Documenti di Didattica
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fruit species
DEVIL GALA*
apple
I n terms of production, the apple is the most important species of fruit grown in Italy. With 2.2-2.3
metric tons produced annually, Italy vies with Poland for the highest annual production in Europe.
Italian production is stable or in slight increase, in contrast with Poland, which, due to cold damage,
has erratic production. International apple production is highly standardized, in terms of rootstocks
utilized (M9 and M9 clones) and tree training systems (slender spindle and spindle variants, in single
rows). Turnover of varietals has increased, with the use of more highly-coloured clones of traditional
cultivars such as Red Delicious, Gala, Fuji, Braeburn, etc., and also a growing number of new
introductions, often produced and sold with the “Club” formula to maintain control of the acreage
and the quality of apples sold in the fresh market. Of the two historically important varieties, Golden
Delicious has maintained its position as the most-cultivated variety in Italy, while the Red Delicious
group has decreased in importance. This trend has also been observed in the United States where
Red Delicious had been, for over a century, the dominant apple. Scab-resistant varieties are not
yet competitive with traditional cultivars but the number of these varieties with high fruit quality and
good storability are increasing. These varieties are better suited to organic cultivation than traditional
varieties are.
CLIMATE 700 m above sea level, where sumers are aware. Varieties
a large part of Italian apple in the Gala and Fuji group as
The most aesthetically pleasing production is concentrated. well as the historical Annurca
fruit (fine skin, no russetting, Generally, in low plains and find ideal growing conditions
bright red, long shape) and valleys the best flavour is in the plains of southern Italy
best storability are obtained in achieved, a fact of which in- and can be very satisfactorily
alpine valleys, or between 400- terested and informed con- produced there.
Apple rootstocks
rootstock origin vigour suitability positive negative
induced characteristics characteristics
Pajam® 1 Lancep* virus-free clone low irrigated fertile soil suitable for vigorous varieties slight suckering,
of M9 (-20% EMLA 9) spheroblasts
M9 T 337 NAKB virus-free clone low irrigated fertile soil affinity, early bearing, does poorly in heavy
of M9 (-15% EMLA 9) high production, fruit quality or drought-prone soils
M9 EMLA 9 virus-free clone medium-low irrigated fertile soil, affinity, early bearing, slight suckering,
of M9 even if heavy high production, fruit quality spheroblasts
Pajam® 2 Cepiland* virus-free clone medium-low irrigated fertile soil suitable for varieties suckering, produces
of M9 (+20% Pajam® 1) of medium vigour and medium spheroblasts
density orchards
M26 cross of M16* M9 medium irrigated fertile soil for spur or low-vigour not suited to asphytic soils
virus-free clone (+25% T 337 NAKB) varieties
Supporter® 4 Pi 80* cross of M16* M4 medium varied soil types for spur or low-vigour varieties
virus-free clone (+25% T 337 NAKB)
M106 Northern Spy* M1 high (+50-70% varied soil types, for spur or low-vigour varieties excessive vigour with
virus-free clone T 337 NAKB) except for compacted standard varieties
and waterlogged soils
M111 Northern Spy* Merton 973 high (+70-90% varied soil types, even for spur or low-vigour varieties excessive vigour with
virus-free clone T 337 NAKB) drought-prone and standard varieties
calcareous soils
SOIL is M9, due to its low vigour, early to its affinity for all cultivars and
bearing and good production; it very low vigour (15-20% less
Rootstocks currently used (M9, does require support. The most than M9 EMLA), which make
M9 clones, Paradise clones) can common clones are M9 T337 it particularly suited to modern
be grown in all soil types except- NAKB, Pajam®1Lancep*, Pa- intensive orchards. Also, it pro-
ing extreme water-logging, ex- jam®2 Cepiland*, and M9 duces few burr knots, which in-
cess active lime, anomalous pH, EMLA. M9 T337 NAKB is the stead are present on M9 EMLA.
etc. The superficial root systems clone most used currently due Pajam®1Lancep*, even less vig-
of these rootstocks require irriga-
tion under even the most favour- Training systems and orchard spacing
able growing conditions.
training system tree spacing (m) trees/ha
slender spindle (hills, mountains) 3-3,2 * 0,8-1,2 2600-4160
ROOTSTOCK slender spindle (plains, valley) 3,5-3,7 * 0,9-1,3 2080-3180
SELECTION solaxe 4-4,5*1,2-1,5 1480-2080
V 3,5*0,7-0,8 3500-4000
Choice of rootstock is a key part super spindle 3-3,2*0,5 5700
of the process of putting in a trellised-Y 3,5*1 2860
new orchard. Graft affinity, vigour candelabra 3,5*1,5-2 1400-1900
control, early bearing and main-
taining adequate production are
the prerequisites for a rootstock. GOLDEN 527, 1st growing season
Over the years the English re-
search station in East Malling has
introduced the rootstocks M9,
M26 and M106 and their derived
clones, which are now an inte-
gral part of nursery production.
The evolution of higher density
orchards made dwarfing root-
stocks such as M9 necessary,
while M26 and M106 are used
where more vigour is required,
such as with spur cultivars and
in organic orchards. By far, the
most commonly used rootstock
TRAINING
SYSTEMS
TRELLISED-Y
This system uses Y-pruned trees
ZHEN® AZTEC*
with the two main scaffolds ori-
ented along the rows, to create
a high and narrow wall of foliage
and fruit with improved light inter-
ception. The trellised-Y is appro-
priate for vigorous varieties. The
two main branches divide the
vegetative force of the tree over
more growing points, reducing
the bulk of the tree. This system
can be established in the field,
by topping new trees at planting
time, or by obtaining preformed
nursery stock. A modified form of
the Y is the candelabra, with tree
vigour distributed between three
main scaffolds.
SOLAXE
Both this form and the pruning
technique, called “Condotta
Centrifuga”, have been studied
and tested in France by a group
led by Dr. J. M. Lespinasse.
Solaxe does not use renewal
pruning. Branches are left intact
with all of the side branches
that form over time. Pruning,
other than bending of branches The above procedures make it POLLINATION
in the first years as is done in possible to avoid some of the
the slender spindle, consists problems typical of the spindle When in the planning phase of a
of removing branches that are when grown in plains or valley new orchard, it is necessary to
no longer fruitful and select- areas, reducing the presence of consider adequate cross-polli-
ing branches to evenly distrib- bitter pit (natural consequence nation. In mono-varietal orchards
ute fruiting wood through the of severe pruning). at least 10-15% of pollinizers
canopy. The problem with this must be included along the rows
training system is diminishing V-SYSTEM (even out of the rows); in these
fruit size as productive wood This training system is formed cases Granny Smith is the best
ages, since renewal pruning is with trees oriented 30° from cultivar to use due to its early
not used. To get around this, perpendicular to the ground, bloom and sensitivity to thinning
and to improve fruit colour, the which form two productive agents which guarantees strong
“Condotta Centrifuga” was walls. This system requires bloom the following year. Flow-
developed as described below: more structural support than ering apples such as Evereste
1) limbs are bent nearly horizon- the classic spindle, but comes and Prof. Sprenger can also be
tally, 2) the basal scaffold limbs into bearing earlier which com- used as pollinizers. In orchards
are ~1m off the ground, 3) all pensates for the larger per hec- with multiple varieties, separated
vegetation within 40-50 cm of tare investment. The V-system by not more than 4-6 rows, it is
the trunk is removed to create is suitable in mountain areas, not necessary to put pollinizers
a column of light, moving ap- as in plains and valleys it can along the rows. In order to opti-
ple production further from the produce fruit with inadequate mize quantity and quality of yield,
trunk and improving apple col- colour in the lower and inner it is advisable to have at least 4-5
ouration and flavour, 4) removal canopy. Pruning of individual hives of honeybees per hectare.
of buds or bud clusters to sim- trees is as described for the Alternatively, bumblebees can be
plify management. spindle. used (2-4 hives/ha).
DEVIL GALA*
IRRIGATION
pends strongly on the grow- replacement is benzyladenine thinning is not uniform across
ing environment. Today almost (BA), effective only on some of years, and sometimes pygmy
all chemical thinning products the most important cultivars and fruit are noted. In addition to
are hormonal. The end of the groups (Golden, Fuji, Gala par- benzyladenine, naphthalene
use of Carbaryl (2008) forced tially). It has almost no thinning acetamide (NAD) can be used
growers to change their thin- effect on standard and spur Red at petal fall to prepare the trees
ning strategies; the suggested Delicious. The effect of chemical for the next spray. This prod-
FRUIT
APPEARANCE
Progressive levels
of starch degradation
in cross-sectioned apples
When work
becomes passion.
SAE successfully solves any problem related to crop
protection since 1946, by adapting its original fan systems
to the features of the plantations, on the basis
of the tractor power used: the availability of 38 fan systems,
with axial and centrifugal blowers, confirms it.
From tropical plants, to the traditional vineyard and orchards,
from plant nurseries to greenhouses, from olive trees
to citrus orchards, SAE can always provide you
with the most suitable air sprayer.
SERVIZIO DI ACCERTAMENTO DELLE
CARATTERISTICHE FUNZIONALI
DELLE MACCHINE AGRICOLE
CERTIFICATO n° 05 - 073
Certifying
our products
has always been
a guarantee.
Irroratrice: Turbmatic P 65/300 Exp.
Ditta: S.A.E. di Poltronieri & C. S.a.s.
Via Due Abeti, 17/A - 44100 Ferrara
Roma, 1996
Yours.
Certifying our air sprayers is essential for us, always,
in order to provide a guarantee to our Customers about
performance and safety of the products. We have always
obtained these results relying on the most recognized
Certification Authorities of the sector. We have achieved
positive results concerning, for example, the distribution
of the chemical, the symmetrical air flow and the mixing
capacity in the tank. The low power absorption
is one of our winning characteristics, thanks to fan systems
which deliver from 2300 to 3000 m3 of air/hour kw:
this allows to obtain high performances with tractors
of medium-low power, with minimum fuel consumption
and less pollution.
www.turbmatic.com - www.portersae.com
Range “P” Towers
Tractor mounted sprayers:
with rear aspiration
available with tanks from 300 Available with propellers
to 1000 liters, of ø 650-810-910 mm
extremely robust and air flow
frames suitable regulators.
to be assembled
with all
TURBMATIC
fan systems.
Tower “TWIN”
with front aspiration Double fan system
and tangential distribution for high productivity.
www.turbmatic.com - www.portersae.com
Centrifugal Centrifugal
blowers with blowers
flexible terminal with rigid
“TF” terminal
To always
“TR”
hit the target.
Available
in 7 versions
for tractors
with power
from 30 cv.
Fork
Lifts
The transportation of the goods is safer
with the quality of the PORTER fork-lifts: frame
in laminated steel and sliding on bearings,
Duplex or Triplex, with one or two Thanks to our experience developed
on the field, in Italy and Abroad,
lifting cylinders. and our propensity to understand the problems
and find new solutions, we have always been
The PORTER range offers models with able to innovate, manage and solve any
lifting height ranging from 1800 to 4000 mm situation concerning differences within territory,
climate and cultivation methods. Because
and lifting capacity from 1000 to 2000 kg. our most important target is called future.
Gener al char ac teris tic s : Fruit FUJI (GROUP) until 1970, when the perfection of
of medium-size but of high spe- Ripening date: medium-late, about orchard management techniques
cific weight. Dark red over at 20 days after Golden Delicious. to attain high quality standards
least 40% of skin, flesh is firm Origin: The original variety was (colour and size) and the availabil-
and compact though it tends to selected in Japan (Morioka) in 1939, ity of new clones made Fuji more
lose texture when grown in val- from a cross of Rall’s Janet x Red popular in Japan and then interna-
ley s and plains. Suit able for Delicious. tionally. It is well-suited to plains
long storage; compact semi-spur General characteristics: The fruit and valleys; requires careful thin-
tree. Variety especially suited to of the original variet y is t wo- ning to avoid alternate bearing.
mountainous areas, susceptible toned, firm-fleshed, juicy and
to bitter pit. crisp, sweet and slightly acidic; - KIKU® Fubrax*
red blush is striped or uniform Origin: Cornaiano (BZ), Italy; muta-
- ROYAL BRAEBURN* depending on the clone, much tion of Fuji Kiku®8Brak*
Origin: New Zealand more highly coloured than the Proprietor: Kiku srl, Italy.
Proprietor: Mondial Fruit Selection original variety. Stores very well, General characteristics: recently
SARL, France comparable to Golden Delicious; introduced clone, with intense
General characteristics: clone with m ul t iple p a s s e s t h r o u g h t h e red striping, better colour of fruit
intense brightly striped coloration, orchard at harvest guarantee ade- with les s sun ex posur e than
much superior to the original. quate colour. Not widely grown Kiku®8Brak*; excellent fruit quality.
GOLDEN 527®
- ANNAGLO* other earliest clones; this is the - RUBY GALA® Gala Rossa*
Origin: New Zealand. most coloured clone of Gala cur- Origin : mutation of Gala Must
Proprietor: Mondial Fruit Selection rently available. noticed in New Zealand.
SARL, France. Proprietor: Fruit Growing Equipment,
General characteristics : clone - GALAXY* Italy.
with prominent thin and regu- Origin: mutation selected in New Gener al c har ac t er is tic s : t r ee
lar stripes, blush extensive and Zealand, matures 25-27 days before with medium vigour and high and
bright, early variety with good Golden Delicious. consistent yield, uniform exten-
colour even in plains areas; pro- Proprietor: MFS/Valois, France. sive colouration even in plains
nounced bright red colour over the General characteristics: striped areas. Develops colour at the
whole fruit surface, about 5-7 days clone, stripes develop early and same time as Annaglo*. This is
before other clones; high and con- are more pronounced than Mondial the best clone of its type for uni-
sistent production, large fruit size, Gala® Mitchgla*. Vivai F.lli Zanzi form colouration. Fruit are not
excellent flavour. Physiological uses buds originating from Valois’ subject to cracking.
maturity is reached a few days “Selecta®”, with more prominent
before the other clones. stripes and less subject to colour - SCHNIGA® Schnitzer *
loss. Origin: Italy.
- DEVIL GALA* Proprietor: Schniga srl, Italy.
Origin: mutation noticed and selected - ROYAL BEAUT® Proselect* General characteristics: striped
in Italy. Origin: Robert Zulch, Wakkerstorm, clone suited for all areas, espe-
Proprietor: Vivai F.lli Zanzi, Italy South Africa. ciall y f oo t hills, w her e i t has
General characteristics : vigor- Proprietor: Johann Nicolai, Belgium. high and consistent production.
ous tree, consistent high yield. Gener al c har ac t er is tic s : t his Fruit with prominent stripes of
Uniform lar ge fr uit size, with clone develops colour early, as in intense dark red. The introduc-
in t en s e dar k r ed c olour o v er Annaglo*; colouration is dark red tion of the virus-free clone has
the entire fruit surface; reddish with slight striping; good coloura- improved the general character-
stem. Fruit develop colour very tion also in plains areas. Size and istics.
early, about 7 days before the yield high and consistent.
GOLDRUSH® COOP38*
coloration (this varietal group is extremely productive, fruit uni- face of the fruit. Colour develops
placed among red and not-bicol- formly dark red, high qualit y. early.
our apples). Ripens at the same time as Early
Red One® Erovan*, about 5 days - RED CHIEF® Camspur*
- EARLY RED ONE® Erovan* before Red Delicious spur types. Ripening date: -12 Golden Delicious.
Origin: mutation discovered in the Fruit is conic, symmetric, slightly Origin: mutation of King Oregon
USA ribbed; large size, higher quality Spur discovered in Georgia (USA).
Proprietor: Mondial Fruit Selection than other Red Delicious clones. Proprietor: Fruit Growing Equipment,
SARL, France Stores well with (7 months) and Italy.
General characteristics: standard wi t hou t ( 3 mon t h s ) modified Gener al char ac teris tic s : spur
form, of medium vigour and early atmosphere. clone, tree of high vigour and pro-
bearing; intense red colour. ductivity; fruit of medium-large
- RED CAP® VALTOD* size with marked striping over the
- JEROMINE* Origin: USA. fruit.
Origin: French mutation of Early Red Proprietor: KIKU srl, Italy.
One® Erovan* General characteristics: spur-type - SCARLET SPUR® Evasni*
Proprietor: Mondial Fruit Selection tree of medium-high vigour, con- Origin: American mutation of Oregon
SARL, France sistently high yield; fruit of uniform- Spur.
General characteristics: stand- ly large size, conic and elongated, Proprietor: Mondial Fruit Selection
ard form of medium-low vigour, bright red colour over the entire sur- SARL, France.
- SUPERCHIEF® Sandidge*
Origin: mutation of Red Chief®
Camspur*.
Proprietor: Pépinières du Valois,
France.
Gener al char ac teris tic s : spur
clone, perfect fruit shape: regular,
elongated, with 5 points evident.
Brilliant intense red on 100% of
the fruit surface. The clone of ref-
erence. High and consistent yield,
good flavour.
FLORINA
Ripening date: +10 days Golden
Delicious.
Proprietor: INRA, France.
General characteristics: French
cultivar, very vigorous, round fruit
with intense red blush and average
flavor.
GOLDEN ORANGE*
Ripening date: +8 days Golden
Delicious.
Origin: A. Bergamini
ROYAL BRAEBURN* Proprietor: CRA - FRF Forlì, Italy
General characteristics: fruit conic,
regular, symmetrical; yellow skin
with red blush in the part exposed
to the sun; flesh firm, crisp, juicy,
interesting, as it mirrors the pref- General characteristics: fruit is with pleasant sweet flavor and
erences of modern consumers, conic, regular, symmetric, with aroma, with sufficient acidity. Tree
who want crispness, firmness, yellow skin and red uniform blush of medium vigour and open growth
aroma and good flavour. with slight stripes; flesh is firm, habit, high yield and early bearing.
crisp and juicy, aromatic with Average susceptibility to powdery
pleasant flavor. Good s tor age mildew. AVAILABLE FROM 2015.
VARIETIES RESISTANT potential. Tree of medium vigour
TO SCAB and open growth habit, fruits on GOLDRUSH® Coop38*
spurs. Highly productive, early Ripening date: +30 days Golden
BAUJADE bearing. In addition to being Delicious.
Ripening date: +15 days Golden resistant to scab, it is resistant Origin: American cultivar selected by
Delicious. to powdery mildew. Prof. J. Janick, Purdue University.
Origin: France. Proprietor: CRPV, Italy; exclusive to
General characteristics: fruit is CRIMSON CRISP® Coop39* Zanzi Vivai within Italy.
completely green with prominent Ripening date: -8-10 days Golden General characteristics: tree of
green lenticels, flavor and aroma Delicious. medium-low vigour, ver y pro-
similar to Granny Smith. Origin: American cultivar selected by ductive, fruits with high specific
Prof. J. Janick, Purdue University. weigh t ; Golden -t y pe, yello w -
BRINA* Proprietor: CRPV, Italy; exclusive to green colour with evident lenti-
Ripening date: +7 days Golden Zanzi Vivai within Italy. cels (no russetting); flesh very
Delicious. General characteristics: fruit is firm, crisp and juicy; pleasant
Origin: A. Bergamini spheric, symmetrical, with brilliant flavour, bo th acidic and ver y
Proprietor: CRA red over much of the skin; flesh sweet. Good storage potential.
From bud swell Up to 50% Full bloom Petals fall - Fruit Walnut-sized Fruit Picking
to pink bunches flowering setting fruit enlargement
soil application
20 l/ha 20 l/ha
IDROL-VEG Increases the soil microflora and improves the soil structure Improves the fertilizers absorption
and prevents the leaching
foliar application
2 kg/ha 3 kg/ha
LEVO-ENERGY Biostimulant, enhances the vegetation growth. Prevents and cares Prevents the alternation of production. Enhances the fruit deve-
from frost and spring stress lopment . Helps the plant to whitstand the high temperatures
3 l/ha
IDROL-VEG Enhances the absorption and the effectiveness of pesticides treatements (acid pH).
Helps buds differentation and improves the uniform coloration of the skin
EVOL 5 l/ha by 3-6 times for the fruit enlargement. Improves the
preservation and the shelf-life. Reduces the fruit loss of weight
APPLE CANKER
(Nectria galligena) COPPER HYDROXIDE 25% 140-150 g/hl
(Dysaphis plantaginea)
BUTTON
FIRE BLIGHT
PREVENTION ACIBENZOLAR S METILE 50% 15 g/hl
(Erwinia amylovora)
(Venturia inaequalis)
DELAN 70 WG DITHIANON 70% 80-120 g/hl
MERPAN 80 WG CAPTANO 80% 150 g/hl
POWDERY MILDEW
(Podosphaera PENCONAZOLO 20% 15-20 ml/hl
leucotricha)
MITES ABAMECTIN 1,84% Add
(Panonychus ulmi (VERTIMEC EC) BREAK-THRU® S 240
e Tetranycus urticae) 75 ml/hl 250 ml/ha
APPLE RUST MITE ABAMECTIN 1,75%
(VERTIMEC PRO) or 0,25% mineral oil.
(Aculus Schlechtendali)
TORTRIX MOTHS EMAMECTINA BENZOATE
(Pandemis cerasana 250-300 g/hl
0,95%
spp,Archipis podanus
spp, Adoxophyes orana
spp, Argyrotaenia STEWARD INDOXACARB 30% 16,5 g/hl
pulchellana)
APHIDS PYMETROZINE 50% 40 g/hl
(Aphis pomi e Aphis citricola)
Spray 4 times: first at petal
FRUIT APPEARANCE GA4+GA7 10% 5-6 g/hl fall then at 10-day intervals.
(Cydia pomonella)
DURSBAN 75 WG CLORPIRIFOS ETILE 75% 55-70 g/hl
SMALL FRUIT
PRODUCTS OF THE SYNGENTA GROUP ARE IDENTIFIED WITH THEIR RESPECTIVE LOGOS.
THE FOLLOWING TABLES INCLUDE CROP PROTECTION PRODUCTS AUTHORIZED IN ITALY AT THE DATE THIS DOCUMENT WAS CREATED.
UNITEC S.p.A.
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