Review Questions

Wella S Virina

1. Name the organ systems directly involved in movement and for each state how they are
involved.
The organs system that are involved in movement are nervous, respiratory, skeletal and
circulatory system. The nervous system transmits electrochemical impulses that causes
muscle to contract. The skeletal is where the bones are moved my muscles. The
respiratory system exchangers O2 and CO2 between air and blood and lastly, the
circulatory system brings O2 to the muscles and takes CO2 away.

2. State the function of tendons. Name the part of a muscle and bone to which a tendon is
attached.
Tendons are made of fibrous connective tissue and it merges with fascia that covers the
muscle.

3. State the term for:

a) Muscles with the same function - SYNERGISTIC MUSCLES
b) Muscles with opposite functions - ANTAGONISTIC MUSCLES
c) The muscles that does most of the work in a movement - PRIME MOVER

4. Explain why antagonistic muscle arrangements are necessary. Give (2) examples.

Ex.1: The biceps brachii is the muscle on the front of the upper arm. When the biceps
contracts, it flexes the forearm, that is, bends the elbow.
Ex.2: The triceps brachii is located in the back of upper arm and when it contracts and
pulls, it extends the forearm, that is, straightens the elbow.

5. State (3) reasons why good muscle tone is important.

1: It helps us to maintain upright posture.
2: For a muscle to remain slightly contracted
3: Alternate fibers contract so that the muscle as a whole does not became fatigued.

6. Explain why muscle sense is important. Name the receptors involved and state what they
detect.
It is important because muscle sense is the brain's ability to know where our muscles are
and what they are doing, without our having to consciously look at them. There are
receptors within the muscles and all sensory receptors detects changes. stretch receptor
detects changes in the length of muscle as it is stretched.
 7. With the respect to muscle contraction, state the functions of the cerebellum and the
frontal lobes of the cerebellum.
- [ ] Cerebellum regulates the contraction of alternative fibers and muscle tone.

8. Name the direct energy source for muscle contraction. Name the two secondary energy
sources. Which of these is more abundant.
The direct source of energy is ATP and the two secondary energy sources are the creatine
phosphate and glycogen. The most abundant energy source in muscle fibers is
GLYCOGEN.

9. State the simple equation of cell respiration and what happens to each of the products of
this reaction.
- [ ] Glucose + O2 CO2 +H2O + ATP + heat

10. Name the two sources of oxygen for muscle fibers. State what the two proteins have in
common.
1: Hemoglobin - a blood that carries oxygen from the lungs in RBC.
2: Myoglobin - stores some oxygen within the muscle cells.
Both of them contain mineral iron, which enables them to bond to oxygen.

11. Explain what is meant by oxygen debt. What is needed to correct oxygen debt, and
where does it come from?

Muscle fibers run out of oxygen during strenuous exercise, and glucose is converted to lactic
acid, which causes fatigue. Breathing rate remains high after exercise to deliver more oxygen to
the liver, which converts lactic acid to pyruvic acid, a sample carbohydrate (ATP required).

12. Name the parts of the neuromuscular junction :

A.The membrane of the muscle fiber – SARCOLEMMA

B.The end of the motor neuron – ACTIN

C.The space between neuron & muscle cell - SYNAPSE

13. Name the contracting proteins of sarcomeres, & describe their locations in a sarcomere.
Where is the sarcoplasmic reticulum & what does it contain ?

*Protein Myosin - Center of the sarcomere

*Protein Actin - At the end, attached to the Z lines.

*Protein Titin - Myosin filaments are anchored to the X lines.

○Sarcoplasmic reticulum - Surrounding the sarcomeres. Contains calcium ions (ca+2)

14. In terms of ions and charges, describe :

A.Polarization - Muscle fiber is relaxed.

B.Depolarization - Response to stimulus of acetylcholine

C.Repolarization - Muscle fiber is now able to respond ACh released by another nerve.

With respect to the sliding filament mechanism, explain the function of :

A.Acetylcholine - Makes the sarcolemma more permeable to Na+ions, which rush into the cell.

B.Calcium ions - Bond to the tropolin-tropomyosin complex, which shifts it away from the actin
filaments.

C.Myosin & Actin - Myosin splits ATP to release energy ; bridges on the myosin attach to the
actin filaments & pull them toward the center of sarcomere, thus making the sarcomere shorter.

D.Troponin & Tropomyosin - When the Ca+2ions bonds to the tropolin-tropomyosin the actin
filaments shifts it away.

E.Cholinesterase - Cholinesterase in the sarcolemma inactivates acetylcholine.

16. State 3 of the body's physiology responses to exercise, and explain how each helps maintain
homeostasis.

*Respiratory & cardiovascular system - Make essential contributions to exercise.

*Integumentary system - Eliminates excess body heat.

*Nervous system - The brain generates the impulses for muscle contraction, coordinates those
contraction, & regulates heart rate, breathing rate, & diameter of blood vessels.

17. Find your major muscles on yourself, and state a function of each muscle.