NUTRITION IN ANIMALS

Animal nutrition

includes :

 Nutrient requirement.

 Mode of intake of food.

 It’s utilisation in the body.

NUTRITION
[NUTRIENT
REQUIREMENT] :
It is the process of
eating/taking
nourishment.
 These are some
of the sources of
nutrition. 
 Food includes all
the eatables that
can be utilised by
the body for
nourishment.
MODE OF INTAKE OF FOOD
AUTOTROPHIC.

HETROTROTROPHIC.
PARASITIC
Some common
parasites

SAPROPHYTIC
The Indian pipe
• INGESTION :
It is the process of
intake of food.
In this process the
food is acquired from
the environment.
The food acquired is
made available to the
body for digestion
through the buccal
cavity (mouth).
• DIGESTION &
ABSORPTION :
The process of breakdown
of complex food
components into simpler
substances is called
digestion .
The absorption of these
simpler food components
is called absorption.
The process of digestion in
order :
1] Digestion begins in the
mouth with grinding of
food i.e. it’s physical
breakdown.
2] Then sugar is formed
from starch present in the
food by the action of
salivary amylase
enzyme present in the
saliva.
• 2] The food then
passes through the
oesophagus by the
peristaltic
movement in
oesophagus.

• 3] The food then

reaches the stomach
where the proteins
are digested by the
action of diluted
hydrochloric acid.
• DIGESTION IN THE SMALL INTESTINE :

• Small intestine is the site of complete digestion

of carbohydrates, proteins & fats.
• The bile juice from the gall bladder act
on the food coming from the stomach to
convert it’s acidic nature into basic along
with breaking fat globules present in the
food.
• Then the pancreatic enzymes in the
pancreatic juice act on the food.
• These enzymes include trypsin & lipase
etc.
• The enzymes in the intestinal juice secreted by
the intestine convert proteins into amino acids,
complex carbohydrates into glucose & fats into
fatty acids & glycerol.
• The digested food now present in the small
intestine is absorbed by the villi.
• ASSIMILATION :

• The process of supplying all the

absorbed material to the different
parts of the body for various
maintenance activities of the cells.
 ASSIMILATION :
• The villi are richly supplied with blood vessels
which take the absorbed food to each & every
cell of the body, where it is utilised for obtaining
energy, building new tissues & the repair of old
tissues.
• The unabsorbed food is sent into the large
intestine where more villi absorb water from
this material.

EGESTION :
• The rest of the material is removed from the
body via the anus. This process is called
egestion.
REVIEW OF
DIGESTIVE
SYSTEM
NUTRITION IN
RUMINENTS
{ GRASS-EATING
ANIMALS }
• RUMINENTS :
The animals that digest their food by the
process of rumination are called ruminants.
FOR EXAMPLE - COW & GOAT .
The ruminants have an outstanding feature as a
part of their digestion process. They don’t have
to digest everything they eat immediately. They
don’t eat the food immediately, they swallow it
& store it in the rumen. In the rumen the food
becomes cud. Later when the ruminant is idle,
the cud is brought to the mouth in small lumps
& the animal chews it. This process is called
rumination. Now you understand why these
animals are referred to as ruminants.
Structure of ruminant digestive
system :

Grass is rich in cellulose which can’t be

digested by many animals including
animals.
The cellulose in the grass is digested in
the caecum which lies between the small
intestine & the large intestine.
 NUTRITION IN SINGLE CELLED
ORGANISMS :
In microscopic single celled organisms like Amoeba
have a cell membrane, rounded dense nucleus &
many small bubble-like vacuoles in it’s cytoplasm.
Amoeba changes it’s shape for locomotion, catching
prey etc by the use of psuedopods.
Nutrition in Amoeba :
Amoeba feeds on some microscopic organisms.
• when it senses food it pushes out it’s psuedopods
around the food particle.
• It forms a vacuole where digestive juices are
secreted to absorb all nutrients from the food.
• Then it moves ahead.
 MICROSAFARI - AMOEBA
.
CLICK BELOW

MicroSafari - Amoeba.flv
 GLOSSARY
order in which they appear
1.NOURISHMENT – The food & other substances
necessary for life, growth & good health.
2.AUTOTROPHIC - Organisms that make food
themselves from simple substances.
3.HETROTROPHIC – Organisms that depend on
autotrophs for nutrition.
4.PARASITES – Organisms that depend on other
organisms for nutrition.
5.SAPROPHYTES – Organisms that depend on dead &
decaying matter for nutrition.
6.SUGAR – A type of sweet soluble carbohydrate found
in plant & animal tissue.
7.STARCH – A carbohydrate which is obtained from
potatoes, flour, rice etc. & is an important part of the
human diet.
8.SALIVRY AMYLASE – A enzyme that is present in the
salivary gland in the buccal cavity. It converts starch
into simple sugar.
9.ENZYME – A substance produced by an animal or
plant which helps a chemical change happen without
being changed itself.
10.SALIVA – The fluid present in the buccal cavity that
keeps in wet & also helps in softening food to help in
it’s physical breakdown.
11.PERISTALTIC MOVEMENT – The contraction &
relaxation of muscles in the digestive system &
intestines, creating wave like movements which push
food through the body.
12.OESOPHAGUS – The muscular tube which carries
food from the buccal cavity to the stomach for further
digestion.
13.STOMACH – The bean-sac like structure where the
digestion of proteins takes place.
14.PROTIEN – A substance which forms part of body
tissues & is an important part of the human diet.
15.CABOHYDRATE – A substance containing carbon,
hydrogen & oxygen found in food & used to give
energy.
16.FATS – An oily substance found in animals.
17.BILE JUICE – The digestive juice secreted by the
liver that is stored in the gall bladder.
18.GALL BLADDER – The sac like structure that stores
bile juice.
19.FAT GLOBULES – The large molecules of fats.
20.PANCREATIC ENZYMES – The enzymes secreted
by the pancreas. For example – trypsin & lipase.
21.PANCREATIC JUICE – The digestive juice secreted
by the pancreas that contain pancreatic enzymes.
22.TRYPSIN – Enzyme secreted by the pancreas to
digest proteins.
23.LIPASE – Enzyme secreted by the pancreas for the
breakdown of fat globules.
24.AMINO ACIDS – Any of the natural substances which
combine to form proteins.
25.GLUCOSE – Any type of sugar that is easily changed
into energy by the body.
26.FATTY ACIDS – Any natural acid that contains fats.
27.GLYCEROL – A liquid made from fats & oils.
28.VILLI – The small finger like projections in the
intestines that increase the surface area for absorption
of nutrients.
29.LARGE INTETINE – The last segment of the tube
leading from the stomach to the anus.
30.CUD – The partially digested food.
31.LUMP – An irregularly shaped piece of something
hard or solid.
32.CELLULOSE – A substance found in all plant tissues,
used in making paint, plastics & fibres.
33.CELL MEMBRANE – The porous membrane that
covers a cell.
34.NUCLEUS – The brain / control centre of a cell.
35.VACOULES – The sac like structure that stores
wastes/nutrients.
36.CYTOPLASM – The fluid present in a cell which
gives shape to the cell.
37.LOCOMOTION – Movement from one place to
another.
38.PREY – An animal that is hunted & killed by another
animal for food.
39.PSUEDOPODS – The false feet like structures
extended by unicellular organisms that are used for
locomotion & feeding.
40.DIGESTIVE JUICES – The juices secreted by
glands/organs for digesting nutrients. These juices
contain digestive enzymes.