculation of the Interference
Margin. Value derived from SINR CDF that
has been generated from System Level
simulations.
SINR: Signal-to-Interference + Noise Ratio
SINR: Signal to Interference plus Noise Ratio

• Minimum relation between useful signal and sum of interferences coming from own and
neighboring cells and the received noise power
S
SINR =
I own + I oth + N
- S : useful signal (received power)

- Iown : own cell interference (close to zero in LTE due to the orthogonality of subcarriers)
- Ioth : other cell interference
- N : noise power
• In LTE the PDSCH “required SINR” replaces the “required Eb/No” of the UMTS Rel. 99 DCH
Link Budget; Eb/No is not helpful in case of Fast Link Adaptation
• SINR requirement is practically obtained from link level simulations, which depend on
channel model, MIMO scheme, BLER requirement.

SINR distribution
The simulation scenarios
and parameters are
provided in 3GPP
TR25.814
Bandwidth = 2000MHz
Speed = 3Km/h
Macro Case 1 – Inter-site

distance = 500m
Macro Case 3 – Inter-site

distance = 1732m
Cell load is 100% which is

affecting the inter-cell
interference
CDF = Cumulative Distribution Function
*Source: "LTE Downlink Performance Results with Time-Domain Scheduling - Using UPRISE" by Klaus I Pedersen et al.

Required SINR
• In order to meet the defined quality requirements (BLER) a certain average required SINR is needed
• Required SINR depends on:
• Cell Range (Pathloss)
• Based on the Cell Edge Throughput the number of allocated PRBs and the MCS could be defined → see next slides
• OFDM specific channel models
• Channel model is a way to consider UE mobility and environment in the link budget calculation
• 2 main groups of channel models are available:
– Enhanced Pedestrian A 5Hz (EPA05) valid for low speed mobiles in general, i.e. 3 Km/h at 1800 MHz (5Hz Doppler)
– Enhanced Typical Urban (ETU70) valid for higher speed mobiles
• Considered Antenna Scheme for the DL:
• 1Tx – 2Rx; 2TX – 2RX Transmit Diversity ; 2TX – 2RX Spatial Multiplexing (not expected at cell edge)
• L1 overhead of the physical channels
• The impact is the reduced number of resource blocks which could be used for user data
- Scheduling gain
→ see next slides MCS: Modulation & Coding Scheme
PRB: Physical Resource Block
DL Required SINR decision sequence (1/7)
STEP 1 for the required SINR decision: STEP 1 for required

Input: SINR decision
• The target cell edge throughput is used to select the least
robust MCS with good balance of coverage & resource
Cell Edge
Throughput BLER MCS
consumption of the air interface
•BLER at first HARQ retransmission
• Assumption: to be 10% for the first HARQ retransmission,
i.e. 10% probability to complete 1 or more
retransmissions
• The actual effect is the increase of the cell edge
#RBs =
throughput TBS =
Number of
Transport
• MCS = Modulation & Coding Scheme Resource
Block Size
• 3GPP TS 36.211 specifies QPSK, 16QAM & 64QAM for the DL Blocks
• Affects the amount of resources that will be used for user data
Output: TBS (Transport Block Size) & Number of Required RBs (Resource Blocks) – see next slide

DL MCSs
MCS_index MCS Mod order ITBS
0 QPSK 2 0
TBS set 1 QPSK 2 1
- Number of user data bits transmitted to single user during 1 TTI 2 QPSK 2 2
3 QPSK 2 3
(1ms) 4 QPSK 2 4
- The TB occupies 2 PRBs in time domain 5 QPSK 2 5
6 QPSK 2 6
• 3GPP TS 36.213 specifies tables to: 7 QPSK 2 7
8 QPSK 2 8
- link the MCS Index -> Modulation Order (modulation type) and TBS 9 QPSK 2 9
Index 10 16QAM 4 9
11 16QAM 4 10
- link the TBS Index -> Transport Block Size (TBS) for a specific 12 16QAM 4 11
number of PRBs 13 16QAM 4 12
14 16QAM 4 13
• MCS index - from 0 to 28 15 16QAM 4 14
16 16QAM 4 15
• it is decided by the scheduler which should translate a specific CQI in an 17 64QAM 6 15
18 64QAM 6 16
MCS index
19 64QAM 6 17
• ITBS = TBS index 20 64QAM 6 18
21 64QAM 6 19
• The TBS Index is mapped to a specific TBS size for a specific #PRBs 22 64QAM 6 20
23 64QAM 6 21
• Uses a different table (3GPP TS 36.213)
24 64QAM 6 22
• See next slide for an example 25 64QAM 6 23
26 64QAM 6 24
27 64QAM 6 25
28 64QAM 6 26
MCS: Modulation & Coding Scheme
PRB: Physical Resource Block

• Example for the identification of the Number of PRBs per User and the Transport Block
Size (TBS) • Assumptions: Only a subset of the complete table
• Required cell edge throughput = 384Kbps (3GPP TS 36.213 specifies 110 columns)
• MCS = 10-16QAM
MCS = 10-16QAM TBS_index = 9

Air Interface User Throughput =
= 384 / (100% - 10%) = 427 kbps
…search for TBS in ITBS9 ≥ Air Interface User Throughput
#RB_used = 3 TBS = 456 bits
456 bits/TTI = 456 bits/1 ms = 456 kbps ≥ 427 kbps
Conclusion: # RB used= 3
Identifies the number of Resource Blocks (RB) required to achieve the target
Cell Edge User Throughput
Uses the already defined MCS to identify the appropriate row within
the transport block size table
The target Cell Edge User Throughput is used to determine the
minimum transport block size requirement

DL Required SINR decision sequence (4/7) STEP 2 for required
SINR decision
- STEP 2 for the required SINR decision:
- The selected MCS & #PRBs from Step 1 is
associated with a defined Required SINR
- The actual SINR requirement is obtained from
link level simulations
- Several look-up tables results are available for
several cases:
• Specific channel models (EPA 5Hz &
ETU70Hz channel models)
• Different SINR requirements are specified
for different antenna schemes (1TX – 2RX
or 2TX – 2RX)
• Block Error Rate BLER typical 10% Example:
- In the SINR look-up table result the SINR is a SINR table for the case DL 2Tx-2Rx, EPA 5Hz Channel Model, BLER
function of : = 10%
• MCS = Modulation and Coding Scheme
EPA 5Hz Doppler frequency=5Hz for 1800MHz and 3km/h
• Number of RBs
Conditions for the table --- EPA5Hz + 2×2MIMO + 10%BLER

EPA: Enhanced Pedestrian A, ETU: Enhanced Typical Urban.
The selection of MCS is a trade-off between coverage & resource utilization:

The more robust the selected MCS (e.g. 0-QPSK) the lower the allowed required SINR which is
improving the coverage. But on the same time the higher the resource consumption (42 PRBs out of
50 for 10 MHz bandwidth for 1024Kbps) which leaves less resources for the rest of the scheduled
users.

DL Required SINR decision sequence (7/7) STEP 3 for required SINR decision
STEP 3 for required SINR decision: DL FDPS Gain (dB)

Channel usage per
• Consider additional SINR improvements features like FDPS (Frequency Domain single UE
Gain (dB)
10.00% 3,71
Packet Scheduling) 11.11% 3,64
• System level simulations are used to show the gain of Proportional Fair algorithm in DL 12.50% 3,53
14.29% 3,41
over Round Robin (see the table) 16,67% 3,25
• The table could be read as follows: when UE occupies 100% of resources there is no 20.00% 2,93
25.00% 2,52
gain from particular scheduling strategy because RRM cannot play with frequency 33.33% 2,11
resources. 50.00% 1,68
100.00% 0
The more UEs could be scheduled in the same TTI (that means less resource allocation per user), the more certain gain can
be observed.
Example:
Cell edge Throughput is 1024Kbps, Number of allocated PRBs per user is selected to be 13 out of 50 available in 10 MHz (for
MCS = 5-QPSK)
The channel usage per TTI of the user is 26%. Thus, Required SINR = 1,11 dB(Required SINR from table) – 2,47 dB (FDPS
gain for 26% channel usage) = -1,36dB
The larger the amount of resources (subcarriers) available for the scheduling of a single user, the higher the chance to avoid
channel quality gaps
For example when 50 PRBs are available (10MHz bandwidth) and 10 full user buffer UEs are scheduled per TTI then it
results 5 PRBs per user that is 10% of resources allocated per UE.

UL Required SINR
The selection of MCS in UL is a trade-off between a lower required SINR value and the number of allocated PRBs per
UE:
UE output power is shared between the subcarriers assigned for transmission.
The smaller the number of used subcarriers the higher is the power per subcarrier so the higher the coverage. On the
other hand, lower number of PRBs per UE (lower number of subcarriers) requires a higher order MCS - increasing the
required SINR.
In this case, despite of a higher required SINR, a greater cell range could be obtained due to the accumulation of the total
power on less PRBs used for the transmission.

Channel
• Cell Load
• Average Resource Utilisation.
• Assumed to be 50%.
• Defined by the customer.
• Interference Margin DL
• Depends on the neighbor cell
interference.
• Frequency reuse 1 will be used.
• Higher reuse schemes are
possible but there is no
significant gain in network
performance.
• Interference Margin UL
• Based on system level
simulations (analytical formula
like in DL isn’t trivial because of
the interference nature in UL
which is more complex due to
UE mobility furthermore UE
produces colourful interference
(no flat spectral density) ).

Cell Load
Cell Load [%]

- Cell load represents the average resource utilization in terms of PRBs
• It accounts for the average load of the system over longer time period (minutes, hours,...)
• For the link budget calculation, which is a single cell-edge user case to estimate maximum
possible coverage, cell load reflects the average neighbour load but it does not impact own cell
resource allocation
• In other words a cell edge user occupying 100% resources per TTI (100% of PRBs) does not
mean 100% load (i.e. over long time period)
- Affects the Interference Margin (IM)

• Higher cell load means higher interference from the neighbour cells
• High neighbour cell load increases the IM that in terms reduces the MAPL*
• High neighbour cell load limits the possibility of selecting high MCS
- Recommended value: 50% (subject to change)
- Customer may provide this value
*MAPL = Maximum Allowed Path Loss

DL Interference Margin
Interference margin IM
• Interference Margin can be defined as a relation between signals received with & without interference
S/N
IM = Iown + Iother + N
S /( I own + I other + N ) = -------------------------- SINR = S/(I + N)
N
1
= ----------------------------
1 - SINR * I/S
– S: useful signal (received power)
– Iown: own cell interference (≈ 0 in LTE due to the orthogonality of subcarriers)
– Ioth: other cell interference
– N: noise power
• 100% orthogonality could be assumed in UL & DL due to OFDM & SC-FDMA so that the Intra-cell
interference is close to zero
• The only interference which counts is the Inter-cell interference
• DL Interference Margin could be derived analytically

Interference Margin
Downlink (simulation for 10MHz BW)
By selecting high neighbour cell load we are

limiting to the usage of low ( robust) MCS
since for higher MCS the IM increases a lot.
IM as a function of Neighbour Cell Load for different MCS and cell Edge User
Throughputs

Interference Margin
Uplink
- Uplink Interference Margin

• Currently obtained from system level simulations. Due to the non-deterministic
characteristic of uplink interferences it is difficult to make a mathematical model (like in
downlink)
• It is a function of cell load
IM as a function of Cell Load

Channel
• # of Rx’d Subcarriers
• The number of OFDM subcarriers that are
utilized in the entire configured OFDM
frequency band. For Rx sensitivity
calculation.
• Thermal Noise
• For UL -only RBs considered which are
allocated for UL transmission (1RB for
64Kbps, 15RBs for 384Kbps, 27 RBs for
1024 Kbps)
• Receiver Sensitivity
• Represents the signal level that is required
at the antenna port of the receiver to be
able to achieve acceptable quality level in
receiving
• DL Ref Signal
• RSRP is purely DL calculation but is also
placed in the UL part of link budget – that
means that RSRP value is still calculated
for DL but contains the MAPL value that
was calculated for UL link. This is used to
indicate the RSRP value on the cell edge
also for UL limited scenarios.

Thermal Noise Calculation
Thermal Noise = kB x T x B
Where:
• kB = Boltzmann’s constant, 1.38 E-23 Ws/K
• T = Receiver temperature, 293 K
Single RB bandwidth
• B = Bandwidth
ThermalNoi se = −174 dBm / Hz + 10 ⋅ log(15kHz ⋅12⋅# RB )

Receiver bandwidth
#RB is the Number of Physical Resource Blocks 10 log (kB *T) = -174dBm/Hz is the Thermal Noise Density not
• DL: all available in the channel bandwidth considering the bandwidth impact
• UL: only those RBs allocated for transmission
Example:
OFDMA / SC-FDMA For 10MHz there are 50 RBs in DL
Thermal noise = -174dBm/Hz + 10log(15 * 1000 * 12 * 50) =
DL: OFDM receiver looks at the whole bandwidth, thus all available
= -174 dBm/Hz + 69,54 dB=
Resource Blocks should be considered.
= -104.45dBm
UL: SC-FDMA receiver looks only at the allocated bandwidth, thus not all
but only assigned Resource Blocks are assumed in sensitivity formula.
Thermal noise density: 10*log (kT) in dBm, where k:1.38e-23 Joules/Kelvin; T:300 Kelvin

• Introduction
• RNT DIM Tool
• Features
• Transmitting
• Receiving
• System Overhead
• Capacity
• Channel
• Propagation

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RA4120-60A

RA41206EN60GLA0 ©2014 Nokia Solutions and Networks. All rights reserved.

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•After completing this module, the participant will be able to:

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Coverage dimensioning requires multiple inputs:

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16 RA41206EN60GLA0 ©2014 Nokia Solutions and Networks. All rights reserved.

Feature activation in RAN Dim tool is

There have to be configured

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CA principles P.Cell and S.Cell data transmission

• only non-GBR data could be sent via Scell

• there is no CA in the uplink direction Carrier 2, S.Cell

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Downlink data rates of up to 300Mbps

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RL60 embodiment of Carrier Aggregation functionality

5 MHz + 15 MHz band 1 + band 7 band 4 + band 17

RL60 extends maximum possible

20 RA41206EN60GLA0 ©2014 Nokia Solutions and Networks. All rights reserved.

Improving the cell capacity and the cell edge performance

21 RA41206EN60GLA0 ©2014 Nokia Solutions and Networks. All rights reserved.

• Interference-aware UL Power Control improves overall system

cell average optimization using parameters introduced by the

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23 RA41206EN60GLA0 ©2014 Nokia Solutions and Networks. All rights reserved.

24 RA41206EN60GLA0 ©2014 Nokia Solutions and Networks. All rights reserved.

• Depends on the Flexi Radio Module selected

Flexi multiradio BTS provides high radio downlink

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- * in the case of feederless solution the Flexi RF Module is

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- Total TX power Increase

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Cell Edge User Throughput [kbps]

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TTI bundling gain = 10 ⋅ log( 12 / 7 ) = 2 . 34 dB

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TTI Bundling taken into

Gain from the TTI Bundling

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• TTI Bundling is supported in the RAN_Dim tool

Upon activation of the TTI

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• PDSCH Power Penalty when DL

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Maximum Number of Users per TTI depends on System Bandwidth