Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
Contratación Internacional
PRESENTACIÓN 9
REFERENCIA BIBLIOGRÁFICA 51
REFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY 89
PRESENTACIÓN
PROBLEMA
El entorno globalizado y la permanente necesidad de interactuar con
otros países, debido al flujo de mercancías y negocios a nivel internacio-
nal hacen necesario que el profesional que se desempeñe en el ámbito
comercial internacional, tenga presente y conozca la normatividad y el
marco legal exigido para la conformación de los contratos a este nivel
y su papel en el contexto de las tendencias tecnológicas, migratorias,
multinacionales y las relaciones internacionales.
OBJETO
El contrato internacional dentro del contexto de los mercados y las
relaciones internacionales.
OBJETIVO
Conocer e interpretar los diferentes tipos de contratos a nivel interna-
cional así como los distintos elementos que los conforman tanto del
orden nacional e internacional.
CONTENIDO
Las tendencias del mercado mundial
Las divisas dentro del contexto del comercio mundial
Concepto de Convención
El concepto de contrato y sus clases
Las obligaciones que emanan de los contratos
Principales cláusulas de los contratos
Convención de Viena
El contrato de compraventa internacional de mercancía
Los principios Unidroit en el comercio internacional
Los términos Inconterms y el seguro internacional
El contrato de transporte internacional
Otros contratos internacionales
Soluciones Alternativas de Conflictos
CAPITULO I
EL MUNDO DE LA POSTGUERRA
Y EL POSICIONAMIENTO DE ESTADOS UNIDOS
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INSTITUCIÓN UNIVERSITARIA ESUMER
1876-1913
ACTIVIDAD CAPITULO I:
En una extensión de dos (2) páginas realice un ensayo donde analice
la relación entre las Guerras Mundiales y los Negocios Internacionales.
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CAPITULO II
OBLIGACIONES
La obligación es la prestación que se debe, puede consistir en dar, hacer
o no hacer.
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INSTITUCIÓN UNIVERSITARIA ESUMER
- Los cuasicontratos
Aceptación de un hecho voluntario de la persona que se obliga, sin ne-
cesidad de acuerdo. Caso de trasladar a una persona de un lugar a otro
sin necesidad de un pago de por medio.
- Los contratos.
Acuerdo de voluntades que genera obligaciones entre las partes. El
ejemplo es el contrato de compraventa internacional de mercancías.
• 14 •
CAPITULO III
GENERALIDADES DE LOS CONTRATOS
Definición:
El contrato es un acuerdo de voluntades que genera obligaciones entre
las partes bien recíprocamente o bien, solo de una hacia la otra. Las
partes se denominan acreedor y deudor, siendo aquel quien contrae la
obligación y este, aquel que recibe el beneficio.
Clasificación:
Los contratos pueden clasificarse de la siguiente manera:
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INSTITUCIÓN UNIVERSITARIA ESUMER
Contratos Reales: (rex: cosa) Aquel contrato que está pero se perfeccio-
na con la entrega de la cosa. Ejemplo, el mutuo (préstamo de dinero)
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CAPITULO IV
VICIOS DEL CONSENTIMIENTO
Los vicios del consentimiento son aquellas circunstancias, hechos u ac-
tos que afectan directamente la voluntad de alguna de las partes y por lo
tanto inciden sustancialmente sobre el acuerdo, generando en la mayo-
ría de los casos la nulidad del mismo, es decir, con efectos retroactivos,
como si el contrato nunca hubiera existido.
Error sobre la clase de contrato. Por ejemplo si una parte cree que
es un contrato de préstamo y la otra de una donación, o si una parte
considera que es una donación y la otra un contrato de compraventa.
Error sobre la identidad del bien materia del contrato. Una per-
sona cree comprar un edificio y el vendedor enajena un terreno. Un
comprador cree haber adquirido un portátil y la contraparte vende un
computador de escritorio.
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INSTITUCIÓN UNIVERSITARIA ESUMER
por ello debe ser una amenaza o hecho cierto que transcienda más allá
de una suposición, de una actitud de respeto.
La fuerza puede ser física, como una tortura. Puede ser moral, como
una amenaza.
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CAPITULO V
CONVENCION DE VIENA
1980 - Convención de las Naciones Unidas sobre los
Contratos de Compraventa Internacional de Mercaderías1
Fecha de adopción: 11 de abril de 1980
Finalidad
La Convención de Viena de 1980 busca prever un régimen moderno,
uniforme y equitativo para los contratos de compraventa internacional
de mercancías, por lo que contribuye notablemente a dar seguridad
jurídica a los intercambios comerciales y a reducir los gastos de las ope-
raciones.
Su pertinencia
El contrato de compraventa constituye el fundamento del comercio
internacional en todos los países, independientemente de su tradición
jurídica o de su nivel de desarrollo económico. Por esta razón, se con-
sidera que la Convención sobre la Compraventa es uno de los instru-
mentos clave del comercio internacional que debería ser adoptado por
todos los países del mundo.
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INSTITUCIÓN UNIVERSITARIA ESUMER
Disposiciones clave
La Convención sobre la Compraventa rige los contratos de compra-
venta internacional de mercancías entre empresas privadas, con excep-
ción de las ventas a consumidores y las ventas de servicios, así como
las ventas de tipos concretos de mercancías. La Convención se aplica a
los contratos de compraventa de mercancías concertados entre partes
cuyos establecimientos se encuentren en distintos Estados Contratantes
o cuando en virtud de las reglas de derecho internacional privado deba
aplicarse la ley de un determinado Estado Contratante. La Conven-
ción también puede ser aplicable cuando las partes hayan convenido
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CONTRATACIÓN INTERNACIONAL
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CAPITULO VI
PRINCIPIOS UNIDROIT
Definición
El Instituto para la Unificación del Derecho Privado –UNIDROIT–,
es una organización intergubernamental creada en 1926, con sede en
Roma y con el objetivo de promover la armonización y unificación del
derecho privado a nivel internacional a partir de fenómenos como la
liberación del comercio y el proceso de integración económica.
2
ROMERO, Fabiola (2001). “El derecho aplicable al contrato internacional”. En Liber Amico-
rum. Homenaje a la obra Científica y académica de la profesora Tatiana B. Maekelt, tomo I (p.
172) Caracas (Venezuela) Universidad Central de Venezuela.
3
OPERTTI BADÁN, Didier (1998). El estado actual del tratamiento jurídico de los contratos
comerciales internacionales en el continente americano. En Los Principios Unidroit: ¿Un
derechocomún de los contratos para las Américas? The Unidroit principles: A Common law of
contracts for theAmericas? (p. 65). Congreso Interamericano. Interamerican Congress. Valencia
(Venezuela). Capitolina 52, s.a.s. Roma, Italia.
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CONTRATACIÓN INTERNACIONAL
4
OVIEDO Alban, J. Aplicación de los Principios de Unidroit a los contratos comerciales interna-
cionales. Revista No. 100. Bogotá 2000.
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INSTITUCIÓN UNIVERSITARIA ESUMER
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CONTRATACIÓN INTERNACIONAL
• 27 •
CAPITULO VII
DEL CONTRATO DE COMPRAVENTA
INTERNACIONAL
Definición
Acuerdo de voluntades entre partes ubicadas en diferentes Estados que
generan derechos y obligaciones entre ellas (comprador y vendedor),
donde la obligación del comprador es pagar una suma de dinero (divi-
sas) y donde el vendedor se obliga a entregar lo equivalente en mercan-
cía, y recíprocamente, el comprador tiene derecho a recibir el bien y el
vendedor a recibir la suma de dinero pactada.
El consentimiento
- Las partes
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INSTITUCIÓN UNIVERSITARIA ESUMER
- El objeto
- La forma de pago
- Las obligaciones de cada una de las partes
- Las soluciones en caso de diferencias
Clausulas esenciales
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CONTRATACIÓN INTERNACIONAL
Precio:
Forma de pago:
Medio de pago:
Embalaje – Empaque:
La convención no aplica:
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INSTITUCIÓN UNIVERSITARIA ESUMER
• 32 •
CAPITULO VIII
CONTRATO DE TRANSPORTE INTERNACIONAL
DE MERCANCÍA
Definición: El contrato de transporte de mercancías es aquel en el que
una persona con facultades de disposición sobre ellas legamente, con-
trata a otra debidamente autorizada por autoridad competente para su
transporte o traslado a cambio de una compensación económica.
Características especiales:
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INSTITUCIÓN UNIVERSITARIA ESUMER
6
Tomado de: http://www.uncitral.org/pdf/spanish/texts/transport/Rotterdam_Rules/09-
85611_Ebook.pdf.
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CONTRATACIÓN INTERNACIONAL
• Con cerca de 90% del comercio mundial que se transporta por vía
marítima en unos 50.000 buques mercantes, la industria marítima
es global y tiene que regirse por unas normas internacionales amplia-
mente aceptadas.
• Con el nuevo tratado, se restaura la uniformidad. Esto hace que el
comercio sea más claro y más eficaz.
• Los nuevos acontecimientos, tales como el transporte de contenedo-
res y de intercambio electrónico de datos no figuraban en los conve-
nios antiguos.
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INSTITUCIÓN UNIVERSITARIA ESUMER
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CONTRATACIÓN INTERNACIONAL
Los países con una economía abierta que depende del comercio exte-
rior, que incluye a muchos países en el mundo, incluidos los países en
desarrollo y sin litoral, gozan de la mayor eficiencia del comercio inter-
nacional y el transporte.
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CAPITULO IX
SEGUROS
Antes de hablar de seguros y propiamente del contrato de seguros se
debe hacer referencia al Riesgo, entendido este como la posibilidad de
pérdida o desembolso. No todo riesgo tiene que ver con destrucción o
siniestro, puede ser un hecho favorable.
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INSTITUCIÓN UNIVERSITARIA ESUMER
Valor Relativo
Prima
Valor Absoluto
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CONTRATACIÓN INTERNACIONAL
Seguro:
Contrato de Seguros
Contrato ≠ Póliza
Acuerdo de 2 voluntades Titulo ejecutivo
Bilateral para poder cobrar
Conmutativo - Aleatorio el seguro
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INSTITUCIÓN UNIVERSITARIA ESUMER
Las partes pueden pactar quien asumirá los riesgos posibles de generarse
en una de las etapas de la operación comercial mediante los INCO-
TERMS.
Contrato de transporte
7
Solis Gayoso, M. Riesgos y Seguros en Comercio Internacional. Tomado de: http://www.
google.com.co/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&ved=0CCsQFjAA&ur-
l=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.itescam.edu.mx%2Fprincipal%2Fsylabus%2Ffpdb%2Frecur-
sos%2Fr74093.PPT&ei=bFliT4e7Esa0gwe5j4HbAg&usg=AFQjCNFC-d2qBmSCOP-
gwnY3TPZ0YtrxwMg.
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CONTRATACIÓN INTERNACIONAL
Contrato de seguro
PRECISION
COBERTURA
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INSTITUCIÓN UNIVERSITARIA ESUMER
ELEMENTOS
Para los casos de huelgas, guerras, motines, daños por defecto de em-
balaje, demora, desgaste normal, insolvencia del transportista, se re-
comienda solicitar un seguro SR&CC (strikes riots and civil commo-
tions), con cláusulas explícitas.
Cláusulas tipos b y c
Proporcionan una cobertura solamente para los riesgos enumerados en
el contrato de seguro en forma explícita
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CONTRATACIÓN INTERNACIONAL
Recomendaciones
- Certificados de inspección.
- Certificados de calidad.
Frente a los riesgos de la calidad de producto
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INSTITUCIÓN UNIVERSITARIA ESUMER
• 46 •
CAPITULO X
SOLUCIONES ALTERNATIVAS DE CONFLICTO:
ARBITRAJE
Métodos Alternativos de Solución de Conflictos (MASC)
Son mecanismos reconocidos por convención o por ley para facilitar la
resolución de todo tipo de conflictos de carácter transigible sin la inter-
vención de las autoridades que constituyen la rama judicial del poder
público.
Transacción
AUTOCOMPOSITIVOS Conciliación
Mediación
Amigable Composición
HETEROCOMPOSITIVOS Arbitraje
Justicia de Paz
Justicia Ordinaria
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INSTITUCIÓN UNIVERSITARIA ESUMER
El arbitraje
Es el mecanismo de solución de conflictos de mayor eficacia a nivel
Mundial. Sus soportes son la Convención de Naciones Unidas sobre
el reconocimiento y Ejecución de Sentencias arbitrales extranjeras (NY
1958, México en 1971) y a nivel latinoamericano la Convención In-
teramericana sobre arbitraje Comercial Internacional (Panamá 1975,
México en 1978)
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CONTRATACIÓN INTERNACIONAL
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INSTITUCIÓN UNIVERSITARIA ESUMER
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REFERENCIA BIBLIOGRÁFICA
OPERTTI BADÁN, Didier (1998). El estado actual del tratamiento jurídico de los
contratos comerciales internacionales en el continente americano. En Los Principios
Unidroit: ¿Un derecho común de los contratos para las Américas? The Unidroit principles:
A Common law of contracts for the Americas? (p. 65). Congreso Interamericano. Intera-
merican Congress. Valencia (Venezuela). Capitolina 52, s.a.s. Roma, Italia.
Aguirre Andrade Alix y Nelly Manasías Fernandez, Los Principios Unidroit en las rela-
ciones comerciales internacionales. Universidad del Norte. Revista de Derecho No. 24.
2006.
http://www.uncitral.org/uncitral/es/uncitral_texts/sale_goods/1980CISG.html. (Pá-
gina de la Organización de las Naciones Unidas). Consultado el 1 de marzo de 2012.
http://www.uncitral.org/pdf/spanish/texts/transport/Rotterdam_Rules/09-85611_
Ebook.pdf (Página de la Organización de las Naciones Unidas). Consultado el 14 de
marzo de 2012.
http://www.google.com.co/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&ve-
d=0CCsQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.itescam.edu.mx%2Fprincipal%-
2Fsylabus%2Ffpdb%2Frecursos%2Fr74093.PPT&ei=bFliT4e7Esa0gwe5j4HbA-
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INSTITUCIÓN UNIVERSITARIA ESUMER
g&usg=AFQjCNFC-d2qBmSCOPgwnY3TPZ0YtrxwMg. Consultado el 17 de
marzo de 2012.
http://www.miamiinternationalarbitration.com/es/arbitraje-internacional.html.
Consultado el 17 de marzo de 2012.
• 52 •
CHAPTER I
THE POST-WAR WORLD AND THE POSITIONING
OF THE UNITED STATES
If we wonder why in essence international contracts are written in En-
glish and the dollar is the currency in which pecuniary obligations are
agreed, we should explore the following aspects:
• Both World War I and World War II strengthened the United States,
allowing them to be in world power. While the United States had to
make heavy expenditures its industrial production remained intact
while Japan, some African countries, Europe and other Asian coun-
tries were in ruins.
• The American hegemony ratified the end of the gold standard which
resulted in the standard dollar. There was high interference by the
Central Bank and Federal Reserve.
• The cumulation of the wars split the world in two; capitalism and
socialism. The Western side of capitalism is positioned (supply and
demand), which is embodied in international contracts.
• Destroyed countries begin a new cycle of reconstruction, largely
supported by American borrowing.
• The creation of international organizations arises from the need of
cooperation among Nations, including ECSC (European Commu-
nity of coal and steel), EUROTOM (European of Atomic Energy),
IMF, World Bank, GATT, etc.
Chronologically it could highlight these facts:
1876-1913
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INSTITUCIÓN UNIVERSITARIA ESUMER
1989: The Berlin wall falls and capitalism is consolidated at the global
level with a few exceptions.
ACTIVITY CHAPTER I:
In an extension of two (2) pages write an essay analyzing the relation-
ship between the world wars and the international business.
• 54 •
CHAPTER II
OBLIGATIONS
When the obligation is owed; options are to give, do or not do.
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INSTITUCIÓN UNIVERSITARIA ESUMER
The quasi-contracts
Contracts.
• 56 •
CHAPTER III
AN OVERVIEW OF CONTRACTS
Definition:
Classification:
Free and onerous contracts: Free contracts, one party receives the ben-
efit and in onerous contracts both sides receive the benefit.
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INSTITUCIÓN UNIVERSITARIA ESUMER
Real contracts: (rex: goods) the contract is agreed upon preceding the
delivery of the promise Example, mutual loans (loan of money)
The party who has tried to comply has the right to:
• 58 •
CHAPTER IV
VICES OF CONSENT
The vices of consent are those circumstances, facts or acts that directly
affect the will of one of the parties. This substantially affects the agree-
ment, in the majority of cases results the nullity of the same, i.e., with
retroactive effect, as if the contract had never existed.
The legal systems on each State can devote and classify the vices of con-
sent, generically known such as error, force and fraud.
Error in the substance of the contract thing. This error can occur
when the contract does not specify the characteristics of the good.. Ex-
ample: If a person believes that they are buying is gold, when in reality
you have purchased is bronze.
Error in the person. It affects the Vice of consent when the conditions,
qualities and skills of a given subject are the reason that led to the con-
tract.
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INSTITUCIÓN UNIVERSITARIA ESUMER
The force can be physical, like torture. It may also be moral, like a
threat.
This implies an inconsistency between the true will and action, the in-
ternal desire and the declared willingness which creates an imbalance in
the contract. The doctrine distinguishes errors that exclude the consent,
those which vitiate are legally irrelevant.
• 60 •
CHAPTER V
VIENNA CONVENTION
1980 The United Nations Convention on contracts for the
international sale of goods
Date of adoption: 11 April 1980
Purpose
Relevance
The purchase contract forms the basis for international trade in all
countries, regardless of their legal tradition or their level of economic
development. For this reason, it is considered that the United Nations
Sales Convention is one of the key instruments of international trade
that should be adopted by all countries of the world.
States that adopt the Convention have a modern and uniform legis-
lation governing the international sale of goods and that applies to all
sales transaction agreed between parties who have an establishment in
one of the Contracting States. In such cases, the Convention is applied
directly, without having to resort to the rules of private international
law to determine the law applicable to the contract, which contributes
significantly to provide certainty and predictability to contracts for the
international sale.
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INSTITUCIÓN UNIVERSITARIA ESUMER
Key Aspects
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CONTRATACIÓN INTERNACIONAL
property. In this part, the buyers are obliged to pay the stipulated price
and receive the goods delivered. In addition, this part of the Conven-
tion provides for common rules on the applicable remedies in cases of
breach of contract. The injured party may demand the fulfillment of
the contract, claim damages or the contract in the event of fundamental
breach. Additionally there are provisions regulating the passing of risk,
the prior breach of the contract, damages, and exemption from the
duty to comply with the contract.
• 63 •
CHAPTER VI
UNIDROIT PRINCIPLES
Definition
Current trade relations are not limited to local, regional or even nation-
al operations. Trends such as globalization, technology, and communi-
cations have accelerated the pace of business and the internal standard
is not only limited by aspects of jurisdiction but also of content by not
providing for the ways in which parts may agree on their agreements or
even how to deal with the wide range of disputes that may arise, such as
validity, compliance, damage, etc., may arise.
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INSTITUCIÓN UNIVERSITARIA ESUMER
The discussion on its nature lies on whether or not they are effective
principles or rules of law. At least in Colombia, the ruling C-155-07
gives the character of rule and not of general principles of law because
“they do not satisfy the conditions of the rule of recognition, and therefore
do not make part of the system because they are not materially reductibles
the Constitution”.
However, the text itself announces them as “Principles” but without the
purpose of restricting “the application of mandatory rules, at national, in-
ternational or supranational origin which may be applicable in accordance
with the relevant rules of private international law.” (Article 1.4 P.U),
that in turn are considered merely recommendations.
In any case, as Jorge Oviedo Albán points out “the principles of UNI-
DROIT to international commercial contracts, represent a new approach
to the international business law, and are an attempt to remedy many of
the shortcomings arising from the law applicable to such business. They are
not designed as a model of contract for any type of agreement terms in par-
ticular, nor constitute a form of international uniform law Convention on
international contracts.”
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CONTRATACIÓN INTERNACIONAL
was marked by the domestic break in the form of thinking and acting of
employers and the State, even to the detriment of the “disappearance”
of many traditional companies that not assimilated this change.
In the same way the legal system had undergone transformations try-
ing to get out of that environment for the settlement of international
disputes with national standards. An example of this is the law 518
1999 approving the Vienna Convention of 1980 on international sale
purchase of goods and subsequently law 32 of 1992 by means of which
approved the Organic Statute of the International Institute for the uni-
fication of private law.
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INSTITUCIÓN UNIVERSITARIA ESUMER
The Court found that the law allows the investor to refrain from sign-
ing the contract of legal stability or excludes the arbitration clause pro-
vided for in article 7 °, because he is not obliged to resign the rights that
can give him an international agreement in the field of investment and
arbitration, since the signing of the contract of legal stability and the
inclusion of the arbitration clause are voluntary.
• 68 •
CHAPTER VII
INTERNATIONAL SALE CONTRACT
Definition
The Consent
Contract details
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INSTITUCIÓN UNIVERSITARIA ESUMER
- Parties
- Contract subject
- Payment, deadlines and forms
Parts of the contract:
Thus the obligation of one is giving the money agreed and on the other,
delivers at the agreed time.
Price:
Method of payment:
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CONTRATACIÓN INTERNACIONAL
Means of payment:
Packaging - packaging:
The Vienna Convention of 1980 and the contract for the interna-
tional sale of goods.
• 71 •
CHAPTER VIII
CONTRACT OF INTERNATIONAL TRANSPORT OF
GOODS
Definition: The contract of carriage of goods is the one in which a
person with powers of disposal over them legally, hires other duly au-
thorized competent authority to transport or transfer in exchange for
financial compensation.
The carrier agrees to carry out the transfer of goods with conditions,
forms and agreed upon place, but is responsible for the goods until it
is delivered.
The contract of carriage of goods may be a third party that assumes the
shipment, establishing with the seller a prior contract where remission,
payment and delivery are agreed.
Special features:
The port or freight is the price that is paid to the carrier by the transfer
of the goods.
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INSTITUCIÓN UNIVERSITARIA ESUMER
• Title of credit, by which its legitimate holder has the right to with-
draw the goods transported. It can be nominative type, the order or
to the bearer. Issue by the shipping company or its agent within 24
hours from loading.
CMR waybill
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CONTRATACIÓN INTERNACIONAL
The Rotterdam rules provide a legal framework that takes into account
many technological and commercial developments that have occurred
in maritime transport since the old conventions were adopted.
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INSTITUCIÓN UNIVERSITARIA ESUMER
• Containers and trailers shall be loaded in such a way that can reaso-
nably support the trip by sea.
• If the damage occurs, the legal process has been simplified.
• The limitation for this period has been extended from one to two
years for countries that are Hague and Hague-Visby partners, which
have the largest number of Contracting States. In addition, the
name and address of the carrier shall be entered in the transport
document.
• The Rotterdam rules will be applicable to contracts for the carriage
of goods by sea and also referred to the land transport connection.
As a result, multimodal transport can be covered by a contract and a
legal regime.
• The Rotterdam rules establish the legal infrastructure for the deve-
lopment of electronic commerce in maritime transport. This affects
not only electronic documents of transport, but also the role of free
transport.
• The Convention describes the rights and obligations of all parties
with interests in the carriage of goods by sea.
• In the Convention, the rules are coordinated at the international
level. As a result, the international trade and transport can take place
more effective and more efficient.
Countries with an open economy dependent on foreign trade, which
includes countries worldwide, developing and landlocked, enjoy great-
er efficiency in international trade and transport.
• 76 •
CHAPTER IX
INSURANCE
Before we talk about insurance and proper contract of insurance, we
must refer to the risk; understood as the possibility of loss or disburse-
ment. Not all risk is with destruction or sinister acts; it may be a favor-
able fact.
(The possibility refers to an uncertain fact.) (The loss refers to the and
disbursement refers to the money)
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INSTITUCIÓN UNIVERSITARIA ESUMER
Relative value
Premium
Absolute value
Insured: 200,000
Regular: Any person can do it. (change of locks, locks on the doors)
Preventive modern:
- Strict Senso: attacks the risk from the origin (vaccines, yellow rib-
bons, signals)
- Preventive quasi: Targeting the human been (laws against murder,
security cameras)
- Rescue: Activated when an incident happen (alarms, sirens, police,
insurance)
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CONTRATACIÓN INTERNACIONAL
Insurance:
The insurance term comes from the Latin secūrus and has various uses
and meanings in the Spanish language. It is that which is true and in-
dubitable, or that appears free of risk and danger. The insurance word
is used as a synonym for security or certainty.
Contract of insurance
It is not the same contract of insurance that insurance policy, the con-
tract is the agreement of wills, the policy is the document that will
contain the obligations of the parties and through which compliance
is required:
Contract ≠ policy
Agreement of 2 wills title Executive
Bilateral to charge
Commutative - Random insurance
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INSTITUCIÓN UNIVERSITARIA ESUMER
Such mechanisms may reduce the degree of risk; inherent in its produc-
tion, in order to maintain its commercial activities.
Through which the assumption of risk shifts, either to the person who
performs the commercial transaction or to a third party foreign to that
transaction.
By means of the INCOTERMS the parties can agree on who will assume
possibly risks generated in one of the stages of the commercial operation.
Contract of carriage
Being the carrier and the shipper those who will keep the goods, they shall
assume the risk for any eventuality (unless expressly agreed otherwise).
Insurance contract
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CONTRATACIÓN INTERNACIONAL
PRECISION
One thing is that the company has the contractual obligation of insur-
ance. Another is that the company has the need to do so.
For example: when price pact in terms of IPC and the exporter,
However, the absence of this obligation in other words does not elimi-
nate the obvious need to obtain insurance. In such cases, the insurance
coverage is distributed according to the Division of the risk.
For example when agreement of price on terms FOB, the exporter will
need to secure the merchandise until just after the board of the ship
point where the contract will assume the risk.
COVERAGE
ELEMENTS
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INSTITUCIÓN UNIVERSITARIA ESUMER
In the floating insurance policy, the value of the risk insured on each
journey is deducted from the total value of the insurance contracted. In
the open policy the insurance limit is renewed automatically after each
journey.
Allow to define the risks covered by the policy, replacing and improv-
ing the clauses drafted by the Institute of London Underwriters, are
“against all risks”, “breakdown” or “free from particular failure”.
Although it provides more coverage, it does not always cover “all risks”,
for example: strikes, wars, damage by default packaging, delay, wastage
and insolvency of the carrier.
They only provide coverage for the risks listed in the contract of insur-
ance explicitly.
Recommendations
Indicate specifically and clearly the conditions and scope of the insur-
ance coverage.
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CONTRATACIÓN INTERNACIONAL
Transport risks
Credit insurance.
Certificates of inspection.
Quality certificates.
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INSTITUCIÓN UNIVERSITARIA ESUMER
Legal risks
Establish the applicable law, the competent courts and the mechanism
for the settlement of disputes (example ICC arbitration).
Investment risks
Know the market where it will invest with breadth and precision (eco-
nomics and non economic factors).
• 84 •
CHAPTER X
ALTERNATIVES SOLUTION OF CONFLICT:
ARBITRATION
Alternative methods of dispute resolution (MASC)
Transaction
AUTOCOMPOSITIVES Conciliation
Mediation
Friendly composition
HETEROCOMPOSITIVES Arbitration
Justice of peace
Ordinary courts
Arbitration clause: This clause must agree between the parties involved
in the contract and consists on the different ways of settlement provid-
ed for the alternative dispute resolution.
• Conflict: Event that allows the man to choose to resolve the differen-
ce by the way more direct and less costly.
• Autonomy: freedom which has humans to choose the most appro-
priate way to resolve the conflict.
• Legal backing: legitimation normative of the principle of the auto-
nomy of the will and practices that enable its application.
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INSTITUCIÓN UNIVERSITARIA ESUMER
The arbitration
At world wide level, It is the most efficient mechanism for settlement dis-
putes. Their supporters are the United Nations Convention on the recogni-
tion and enforcement of foreign arbitral awards (New York, 1958, Mexico
in 1971) and the Inter-American Convention on international commercial
arbitration (Panama 1975, Mexico in 1978) at Latin America Level.
With the steady increase in trade and investments around the world,
companies are more focused than ever in the need to find suitable means
to settle international disputes in the field of trade and investment. His-
torically, parties often look to systems of national courts in the event
of a dispute, and the party with better negotiation power could insist
on the implementation of its national law by their own national courts,
which placed the other party at a considerable disadvantage. At present,
companies have become more sophisticated and often try to find ways
and neutral places to resolve commercial disputes and international in-
vestors, as it is the use of international arbitration.
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CONTRATACIÓN INTERNACIONAL
The arbitral tribunal hears witnesses and receives other evidence and
legal arguments presented by the parties during hearings conducted in
a private setting, and emits a decision binding in relation to the dis-
pute. The Court issued its decision in the form of an award in writing,
which, comply with the New York Convention on the recognition and
enforcement of foreign arbitral awards, can implement and enforce in
many countries around the world. This means that arbitral awards are
usually easier to run internationally that statements obtained through
national courts, because there are very few international agreements
with regard to the enforcement of judicial decisions. As a result, a party
seeking to execute a Court of law in a foreign jurisdiction, generally
will have to undergo a long process with new legal proceedings in the
country where is intended to execute the judgment. In addition, arbi-
tral awards are more definitive than court judgments, due to the limited
capacity of appeal to those judgments. In summary, the international
arbitration provides fair, efficient and cost-effective means of resolving
trade disputes that may arise.
The main differences between the arbitral procedure and the judicial
procedure are basically:
• 87 •
REFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY
Martínez Triviño, María F. La necesidad de un sistema apropiado de normas de conflicto
en Colombia a la luz de los contratos internacionales. Concurso Germán Cavelier de
ensayo Universidad del Rosario. 2008.
OPERTTI BADÁN, Didier (1998). El estado actual del tratamiento jurídico de los
contratos comerciales internacionales en el continente americano. En Los Principios
Unidroit: ¿Un derecho común de los contratos para las Américas? The Unidroit principles:
A Common law of contracts for the Americas? (p. 65). Congreso Interamericano. Intera-
merican Congress. Valencia (Venezuela). Capitolina 52, s.a.s. Roma, Italia.
Aguirre Andrade Alix y Nelly Manasías Fernandez, Los Principios Unidroit en las relacio-
nes comerciales internacionales. Universidad del Norte. Revista de Derecho No. 24. 2006
http://www.uncitral.org/uncitral/es/uncitral_texts/sale_goods/1980CISG.html. (Pá-
gina de la Organización de las Naciones Unidas). Consultado el 1 de marzo de 2012.
http://www.uncitral.org/pdf/spanish/texts/transport/Rotterdam_Rules/09-85611_
Ebook.pdf (Página de la Organización de las Naciones Unidas). Consultado el 14 de
marzo de 2012.
http://www.google.com.co/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&ve-
d=0CCsQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.itescam.edu.mx%2Fprincipal%-
2Fsylabus%2Ffpdb%2Frecursos%2Fr74093.PPT&ei=bFliT4e7Esa0gwe5j4HbA-
g&usg=AFQjCNFC-d2qBmSCOPgwnY3TPZ0YtrxwMg. Consultado el 17 de
marzo de 2012.
http://www.miamiinternationalarbitration.com/es/arbitraje-internacional.html.
Consultado el 17 de marzo de 2012.
• 89 •
Contratacion internacional
Se terminó de imprimir en la Editorial L Vieco S.A.S. en el
mes de marzo de 2014, se utilizó la fuente tipográfica Adobe
Garamond Pro, carátula en propalcote 240g y las páginas
interiores en papel Bond de 75g