 Magnetic field (B)

 A moving charged particle in uniform B

 Magnetic force (FB) due to a moving charge
 Right hand rule (RHR)
 Magnetic force due to a conductor carrying current.
 Torque in a current loop in uniform B

Lecturer:
Dr. Ewe Lay Sheng
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What is Magnetic Field (B)?
 We use the bold letter, B, to symbolize it.
 A vector quantity
magnitude direction

 If we place a point charge at rest in a uniform E

 E can always accelerate a charged particle.
 If we place a point charge at rest in a magnetic
field, the charge will not be influenced.
 But, if we place a moving charge in a magnetic
field, the moving charge will be deflected by the
magnetic field. .
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 A charged particle (positive or negative) E
 A magnetic substance (iron, steel…) B
 E can be represented by E lines
 B also can be represented by B lines
Some history
 Magnetic field lines were introduced by Michael
Faraday (1791-1867) who named them "lines of
force."
 One of the great discoverers in electricity and
magnetism, responsible for the principles by
which electric generators and transformers work,
as well as for the foundations of electrochemistry

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 Humans have used magnetic compasses to find their
way around for at least a millennium.
 A compass needle is a long thin bar magnet that is
free to rotate about an axis through its center.
 The end of any bar magnet that points northward is
called north pole and the other end called South Pole.
 Like magnetic poles repel, unlike poles attract.
 By traveling through the space around the earth with
a magnetic compass, you could "map" the magnetic
field of the earth.
 Field lines converge where the magnetic force is
strong, and spread out where it is weak.

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 For instance, in a compact bar magnet or "dipole,"
field lines spread out from one pole and converge
towards the other.
 The magnetic force is strongest near the poles where
they come together.

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 Ifa charge, q, moving with velocity, v is placed in a
magnetic field, B, then it will experience a force,
magnetic force (FB).

v B

 How to find the magnitude of magnetic force (FB)?

FB v
FB B
FB = q v B
= q v B sin

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 Where is the (smallest) angle between the v vector
and the B vector. The direction of the magnetic
force is given by the right hand rule (RHR)
 Direction of magnetic force = deflection direction
of charged particle= direction of acceleration

B
v
F

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 There is no magnetic force on a stationary charge
v=0

 There are two possibilities. The enclosed angle (θ) is
either 0 or 180 . In either case, sine of the angle is
zero.
Sin 0o= 0 Sin 180o= 0

 Magnetic force is zero means the motion of particle

remains unaffected (of course here we assume that
there is no other force present).

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 B Point your thumb
into the direction
of v.
 Point your fingers
into the direction
= 90 o of B.
v  The direction of
Finto - magnetic force
will be out of your
Fout • +
palm if it is +ve
charge.
 Into your palm if
it is –ve charge.

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 Figure below shows four different situations of a
moving positively charged particle with velocity v in
magnetic field B. For each situation, indicate the
direction of the magnetic force F on the charge

v B
v
B
B v

vinto Binto
Bout
B • v
v
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 The SI unit of the magnetic field is the tesla, T,
named after Nikola Tesla, a fascinating inventor.
 The definition of the tesla is given by:
1 T = 1 N/(C m/s)

 Theunit often used in describing the earth's

magnetism is the gauss (G)
1 G = 10-4 T

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 When a charged particle (of charge q) moves (with
velocity v) into a region in which there is a uniform
magnetic field, B, from Lorentz law, the magnetic
force on the particle is

F = q v B sin
 Itsdirection is perpendicular to both v and B there is
a "right hand rule" that tells you how to get the
relative directions between F, v and B.

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This is the case in which charged particle
experiences maximum magnetic force. It is given by :

F=qvB

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 Charged particle in a magnetic field feel a force that
perpendicular to the velocity.
Centripetal force
 The magnetic force provides the centripetal force
required for circular motion.
 For all cases, we assume that motion of charged
particle is in the plane of the drawing and magnetic
field is perpendicular and into the plane of drawing.

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 Now, we consider the first case in which the charged
particle is able to complete circular path.
 Let the mass of the particle carrying charge is m.
Then, magnetic force is equal to centripetal force,
Fc = FB
mv2/ R =qvB
mv / R =qB

 We can easily interpret the effects of various

parameters in determining the radius of circular path.
R = mv/qB

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 Greater charge and magnetic field result in smaller
radius.
 On the other hand, greater mass and speed result in
greater radius.
 Now, the time period of revolution is :
T= 2πR / v
= 2πmv/ qvB
= 2πm/ qB

 Frequency of revolution is
f=1/T
= qB/ 2 πm

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 The magnetic force, F, on a conductor of length, L,
carrying a current, I, in a magnetic field of strength,
B, at an angle with the direction of the current is

F=IL B

F = I L B sin
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 The direction of the force on a current-carrying wire
is given by the right hand rule (RHR) you learned
for the force on a moving positive/ negative charge

 In this reminder image of the RHR, an X means

"into the page" and a dot means "out of the page".
 Thus B is "out" in the first drawing, B is "in" in the
second, and F is "out" in the third drawing.

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20
A uniform magnetic field of magnitude 2.0 T is
directed perpendicular to the velocity of the proton.
If kinetic energy of the proton is 6.0 106 eV, find
i) the velocity of the proton; and
ii) force acting on the proton.

(Charge of proton, q = 1.6 10-19 C, mass of proton,

mp = 1.7 10-27 kg and 1 eV = 1.6 10-19 J)

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 What is torque? τ Nm
 A torque is defined as the turning moment of a force.
 The torque about an axis of rotation is the product of
the perpendicular distance of the axis from the line of
action of the force (r) and the component of the force
in the plane perpendicular to the axis (F).
See the diagram below
Moment arm, r

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 Forthe situation above, the torque τ on the bar about
the pivot is
τ=r F

τ = r F sin

 Where Sin is the angle between r and F

 The direction of torque

clockwise negative τ

counter / anti positive τ

clockwise
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 Consider a rectangular coil of wire carrying a current
I and sitting in a magnetic field of flux density B,
with its plane parallel to the field direction, as shown
below:

B
I I

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 The coil will turn under the action of an applied net
torque.
 CD coming up out of the page.
 AB going down into the page.
 Once the coil has passed through the position where
its plane is perpendicular to the field direction, the
direction of the net torque is reversed.
 Remember the current direction in the coil stays the
same throughout.)
 Thus, the coil will eventually stop and then turn in
the opposite direction.
 The motion will continue

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 This tendency of a current-carrying loop to turn
whenever it sits in a magnetic field is called the
“motor effect”.
 The torque on a coil may be shown to be:

τ=µ B τ = µ B sin
 The torque on a coil of n turns of wire may be shown
to be:
τ = n µ B sin
 Where µ is magnetic moment
µ=IA

τ = n IA B sin
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A proton makes a 45 cm circular orbit in a 3.5 T
magnetic field. What is the velocity of the proton?

 Inthe Figure below, what is the net force and torque

on the loop?
I

I
B

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 In general, the magnetic force on a curved
current-carrying wire in a uniform magnetic
field is equal to that on a straight wire
connecting the endpoints and carrying the same
current.

F1 + F 2 = 0

 The net magnetic force acting on any closed

current loop in a uniform magnetic field is
zero.

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1. The rectangle has width 10.0 m, wide 6.0 m and height
4.0 m. A uniform magnetic field B= 0.05 T is in the
positive x- direction. Three straight segments of wire
AB, BC and CA form a closed loop that carries a
current 6.0 A in the direction shown. Find the
magnitude and direction of the magnetic force on each
segment Y

10.0 m B

4.0 m

C X

6.0 m
A
B
I

Z
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2. In a certain region there is a uniform magnetic field B
in the -y direction as shown in Figure below. Find the
direction of the force on a positive charge that enters
the magnetic field region with a velocity, vo in the +x
direction

B
v

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