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Abstract - In developing countries like India, in distribution Fig.1 shows classification of voltage variation in power
network due to increasing number of nonlinear loads that system which is based on time duration[4]. Voltage sag can
injects harmonics in the system results in various types of be stated as, reduction between 0.1 and 0.9 pu in rms voltage
power quality problems. Thus, for overcoming reactive for duration between 0.5 cycle to 1 min at power frequency
power burden and to lessen power quality issues such as and Voltage swell can be stated as an increase to between 1.1
voltage dip, voltage swell and flicker as well as adverse and 1.8 pu in rms voltage for duration between 0.5 cycle to 1
harmful effects being caused by various types of load, it min at power frequency. When inductive load on the
becomes crucial to take positive steps in this direction. For distribution line is increased it results into heavy reactive
this different types of FACTS devices can be used such as power burden on entire distribution system and it affects
SVC, DVR, TCSC, STATCOM, UPFC, and DSTATCOM. different parameters of the power system, which results in
DSTATCOM is a power conditioning device which has different technical problems in the distribution line[9]. These
capability to overcome issues of power quality in challenges have been responded by the power industry with
distribution system. The work presented here emphasize on the technology of flexible AC transmission systems or
the DSTATCOM simulation and its performance under FACTS like DSTATCOM[1]. A Distribution static
different load conditions. DSTATCOM design and control compensator (DSTATCOM) is used for voltage sag, swell,
performance during normal operation as well as during fluctuation mitigation, reactive power management and
variation in loading condition is verified by using elimination of harmonic in the distribution system[8]. The
MATLAB Simulink. working of DSTATCOM is controlled by switching of
devices which depends on gate pulse generated using control
Keywords- Voltage sag, Voltage swell, Reactive power algorithm for extracting reference current components.
compensation, DSTATCOM. Different control schemes for generation of current
components are unit template algorithm, instantaneous
reactive power theory[6-7], Synchronous references frame
I. INTRODUCTION theory[11]. This paper is illustrated in six sections as follows,
Nowadays, even though the power generation is fairly introduction, DSTATCOM operation, control algorithm,
reliable the quality of power is not always so reliable which design requirements according to test system, simulation
causes power quality (PQ) problems and as the need of non- model and result, and the concluding remarks.
linear load in distribution line increases PQ issues results as a
severe problem. Currently distribution system suffers from
number of PQ problems[4], like voltage sag, swell, flicker and II. DSTATCOM OPERATION
according to the power quality survey voltage sag is DSTATCOM being a shunt connected device
considered to be one of the most complicated issue suffered comprise of a three leg voltage source converter (VSC)
by industrial and commercial customers[5], and it has harmful having 6 IGBTs, three inductor and DC energy storage as
impact on the behavior of the induction motor, adjustable shown in fig.2. DSTATCOM can also be considered as a
speed drives (ASD), process control systems and synchronous condenser (or compensator) which can provide
computers[6]. variable reactive power and regulation of the voltage of the
bus where DSTATCOM is connected. DSTATCOM can
provide fast energy response or provide even better response
than synchronous condenser. The three phase generated
voltages are linked with the utility grid using coupling
reactor or coupling transformer. Correct modification of
phase and magnitude of DSTATCOM output voltage permits
better regulation of real and reactive power flow between
utility grid and DSTATCOM.
If = , no real and reactive power flow between
DSTATCOM and utility grid. When < , DSTATCOM
acts as a capacitive reactance connected at its terminal.
Fig.1.Classification of voltage sag and swell
978-1-5386-9439-8/19/$31.00 ©2019 IEEE 366
Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Trends in Electronics and Informatics (ICOEI 2019)
IEEE Xplore Part Number: CFP19J32-ART; ISBN: 978-1-5386-9439-8
=Overloading factor
V =Phase voltage in Volt.
I = Phase current in Amp.
= Nominal DC voltage
=Minimum DC voltage level.
t = Time required for DC bus voltage recovery.
The choice of the inductance ( ) of VSC is based on current
ripple ( ), switching frequency ( ) and DC bus voltage
( ) and calculated as:
Fig.2. DSTATCOM connected in power system.
3mVdc
Lf (6)
The device generates capacitive reactive power and current 12 f s I cr
that flows from DSTATCOM to utility grid. If > , The tuning of high-pass filter is done at half the switching
DSTATCOM acts as an inductive reactance coupled at its frequency and used for filtering out the noise or the
terminal. The device absorbs reactive power and current flows switching ripples from the PCC.
from utility grid to DSTATCOM. The real and reactive power
exchange between test system and DSTATCOM equations are
as follows. III. CONTROL ALGORITHM
V pccVst In unit template algorithm, Proportional-Integral and
P sin (1) hysteresis controller are implemented as control system in
Xt which generation of inphase and quadrature component is
V 2
VpccVst estimated from instantaneous value of voltage measured at
pcc
Q cos (2) point of common coupling. Gating pulse generation
Xt Xt
determines the dynamic and transient performance of
The current injected by the DSTATCOM is given by: DSTATCOM. The following steps are involved for
implementation of the proposed strategy.
Vst Vpcc Measuring system voltage and current at PCC.
I st (3)
jX t Signal conditioning.
Estimation of reference signals.
where, = Voltage at point of common coupling
Gating pulses generation for switching devices.
= DSTATCOM voltage.
= Total line reactance. The main purpose of control strategy of the DSTATCOM is
to evaluate the reference signal from feedback signals. The
Based on degree of unbalance and required reactive power three-phase reference source currents are calculated from
compensation the rating of the DSTATCOM is determined three-phase AC voltages ( , and ) and DC bus voltage
which will be present in the load. The VSC model incorporates ( ) of DSTATCOM. These reference load currents
the DC bus voltage level, voltage that will operate the comprise of two components that is in-phase ( ∗ ) and
capacitance of DC bus and the rating of switches. The quadrature ( ∗ ) with the supply voltage. The control
minimum DC bus voltage of the VSC of DSTATCOM should strategy is illustrated in Fig.3
be greater than twice of the peak of the phase voltage of the The mathematical modeling of control algorithm for
distribution system[20]. The voltage of DC bus is evaluated as DSTATCOM is as follows:
follows: Magnitude of source voltage ( ):
2 2V pcc 2
Vdc (4) Vt V
a 2 Vb 2 Vc 2 (7)
3m 3
where, m is modulation index generally it is assumed to be 1 or Inphase components of supply voltage:
0.8.
The DC bus capacitor design is based on the instantaneous
Va Vb Vc
Vda , Vdb , Vdc (8)
energy available to the DSTATCOM during the transient Vt Vt Vt
condition. The principle of the energy conversion is applied as:
1 Quadrature components of supply voltage:
Cdc V 2 dc V 2 dc1 K 3V It (5)
2
Vdb Vdc
Vqa (9)
where, = capacitor value in Farad. 3 3
978-1-5386-9439-8/19/$31.00 ©2019 IEEE 367
Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Trends in Electronics and Informatics (ICOEI 2019)
IEEE Xplore Part Number: CFP19J32-ART; ISBN: 978-1-5386-9439-8
3 V V
Vqb da db dc
V (10) Total reference load currents:
2 3 Three-phase instantaneous reference load currents
( ∗ , ∗ , ∗ ) are calculated by adding in-phase
3 V V ( ∗
, ∗
,and ∗
) and quadrature components of load
Vqc V da db dc (11) ∗ ∗
2 3 currents ( , and ∗ )
Inphase components of reference load current: I sa * I saq * I sad * (20)
By using one proportional integral controller the instantaneous
* * *
values of in-phase component of reference load currents is I sb I sbq I sbd (21)
calculated over the average value of DC bus voltage ( ) of I sc * I scq * I scd * (22)
the DSTATCOM and reference DC voltage ( ).
Hysteresis current control:
I sd K pd VdcR e f Vdc K idVdcer (12) For generating switching IGBT pulses of the VSC the
comparison of original load current is done with reference
I sad * I sdVda
(13) current in hysteresis current controller. The current error is
I sbd * I sdVdb (14) evaluated as.
I sae I sa* I sa (23)
I scd * I sdVdc
(15)
*
I sbe I sb I sb
(24)
Quadrature components of reference load current:
I sce I sc* I sc
(25)
By using second proportional integral controller the magnitude
of quadrature component of reference load currents is This controller consists of a band called as hysteresis band
calculated over the amplitude of supply voltage ( ) and its having value ‘h’. Whenever the value of error which is
reference value ( ) generated using difference between reference source current
i.e. from unit template algorithm and actual source current
I sq K pq VtR e f Vt K iqVter (16) exceeds ‘+h’, the pulses are given to the lower set of
switches of VSC. Similarly when the error generated is less
I saq * I sqVqa (17)
than ‘-h’ pulses will be given to the upper set of switches of
I sbq * I sqVqb (18) VSC[10].
I scq * I sqVqc (19)
Fig.3.Control system block diagram of DSTATCOM
TABLE 1.DSTATCOM parameter
IV. DESIGN SPECIFICATION.
Parameter Value
The complete system is divided into three sections, that is Capacitor voltage (V) 700 V
test system, DSTATCOM and control system. Table 1 shows Capacitance (C) 9000µF
DSTATCOM system parameters and table 2 shows power Filter Inductance (Lf) 0.595H
system parameters. Filter Capacitance (Cf) 94 µF
978-1-5386-9439-8/19/$31.00 ©2019 IEEE 368
Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Trends in Electronics and Informatics (ICOEI 2019)
IEEE Xplore Part Number: CFP19J32-ART; ISBN: 978-1-5386-9439-8
a) Simulation Model
Fig.6.System voltage and system current waveform.
b) Simulation Results
Without DSTATCOM:
Case 1: At start DSTATCOM is not coupled with test system
and a fixed three phase resistive load of 50 kW is coupled to
the line for generating voltage sag during 0.3 sec. to 0.8 sec.
When the circuit breaker of fixed three phase load is closed
at 0.3 sec it is found that voltage at PCC is reduced from
460V to 340V which means voltage sag magnitude is 120V
i.e. 73.91% of system voltage is available as illustrated in
fig.7.
Fig.4.Simulink model of complete system Case 2: Here fixed three phase resistive load of 100 kW is
coupled to the line for generating voltage sag during 0.3 sec.
to 0.8 sec. When the circuit breaker of fixed three phase load
is closed at 0.3 sec. it is found that voltage at PCC is reduced
from 460V to 260V which means voltage sag magnitude is
200V i.e. 56.21% of system voltage is available as illustrated
in fig.8.
Case 3: Here fixed three phase resistive load of 150 kW is
coupled to the line for generating voltage sag during 0.3 sec.
to 0.8 sec. When the circuit breaker of fixed three phase load
is closed at 0.3 sec. it is found that voltage at PCC is reduced
from 460V to 210V which means voltage sag magnitude is
250V i.e. 45.65% of system voltage is available as illustrated
in fig.9.
Fig.5. Subsystem of DSTATCOM
978-1-5386-9439-8/19/$31.00 ©2019 IEEE 369
Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Trends in Electronics and Informatics (ICOEI 2019)
IEEE Xplore Part Number: CFP19J32-ART; ISBN: 978-1-5386-9439-8
Fig.10.Compensated voltage and current waveform during
Fig.7. Load voltage and load current waveform during 73.91% sag.
73.91% of sag in absence of DSTATCOM
Fig.11.Compensated voltage and current waveform during
56.21% sag.
Fig.8.Load voltage and load current waveform during
56.21% of sag in absence of DSTATCOM
Fig.12. DSTATCOM output voltage waveform.
Fig.13. DSTATCOM currentwaveform for 50kW load
Fig.9. Load voltage and load current waveform during waveform.
45.65% of sag in absence of DSTATCOM
With DSTATCOM:
Here DSTATCOM is coupled to the test system. The
waveforms obtained illustrated in Fig.10 and Fig.11
illustrates the compensation effectiveness. The Load voltage Fig.14. DSTATCOM current waveform for 100kW load
is nearly compensated to its original magnitude (432.5V)
without any disturbance, the load currents are also
compensated to its original magnitude shown in fig.10. Both
Load voltage and load current waveforms shows momentary
distortions at the coupling and decoupling instant. Fig.12, 13,
14, 15 shows DSTATCOM output current during sag interval
(0.3 sec-0.8sec). Fig.15. DSTATCOM current waveform for 150kW load
978-1-5386-9439-8/19/$31.00 ©2019 IEEE 370
Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Trends in Electronics and Informatics (ICOEI 2019)
IEEE Xplore Part Number: CFP19J32-ART; ISBN: 978-1-5386-9439-8
978-1-5386-9439-8/19/$31.00 ©2019 IEEE 371