UNIT 1

1.What is meant by finite element?

A small units having definite shape of geometry and nodes is called finite element.
2. What is meant by node or joint?
Each kind of finite element has a specific structural shape and is inter- connected with
the adjacent element by nodal point or nodes. At the nodes, degrees of freedom are
located. The forces will act only at nodes at any others place in the element.

3. What is the basic of finite element method?

Discretization is the basis of finite element method. The art of subdividing a structure
in to convenient number of smaller components is known as discretization.

4. What are the types of boundary conditions?

I. Primary boundary conditions

II. Secondary boundary conditions

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5. State the methods of engineering analysis?

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I. Experimental methods C
S.
II. Analytical methods
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III. Numerical methods or approximate methods

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6. What are the types of element?

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I. 1D element
II. 2D element
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III. 3D element
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7. State the three phases of finite element method.

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1. Preprocessing
2. Analysis
3. Post Processing

8. What is structural problem?

Displacement at each nodal point is obtained. By these displacements solution stress and
strain in each element can be calculated.

9. What is non structural problem?

Temperature or fluid pressure at each nodal point is obtained. By using these values
properties such as heat flow fluid flow for each element can be calculated.

10. What are the methods are generally associated with the finite element analysis?
1. Force method
2. Displacement or stiffness method.

11. Explain stiffness method.

 Displacement or stiffness method, displacement of the nodes is considered as the
unknown of the problem. Among them two approaches, displacement method is
desirable.

12. What is meant by post processing?

Analysis and evaluation of the solution result is referred to as post processing. Postprocessor
computer program help the user to interpret the result by displaying them in graphical form.

13. Name the variation methods.

1. Ritz method.
2. Ray-Leigh Ritz method.

14. What is meant by degrees of freedom?

When the force or reaction act at nodal point node is subjected to deformation. The
deformation includes displacement rotation, and or strains. These are collectively known as degrees

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of freedom

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15. What is meant by discretization and assemblage?
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The art of subdividing a structure in to convenient number of smaller components is known
S.
as discretization. These smaller components are then put together. The process of uniting the
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various elements together is called assemblage.

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16. What is Rayleigh-Ritz method?

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It is integral approach method which is useful for solving complex structural problem,
EN

encountered in finite element analysis. This method is possible only if a suitable function is
available.
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17. What is Aspect ratio?

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It is defined as the ratio of the largest dimension of the element to the smallest dimension. In
many cases, as the aspect ratio increases the in accuracy of the solution increases. The conclusion of
many researches is that the aspect ratio

18. What is truss element?

The truss elements are the part of a truss structure linked together by point joint which
transmits only axial force to the element.
19. What are the h and p versions of finite element method?
It is used to improve the accuracy of the finite element method. In h version, the order of
polynomial approximation for all elements is kept constant and the numbers of elements are
increased. In p version, the numbers of elements are maintained constant and the order of
polynomial approximation of element is increased.
20. Name the weighted residual method
1. Point collocation method
2. Sub domain collocation method
3. Least squares method
4. Galerkins method.
21. Distinguish ID bar element and Beam Element (May/June 2011)
1D bar element: Displacement is considered.
1D beam element: Displacement and slope is considered

22. What do you mean by Boundary value problem?

The solution of differential equation is obtained for physical problems, which satisfies some
specified conditions known as boundary conditions.
The differential equation together with these boundary conditions, subjected to a boundary
value problem.
Examples: Boundary value problem.
2 2
d y/dx - a(x) dy/dx – b(x)y –c(x) = 0 with boundary conditions, y(m) = S and y(n) = T.

23. What do you mean by weak formulation? State its advantages. (April/May 2015), (May/June
2013)
A weak form is a weighted integral statement of a differential equation in which the
differentiation is distributed among the dependent variable and the weight function and also
includes the natural boundary conditions of the problem.
 A much wider choice of trial functions can be used.

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 The weak form can be developed for any higher order differential equation.
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 Natural boundary conditions are directly applied in the differential equation.
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 The trial solution satisfies the essential boundary conditions.
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24. Why are polynomial types of interpolation functions preferred over trigonometric functions?
C
FO

(May/June 2013)
Polynomial functions are preferred over trigonometric functions due to the following
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reasons:
EN

1. It is easy to formulate and computerize the finite element equations

2. It is easy to perform differentiation or integration
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3. The accuracy of the results can be improved by increasing the order of the polynomial.
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25. What do you mean by elements & Nodes?(May/June 2014)

In a continuum, the field variables are infinite. Finite element procedure reduces such
unknowns to a finite number by dividing the solution region into small parts called Elements. The
common points between two adjacent elements in which the field variables are expressed are called
Nodes.
26. What is Ritz method?(May/June 2014)
It is integral approach method which is useful for solving complex structural problem,
encountered in finite element analysis. This method is possible only if a suitable function is
available. In Ritz method approximating functions satisfying the boundary conditions are used to
get the solutions.
27. Distinguish Natural & Essential boundary condition (May/June 2009)
There are two types of boundary conditions.
They are:
1. Primary boundary condition (or) Essential boundary condition
The boundary condition, which in terms of field variable, is known as primary
boundary condition.
 2. Secondary boundary condition or natural boundary conditions
The boundary conditions, which are in the differential form of field variables, are
known as secondary boundary condition.

Example: A bar is subjected to axial load as shown in fig.

In this problem, displacement u at node 1 = 0, that is primary boundary condition.

EA du/dx = P, that is secondary boundary condition.
28. Compare Ritz method with nodal approximation method.(Nov/Dec 2014), (Nov/Dec 2012)
Similarity:

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(i) Both methods use approximating functions as trial solution

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(ii) Both methods take linear combinations of trial functions.
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(iii) In both methods completeness condition of the function should be satisfied
S.
(iv) In both methods solution is sought by making a functional stationary.
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C

Difference
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(i) Rayleigh-Ritz method assumes trial functions over entire structure, while finite element method
uses trial functions only over an element.
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(ii) The assumed functions in Rayleigh-Ritz method have to satisfy boundary conditions over entire
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structure while in finite element analysis, they have to satisfy continuity conditions at nodes and
sometimes along the boundaries of the element. However completeness condition should be
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satisfied in both methods.

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29. What do you mean by elements & Nodes?

In a continuum, the field variables are infinite. Finite element procedure reduces such
unknowns to a finite number by dividing the solution region into small parts called Elements. The
common points between two adjacent elements in which the field variables are expressed are called
Nodes.

30. State the discretization error. How it can be reduced? (April /May 2015)
Splitting of continuum in to smallest elements is known as discretization. In some context
like structure having boundary layer the exact connectivity can’t be achieved. It means that it may
not resemble the original structure. Now there is an error developed in calculation. Such type of
error is discretization error.

To Reduce Error:

(i) Discretization error can be minimized by reducing the finite element (or) discretization
element.
(ii) By introducing finite element it has a curved member.
31. What are the various considerations to be taken in Discretization process?
(i) Types of Elements.
(ii) Size of Elements.
(iii) Location of Nodes.
(iv) Number of Elements.

32. State the principleofminimum potential energy. (Nov/Dec 2010)

Amongallthedisplacementequationsthatsatisfiedinternalcompatibilityandthe
boundaryconditionthosethatalsosatisfytheequationofequilibriummakethe potential energy minimum
is a stable system.

UNIT-1
PART-B
𝒅𝟐 𝒖
1. The following differential equation is available for a physical phenomenon. 𝑨𝑬 = +
𝒅𝒙𝟐
𝒅𝒖
𝒂𝒙 = 𝟎, The boundary conditions are u(0) = 0, 𝑨𝑬 = = 𝟎 By using Galerkin’s
𝒅𝒙 𝒙=𝑳

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technique, find the solution of the above differential equation.

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C
S.
Given Data:
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𝑑2𝑢
Differential equ. 𝐴𝐸 = + 𝑎𝑥 = 0
C

𝑑𝑥 2
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𝑑2𝑢
Boundary Conditions 𝑢 0 = 0, 𝐴𝐸 = + 𝑎𝑥 = 0
𝑑𝑥 2
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To Find:
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u(x) by using galerkin’s technique

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Formula used
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𝑤𝑖 𝑅 𝑑𝑥 = 0
0

Solution:
Assume a trial function
Let 𝑢 𝑥 = 𝑎0 + 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑎2 𝑥 2 + 𝑎3 𝑥 3 . …….. (1)
Apply first boundary condition
i.e) at x=0, u(x) = 0
1 ⟹ 0 = 𝑎0 + 0 + 0 + 0
𝑎0 = 0
𝑑𝑢
Apply first boundary condition i.e at x = L, 𝐴𝐸 = 𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝑑𝑢
⟹ = 0+𝑎1 + 2𝑎2 𝑥 + 3𝑎3 𝐿2
𝑑𝑥
⟹ 0 = 𝑎1 + 2𝑎2 𝐿 + 3𝑎3 𝐿2
⟹ 𝑎1 = −(2𝑎2 𝐿 + 3𝑎3 𝐿2 )
sub 𝑎0 and 𝑎1 in value in equation (1)
𝑢 𝑥 = 0 + − 2𝑎2 𝐿 + 3𝑎3 𝐿2 𝑥 + 𝑎2 𝑥 2 + 𝑎3 𝑥 3
= −2𝑎2 𝐿𝑥 − 3𝑎3 𝐿2 𝑎2 𝑥 + 𝑎2 𝑥 2 + 𝑎3 𝑥 3
= 𝑎2 𝑥 2 − 2𝐿𝑥 + 𝑎3 (𝑥 3 − 3𝐿2 𝑥) ……… (2)
We Know That
𝑑2𝑢
Residual, 𝑅 = 𝐴𝐸 𝑑𝑥 2 + 𝑎𝑥 ………. (3)
𝑑𝑢
(2) ⟹ = 𝑎2 2𝑥 − 2𝐿 + 𝑎3 (3𝑥 2 − 3𝐿2 )
𝑑𝑥
𝑑2 𝑢
= 𝑎2 2 + 𝑎3 (6𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑2 𝑢
= 2𝑎2 + 6𝑎3 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑2𝑢
Sub 𝑑𝑥 2 value in equation (3)

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O
3 ⟹ 𝑅 = 𝐴𝐸 2𝑎2 + 6𝑎3 𝑥 + 𝑎𝑥 C
S.
Residual, 𝑅 = 𝐴𝐸 2𝑎2 + 6𝑎3 𝑥 + 𝑎𝑥 ……… (4)
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From Galerkn’s technique

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𝑤𝑖 𝑅 𝑑𝑥 = 0 . . … … . . . (5)
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0
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from equation (2) we know that

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𝑤1 = 𝑥 2 − 2𝐿𝑥
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𝑤2 = 𝑥 3 − 3𝐿2 𝑥
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sub w1, w2 and R value in equation (5)

𝐿

5 ⟹ 𝑥 2 − 2𝐿𝑥 𝐴𝐸 2𝑎2 + 6𝑎3 𝑥 + 𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 0 … … … … … (6)

0
𝐿

𝑥 3 − 3𝐿2 𝑥 𝐴𝐸 2𝑎2 + 6𝑎3 𝑥 + 𝑎𝑥 … … … … … (7)

0
𝐿

6 ⟹ 𝑥 2 − 2𝐿𝑥 𝐴𝐸 2𝑎2 + 6𝑎3 𝑥 + 𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 0

0
𝐿

𝑥 2 − 2𝐿𝑥 2𝑎2 𝐴𝐸 + 6𝑎3 𝐴𝐸𝑥 + 𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 0

0
𝐿

2𝑎2 𝐴𝐸𝑥 2 + 6𝑎3 𝐴𝐸𝑥 3 + 𝑎𝑥 3 − 4𝑎2 𝐴𝐸𝐿𝑥 − 12𝑎3 𝐴𝐸𝐿𝑥 2 − 2𝑎𝐿𝑥 2 = 0

0

𝑥3 𝑥4 𝑥4 𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥3
⟹ [2𝑎2 𝐴𝐸 + 6𝑎3 𝐴𝐸 + 𝑎 − 4𝑎2 𝐴𝐸𝐿 − 12𝑎3 𝐴𝐸𝐿 − 2𝑎𝐿 ]𝐿0 = 0
3 4 4 2 3 3
𝐿3 𝐿4 𝐿4 𝐿3 𝐿4 𝐿4
⟹ 2𝑎2 𝐴𝐸 + 6𝑎3 𝐴𝐸 + 𝑎 − 4𝑎2 𝐴𝐸 − 12𝑎3 𝐴𝐸 − 2𝑎 = 0
3 4 4 2 3 3
2 3 𝐿4 2
⟹ 3 𝑎2 𝐴𝐸𝐿3 + 2 𝑎3 𝐴𝐸 𝐿4 + 𝑎 − 2𝑎2 𝐴𝐸𝐿3 − 4𝑎3 𝐴𝐸𝐿4 − 3 𝑎𝐿4 = 0
4

2 3 4
3 𝐿4 2
⟹ 𝐴𝐸𝑎2 𝐿 − 2 + 𝑎3 𝐴𝐸 𝐿 − 4 + 𝑎 − 𝑎2 𝐿4 = 0
3 2 4 3
−4 5 2 1 4 5 5 4
⟹ 𝐴𝐸𝐿3 𝑎2 − 𝐴𝐸𝐿4 𝑎3 = − 𝑎𝐿4 − 𝐴𝐸𝐿3 𝑎2 − 𝐴𝐸𝐿4 𝑎3 = 𝑎𝐿
3 2 3 4 3 2 12
−4 5 5
𝐴𝐸𝐿3 𝑎2 − 𝐴𝐸𝐿4 𝑎3 = − 𝑎𝐿4 ………. 8
3 2 12
Equation (7)

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𝐿

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⟹ (𝑥 3 − 3𝐿2 𝑥) 𝐴𝐸 2𝑎2 + 6𝑎3 𝑥 + 𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 0 C
0
S.
𝐿
U
C

⟹ (𝑥 3 − 3𝐿2 𝑥) 2𝑎2 𝐴𝐸 + 6𝑎3 𝐴𝐸𝑥 + 𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 0

FO

0
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⟹ 2𝐴𝐸𝑎2 𝑥 3 + 6𝐴𝐸𝑎3 𝑥 4 + 𝑎𝑥 4 − 6𝐴𝐸𝑎2 𝐿2 𝑥 − 18𝐴𝐸𝑎3 𝐿2 𝑥 2 − 3𝑎𝐿2 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 0

EN

0
D

𝐿
𝑥4 𝑥5 𝑥5 𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥3
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⟹ 2𝐴𝐸𝑎2 + 6𝐴𝐸𝑎3 + 𝑎 − 6𝐴𝐸𝑎2 𝐿2 − 18𝐴𝐸𝑎3 𝐿2 − 3𝑎𝐿2 =0

ST

4 5 5 2 3 3 0
𝐿
1 6 1
⟹ 𝐴𝐸𝑎2 𝑥 4 + 𝐴𝐸𝑎3 𝑥 5 + 𝑎𝑥 5 − 3𝐴𝐸𝑎2 𝐿2 𝑥 2 − 6𝐴𝐸𝑎3 𝐿2 𝑥 3 − 𝑎𝐿2 𝑥 3 =0
2 5 5 0
1 6 1
⟹ 𝐴𝐸𝑎2 𝐿4 + 𝐴𝐸𝑎3 𝐿5 + 𝑎𝐿5 − 3𝐴𝐸𝑎2 𝐿2 (𝐿2 ) − 6𝐴𝐸𝑎3 𝐿2 (𝐿3 ) − 𝑎𝐿2 (𝐿3 ) = 0
2 5 5
1 6 1
⟹ 𝐴𝐸𝑎2 𝐿4 + 𝐴𝐸𝑎3 𝐿5 + 𝑎𝐿5 − 3𝐴𝐸𝑎2 𝐿4 − 6𝐴𝐸𝑎3 𝐿5 − 𝑎𝐿5 = 0
2 5 5
1 6 1
⟹ 𝐴𝐸𝑎2 𝐿4 − 3 + 𝐴𝐸𝑎3 𝐿5 − 6 + 𝑎𝐿5 + − 1 = 0
2 5 5
5 24 4
⟹ 𝐴𝐸𝑎2 𝐿4 − 𝐴𝐸𝑎3 𝐿5 = 𝑎𝐿5
2 5 5
5 24 4
𝐴𝐸𝑎2 𝐿4 + 𝐴𝐸𝑎3 𝐿5 = − 𝑎𝐿5 …………. 9
2 5 5
Solving Equation (8) and (9)
4 5 5
Equation (8) ⟹ 3 𝐴𝐸𝑎2 𝐿3 + 2 𝐴𝐸𝑎3 𝐿4 = − 12 𝑎𝐿4
 5 24 4
Equation (9) ⟹ 2 𝐴𝐸𝑎2 𝐿4 + 𝐴𝐸𝑎3 𝐿5 = − 5 𝑎𝐿5
5
5 4
Multiplying Equation (8) 2 𝐿 and Equation (9) by 3
20 25 25
𝐴𝐸𝑎2 𝐿4 + 𝐴𝐸𝑎3 𝐿5 = − 𝑎𝐿5
6 4 24
20 25 16
𝐴𝐸𝑎2 𝐿4 + 𝐴𝐸𝑎3 𝐿5 = − 𝑎𝐿5
6 4 15
Subtracting
25 96 16 25
− 𝐴𝐸𝑎3 𝐿5 = − 𝑎𝐿5
4 15 15 24
375 − 384 384 − 375
𝐴𝐸𝑎3 𝐿5 = 𝑎𝐿5
60 360
−9 9
⟹ 𝐴𝐸𝑎3 𝐿5 = 𝑎𝐿5
60 360
⟹ −0.15𝐴𝐸𝑎3 = 0.025𝑎
𝑎

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𝑎3 = −0.1666
𝐴𝐸
𝑎
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𝑎3 = −
C … … … . (10)
S.
6𝐴𝐸
U

Substituting a3 value in Equation (8)

C

4 5 −𝑎 4 −5 4
FO

𝐴𝐸𝑎2 𝐿3 + 𝐴𝐸 𝐿 = 𝑎𝐿
3 2 6𝐴𝐸 12
TS

4 −5 4 5 −𝑎
𝐴𝐸𝑎2 𝐿3 = 𝑎𝐿 − 𝐴𝐸𝐿4 =
EN

3 12 2 6𝐴𝐸
4 −5 4 5
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𝐴𝐸𝑎2 𝐿3 = 𝑎𝐿 + 𝐴𝐸𝐿4
U

3 12 2
ST

4
𝐴𝐸𝑎2 𝐿3 = 0
3
𝑎2 = 0
Sub a2 and a3 value in equation (2)
−𝑎
⟹ 𝑢 𝑥 = 0𝑥 𝑥2 − 2𝐿𝑥 + 𝑥 3 − 3𝐿2 𝑥 = 0
6𝐴𝐸
𝑎
⟹𝑢 𝑥 = 3𝐿2 𝑥 − 𝑥 3
6𝐴𝐸
Result:
𝑎
𝑢 𝑥 = 3𝐿2 𝑥 − 𝑥 3
6𝐴𝐸

2. Find the deflection at the centre of a simply supported beam of span length “l” subjected
to uniformly distributed load throughout its length as shown in figure using (a) point
 collocation method, (b) sub-domain method, (c) Least squares method, and (d) Galerkin’s
method. (Nov/Dec 2014)

Given data
Length (L) = 𝑙
UDL = 𝜔/𝑚
To find
Deflection
Formula used
𝑑4 𝑦
𝐸𝐼 4 − 𝜔 = 0, 0≤𝑥≤𝑙
𝑑𝑥
Point Collocation Method R = 0

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𝑙
𝑅𝑑𝑥 =0
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Sub-domain collocation method = 0
𝑙 2
C
Least Square Method 𝐼 = 𝑅 𝑑𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚
S.
0
U

Solution:
C
FO

The differential equation governing the deflection of beam subjected to uniformly

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distributed load is given by

𝑑4 𝑦
EN

𝐸𝐼 4 − 𝜔 = 0, 0≤𝑥≤𝑙 … … … . (1)
𝑑𝑥
D
U

The boundary conditions are Y=0 at x=0 and x = l, where y is the deflection.
ST

𝑑4 𝑦
𝐸𝐼 4 = 0, 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 = 𝑙
𝑑𝑥
Where
𝑑4𝑦
𝐸𝐼 𝑑𝑥 4 = 𝑀, (Bending moment)

E → Young’s Modules
I → Moment of Inertia of the Beam.
𝜋𝑥
Let us select the trial function for deflection as 𝑌 = 𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛 ……. (2)
𝑙

Hence it satisfies the boundary conditions

𝑑𝑦 𝜋 𝜋𝑥
⟹ = 𝑎 . cos
𝑑𝑥 𝑙 𝑙
𝑑2 𝑦 𝜋2 𝜋𝑥
⟹ 2
= −𝑎 2
. sin
𝑑𝑥 𝑙 𝑙
𝑑3 𝑦 𝜋3 𝜋𝑥
⟹ 3
= −𝑎 3
. cos
𝑑𝑥 𝑙 𝑙
 𝑑4 𝑦 𝜋4 𝜋𝑥
⟹ 4 = 𝑎 4 . sin
𝑑𝑥 𝑙 𝑙
Substituting the Equation (3) in the governing Equation (1)
𝜋4 𝜋𝑥
𝐸𝐼 𝑎 4
. sin −𝜔 = 0
𝑙 𝑙
𝜋4 𝜋𝑥
Take, Residual 𝑅 = 𝐸𝐼𝑎 𝑙 4 . sin −𝜔
𝑙

a) Point Collocation Method:

In this method, the residuals are set to zero.
𝜋4 𝜋𝑥
⟹ 𝑅 = 𝐸𝐼𝑎 4
. sin −𝜔 =0
𝑙 𝑙
𝜋4 𝜋𝑥
𝐸𝐼𝑎 4
. sin =𝜔
𝑙 𝑙
𝑙
To get maximum deflection, take 𝑘 = 2 (𝑖. 𝑒. 𝑎𝑡 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚)
𝜋4 𝜋 𝑙
𝐸𝐼𝑎 𝑙 4 . sin 𝑙 =𝜔

M
2 𝜋
[∵ sin = 1]
O
4
𝜋 C 𝑙
𝐸𝐼𝑎 =𝜔
𝑙4
S.
U

𝜔𝑙 4
𝑎=
C

𝜋 4 𝐸𝐼
FO

Sub “a” value in trial function equation (2)

TS

𝜔𝑙 4 𝜋𝑥
𝑌 = 4 . sin
EN

𝜋 𝐸𝐼 𝑙
D

𝑙 𝜔𝑙 4 𝜋 𝑙
𝐴𝑡 𝑥 = ⟹ 𝑌max = 4 . sin
U

2 𝜋 𝐸𝐼 2 2
ST

𝜔 𝑙4
𝑌max = 𝜋
𝜋 4 𝐸𝐼
[∵ sin = 1]
𝜔𝑙 4 2
𝑌max =
97.4𝐸𝐼
b) Sub-domain collocation method:
In this method, the integral of the residual over the sub-domain is set to zero.
𝑙
0
𝑅𝑑𝑥 = 0
Sub R value
𝜋4 𝜋𝑥
⟹ 𝑎𝐸𝐼 4
sin − 𝜔 𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝑙 𝑙
𝜋𝑥 𝑙
𝜋 4 −cos
⟹ 𝑎𝐸𝐼 𝑙 −𝜔 𝑥 =0
𝑙4 𝜋
𝑙 0
 𝑙
𝜋4 𝜋𝑥 𝑙
⟹ 𝑎𝐸𝐼 4 −cos −𝜔𝑥 =0
𝑙 𝑙 𝑢 0
𝜋3 ∵ cos 𝜋 = −1
⟹ −𝑎𝐸𝐼 cos𝜋 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠0 𝜔 𝑙 = 0 ,
𝑙3 𝑐𝑜𝑠0 = 1
𝜋3
−𝑎𝐸𝐼 −1 − 1 = 𝜔 𝑙
𝑙3
𝜔𝑙 4 𝜔𝑙 4
⟹ −𝑎 = =
2𝜋 3 𝐸𝐼 62𝐸𝐼
Sub “a” value in the trial function equation (2)
𝜔𝑙 4 𝜋𝑥
𝑌= . sin
62𝐸𝐼 𝑙
𝑙 𝜔𝑙 4 𝜋 𝑙
𝐴𝑡 𝑥 = , 𝑌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = . sin ( )
2 62𝐸𝐼 𝑙 2
𝜔𝑙 4
𝑌𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
62𝐸𝐼

M
c) Least Square Method:

O
In this method the functional C
S.
𝑙
U

𝐼= 𝑅 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚
C

0
FO

𝑙
𝜋4 𝜋𝑥
TS

𝐼= (𝑎𝐸𝐼 4 . 𝑠𝑖𝑛 − 𝜔)2 𝑑𝑥

𝑙 𝑙
EN

0
𝑙
𝜋8 𝜋4
D

𝜋𝑥 𝜋𝑥
= [𝑎2 𝐸 2 𝐼 2 . 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2
− 𝜔 2
− 2𝑎𝐸𝐼𝜔 . 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ]𝑑𝑥
U

𝑙 8 𝑙 𝑙 4 𝑙
ST

𝜋8 1 2𝜋𝑥 𝑙 𝜋4 𝜋𝑥 𝑙 𝑙
= [𝑎2 𝐸 2 𝐼 2 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 + 𝜔2 − 2𝑎𝐸𝐼𝜔 4 . [−𝑐𝑜𝑠 ]]
8
𝑙 2 𝑙 2𝜋 𝑙 𝑙 𝜋 0
𝜋8 1 𝑙 𝜋4 𝑙
= 𝑎2 𝐸 2 𝐼 2 8
𝑙− 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜋 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛0 + 𝜔2 𝑙 + 2𝑎𝐸𝐼𝜔 . [−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜋 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠0]
𝑙 2 2𝜋 𝑙4 𝜋

∵ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜋 = 0; 𝑠𝑖𝑛0 = 0; 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜋 = 0; 𝑐𝑜𝑠0 = 1

𝜋8 𝑙
2 2 2 2
𝜋3
𝐼 = 𝑎 𝐸 𝐼 2 + 𝜔 𝑙 + 2𝑎𝐸𝐼𝜔 3 . (−1 − 1)
𝑙 2 𝑙
𝑎2 𝐸 2 𝐼 2 𝜋 8 2
𝜋3
𝐼= + 𝜔 𝑙 − 4𝑎𝐸𝐼𝜔 3
2𝑙 7 𝑙
𝜕𝜋
Now, 𝜕𝑎 = 0

𝑎2 𝐸 2 𝐼 2 𝜋 8 𝜋3
⟹ = 4𝐸𝐼𝜔 3
2𝑙 7 𝑙
 𝑎2 𝐸 2 𝐼 2 𝜋 8 𝜋3
= 4𝐸𝐼𝜔 3
𝑙7 𝑙
4𝐸𝐼𝜔𝑙 5
𝑎= 5
𝜋 𝐸𝐼
Hence the trial Function
4𝜔𝑙 4 𝜋𝑥
𝑌= 5
. sin
𝜋 𝐸𝐼 𝑙
𝑙 𝜋
𝐴𝑡 𝑥 = 2 , max 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 [∵ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 = 1]

4𝜔𝑙 4 𝜋 𝑙
𝑌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 5 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( )
𝜋 𝐸𝐼 2 2
𝜔𝑙 4
𝑌𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
76.5 𝐸𝐼
d) Galerkin’s Method:
In this method
𝑙

M
𝑌. 𝑅 𝑑𝑥 = 0
O
0
C
S.
𝑙
𝜋𝑥 𝜋4 𝜋𝑥
U

⟹ 𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝐸𝐼 𝑠𝑖𝑛 −𝜔 𝑑𝑥 = 0

C

𝑙 𝑙 4 𝑙
FO

0
𝑙
𝜋4 𝜋𝑥 𝜋𝑥
TS

⟹ 𝑎 𝐸𝐼 4 𝑠𝑖𝑛2
2
− 𝑎𝜔𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝑙 𝑙 𝑙
EN

0
𝑙
D

𝜋4 1 2𝜋𝑥 𝜋𝑥
U

⟹ 𝑎2 𝐸𝐼 [ (1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ) − 𝑎𝜔𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝑙4 2 𝑙 𝑙
ST

0
𝑙
𝜋4 1 2
1 2𝜋𝑥 𝑙 𝜋𝑥
⟹ 𝑎 𝐸𝐼 4 [ 1 − 𝑥− 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 + 𝑎𝜔 𝑐𝑜𝑠 =0
𝑙 2 2𝜋 𝑙 𝜋 𝑙 0
4
𝜋 𝑙 𝑙
𝑎2 𝐸𝐼 − 2𝑎𝜔 =0
𝑙4 2 𝜋
2𝜔𝑙 2𝑙 3
∴𝑎= .
𝜋 𝐸𝐼𝜋 4
4𝜔𝑙 3
𝑎= 5
𝜋 𝐸𝐼
Hence the trial Function
4𝜔𝑙 4 𝜋𝑥
𝑌 = 5 . sin
𝜋 𝐸𝐼 𝑙
𝑙 𝜋
𝐴𝑡 𝑥 = 2 , max 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 [∵ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 = 1]
 4𝜔𝑙 4 𝜋 𝑙
𝑌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 5 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( )
𝜋 𝐸𝐼 2 2
4𝜔𝑙 4
𝑌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 5
𝜋 𝐸𝐼
𝜔𝑙 4
𝑌𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
76.5 𝐸𝐼
Verification,
We know that simply supported beam is subjected to uniformly distributed load, maximum
deflection is,
5 𝜔𝑙 4
𝑌𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
384 𝐸𝐼
𝜔𝑙 4
= 0.01
𝐸𝐼
3) i) What is constitutive relationship? Express the constitutive relations for a liner
elastic isotropic material including initial stress and strain.

M
[Nov/Dec 2009]

O
Solution:
C
S.
It is the relationship between components of stresses in the members of a structure or in a
U
C

solid body and components of strains. The structure or solids bodies under consideration are made
FO

of elastic material that obeys Hooke’s law.

TS

𝜎 = 𝐷 {𝑒}
EN

Where
D

[D] is a stress – strain relationship matrix or constitute matrix.

U
ST

The constitutive relations for a linear elastic isotropic material is

𝜎𝑥 (1 − 𝑣) 0 0 0 0 0 𝑒𝑥
𝜎𝑦 0 0 0 𝑒𝑦
𝑣 (1 − 𝑣) 0 0 0 0
𝜎𝑧 𝐸 𝑒𝑧
= 𝑣 𝑣 (1 − 𝑣)1 − 2𝑣 0 0
𝛿𝑥𝑦 1 + 𝑣 1 − 2𝑣 0 0 𝑣𝑥𝑦
0 2 1 − 2𝑣 0
𝛿𝑦𝑧 0 0 0 0 2 1 − 2𝑣 𝑣𝑦𝑧
𝛿𝑧𝑥 0 0 0 𝑣𝑧𝑥
0 0 2

𝒅𝟐 𝒚
ii) Consider the differential equation + 𝟒𝟎𝟎𝒙𝟐 = 𝟎 for 𝟎 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟏 subject to boundary
𝒅𝒙𝟐
conditions Y(0) = 0, Y(1) = 0. The functions corresponding to this problem, to be eternized
𝒍 𝒅𝒚 𝟐
is given by 𝑰 = 𝟎
−𝟎. 𝟓 + 𝟒𝟎𝟎𝒙𝟐 𝒀 . Find the solution of the problem using Ray
𝒅𝒙
Light Ritz method by considering a two term solution as 𝒀 𝒙 = 𝒄𝟏 𝒙 𝟏 − 𝒙 + 𝒄𝟐 𝒙𝟐 (𝟏 −
𝒙)
Given data
 𝑑2𝑦
Differential equation = 𝑑𝑥 2 + 400𝑥 2 = 0 for 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1

Boundary conditions Y(0) = 0, Y(1) = 0

𝑙 𝑑𝑦 2
𝐼= 0
−0.5 + 400𝑥 2 𝑌
𝑑𝑥

𝑌 𝑥 = 𝑐1 𝑥 1 − 𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑥 2 (1 − 𝑥)

To find:
Ray Light Ritz method
Formula used

𝜕𝐼
=0
𝜕𝑐1

𝜕𝐼
=0
𝜕𝑐2

M
Solution:
𝑌 𝑥 = 𝑐1 𝑥 1 − 𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑥 2 (1 − 𝑥)
O
C
S.
𝑌 𝑥 = 𝑐1 𝑥 𝑥 − 𝑥 2 + 𝑐2 (𝑥 2 − 𝑥 3 )
U

𝑑𝑦
C

= 𝑐1 1 − 2𝑥 + 𝑐2 (2𝑥 − 3𝑥 2 )
FO

𝑑𝑥
= 𝑐1 1 − 2𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑥(2 − 3𝑥)
TS

2
𝑑𝑦
EN

= 𝑐1 1 − 2𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑥(2 − 3𝑥)2 2
𝑑𝑥
D

= 𝑐12 1 − 4𝑥 + 4𝑥 2 + 𝑐22 𝑥 2 4 − 12𝑥 + 9𝑥 2 + 2𝑐1 𝑐2 𝑥 1 − 2𝑥 (2 − 3𝑥)

U
ST

= 𝑐12 1 − 4𝑥 + 4𝑥 2 + 𝑐22 𝑥 2 4 − 12𝑥 + 9𝑥 2 + 2𝑐1 𝑐2 𝑥(2 − 3𝑥 − 4𝑥 + 6𝑥 2 )

2
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑐12 1 − 4𝑥 + 4𝑥 2 + 𝑐22 𝑥 2 4 − 12𝑥 + 9𝑥 2 + 2𝑐1 𝑐2 𝑥(2 − 7𝑥 + 6𝑥 2 )
𝑑𝑥
We know that
𝑙 𝑙 𝑙
2 2
𝑑𝑦 −1 𝑑𝑦
𝐼= [−0.5 + 400𝑥 2 𝑦] = + 400 𝑥2 𝑦
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
0 0 0
𝑙

= 𝑐12 1 − 4𝑥 + 4𝑥 2 + 𝑐22 𝑥 2 4 − 12𝑥 + 9𝑥 2 + 2𝑐1 𝑐2 𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 + 6𝑥 2

0
𝑙

+ 400[ 𝑥 2 𝑐1 𝑥 1 − 𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑥 2 1 − 𝑥
0

By Solving
 −1 𝑐12 2 1 𝑐1 𝑐2
𝐼= + 𝑐22 + 𝑐1 𝑐2 + 400 +
2 3 15 3 20 30
−1 2 1 2 1 40
𝐼= 𝑐1 − 𝑐2 − 𝑐1 𝑐2 + 20𝑐1 + 𝑐2
6 15 6 3
𝜕𝐼
=0
𝜕𝑐1
−1 1
⟹ × 2𝑐1 − 𝑐2 + 20 = 0
6 6
−1 1
⟹ × 𝑐1 − 𝑐2 + 20 = 0 … … … . . (1)
3 6
Similarly,
𝜕𝐼
=0
𝜕𝑐2
−2 1 40
⟹ 𝑐2 − 𝑐1 + =0 … … … . . (2)
15 6 3

M
By Solving (1) and (2)

O
80 200
𝑐1 = ; 𝑐1 = C
3 3
S.
We know that
U
C

𝑌 = 𝑐1 𝑥 1 − 𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑥 2 (1 − 𝑥)
FO

80 200 2
𝑌= 𝑥 1−𝑥 + 𝑥 1−𝑥
TS

3 3
EN
D

4) Consider a 1mm diameter, 50m long aluminum pin-fin as shown in figure used to
U
ST

enhance the heat transfer from a surface wall maintained at 300C. Calculate the
temperature distribution in a pin-fin by using Rayleigh – Ritz method. Take, 𝒌 =
𝟐𝟎𝟎𝒘 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝒘 , 𝑻 = 𝟑𝟎𝐂.
𝒎𝐂 for aluminum h= 𝒎𝟐 𝐂 ∞

𝒅𝟐 𝑻 𝑷𝒉 𝒅𝑻
𝒌 𝒅𝒙𝟐 = 𝑨
(𝑻 − 𝑻∞ ) , 𝑻 𝟎 = 𝑻𝒘 = 𝟑𝟎𝟎𝐂, 𝒒𝑳 = 𝑲𝑨 𝒅𝒙 𝑳 = 𝟎 (insulated tip)
Given Data:
The governing differential equation
𝑑2 𝑇 𝑃𝑕
𝑘 = (𝑇 − 𝑇∞ )
𝑑𝑥 2 𝐴
Diameter d = 1mm = 1x10-3m
Length L = 50mm = 50x10-3m
Thermal K = 200𝑤 𝑚C

Conductivity Heat transfer co-efficient h = 200𝑤 𝑚C

Fluid Temp 𝑇∞ = 30C.
Boundary Conditions 𝑇 0 = 𝑇𝑤 = 300C
𝑑𝑇
𝑞𝐿 = 𝐾𝐴 𝑑𝑥 𝐿 = 0

To Find:
Ritz Parameters

M
Formula used

O
𝜋 = 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 − 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑒
C
S.
Solution:
U
C

The equivalent functional representation is given by,

FO

𝜋 = 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 − 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑒

TS

𝜋 =𝑢−𝑣
EN

𝐿 𝐿
2
1 𝑑𝑇 1 𝑃𝑕
𝑇 − 𝑇∞ 2 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑞𝐿 𝑇𝐿
D

𝜋= 𝐾 𝑑𝑥 + … … … … . (1)
2 𝑑𝑥 2 𝐴
U

0 0
ST

𝐿 𝐿
2
1 𝑑𝑇 1 𝑃𝑕
𝜋= 𝐾 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑇 − 𝑇∞ 2 𝑑𝑥 ………….. 2
2 𝑑𝑥 2 𝐴
0 0

∵ 𝑞𝐿 = 0
Assume a trial function
Let
𝑇 𝑥 = 𝑎0 + 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑎2 𝑥 2 … … … … … . . (3)
Apply boundary condition
at x = 0, T(x) = 300
300 = 𝑎0 + 𝑎1 (0) + 𝑎2 (0)2
𝑎0 = 300
Substituting 𝑎0 value in equation (3)
𝑇 𝑥 = 300 + 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑎2 𝑥 2 …………….. 4
 𝑑𝑇
⟹ = 𝑎1 + 2𝑎2 𝑥 … … … … … … (5)
𝑑𝑥
Substitute the equation (4), (5) in (2)
𝑙 𝑙
1 1 𝑃𝑕
𝜋= 𝑘 (𝑎1 + 2𝑎2 𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥 + 270 + 𝑎1 + 𝑎2 𝑥 2 2 𝑑𝑥.
2 2 𝐴
0 0
2
[∵ 𝑎 + 𝑏 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 2𝑎𝑏; 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 2
= 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 + 2𝑎𝑏 + 2𝑏𝑐 + 2𝑐𝑎
𝑙 𝑙
𝑘 𝑃𝑕
𝜋= (𝑎12 + 4𝑎22 𝑥 2 + 4𝑎1 𝑎2 𝑥) + 2702 + 𝑎1 2 𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 2 𝑥 4 + 540𝑎1 𝑥 + 2𝑎1 𝑥 3 + 540𝑎2 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
2 2𝐴
0 0

50𝑥10 −3
𝑘 4𝑎22 𝑥 3 4𝑎1 𝑎2 𝑥 2
𝜋 = (𝑎12 𝑥 + +
2 3 2 0
50𝑥10 −3
𝑃𝑕 𝑎1 2 𝑥 3 𝑎2 2 𝑥 5 540𝑎1 𝑥 2 2𝑎1 𝑎2 𝑥 4 540𝑎2 𝑥 3
+ 72900𝑘 + + + + +
2𝐴 3 5 2 4 3 0
−3
[∵ 𝑙 = 50𝑥10 ]

M
O
𝑘 4𝑎22 (50 × 10−3 )3 4𝑎1 𝑎2 (50 × 10−3 )2 C
𝜋= (50 × 10−3 )𝑎12 + +
2 3 2
S.
U

𝑃𝑕 𝑎1 2 (50 × 10−3 )3 𝑎2 2 (50 × 10−3 )5

+ 72900𝑘 + +
C

2𝐴 3 5
FO
TS

200 𝜋 × 10−3 × 20
50 × 10−3 𝑎12 + 1.666 × 10−4 𝑎22 + 50 × 10−3 𝑎1 𝑎2 +
EN

𝜋= 𝜋
2 2 × 2 × 10−3 2
D

= 364.5 + 4.166 × 10−5 𝑎12 + 6.25 × 10−8 𝑎22 + 0.675𝑎1 + 3.125 × 10−6 𝑎1 𝑎2 + 0.0225𝑎2
U
ST

𝜋 = 5𝑎12 + 0.0166𝑎22 + 0.5𝑎1 𝑎2 + 14.58 × 10−7 + 1.66912 + 2.5 × 10−3 𝑎22 + 2700 𝑎1
+ 0.125 𝑎1 𝑎2 + 900𝑎2 ]
𝜋 = 6.66𝑎12 + 0.0191𝑎22 + 0.625𝑎1 𝑎2 + 2700𝑎1 + 900𝑎2 + 14.58 × 107
𝜕𝜋
Apply 𝜕𝑎 = 0
2

⟹ 13.32𝑎1 + 0.625𝑎2 + 27000 = 0

13.32𝑎1 + 0.625𝑎2 = − + 27000 … … … … … (6)
⟹ 0.625𝑎1 + 0.382𝑎2 + 900 = 0
0.625𝑎1 + 0.382𝑎2 = −900 … … … … . . (7)
Solve the equation (6) and (7)
13.32𝑎1 + 0.625𝑎2 = − + 27000 … … … … … (6)
0.625𝑎1 + 0.382𝑎2 = −900 ………….. 7
(6) x 0.625
 8.325𝑎1 + 0.3906𝑎2 = −16875 ………….. 8
(7) x -13.32
−8.325𝑎1 − 0.5088𝑎2 = 11988 ………….. 9

−0.1182𝑎2 = −4887
𝑎2 = 41345
Sub 𝑎2 value in equation (6)
13.32𝑎1 + 0.625(41345) = − + 27000
𝑎1 = −3967.01
Sub 𝑎0 , 𝑎1 and 𝑎2 values in equation (3)
𝑇 = 300 − 3697.01𝑥 + 41345𝑥 2
6) Explain in detain about Boundary value, Initial Value problems.
(ME ENG.DESIGN Nov/DEC 2011)

M
The objective of most analysis is to determine unknown functions called dependent

O
variables, that are governed by a set of differential equations posed in a given domain. Ω and some
C
S.
conditions on the boundary Γ of the domain. Often, a domin not including its boundary is called an
U

open domain. A domain boundary is called an open domain. A domain Ω with its boundary Γ is
C
FO

called a closed domain.

TS

Boundary value problems:- Steady state leat transfer : In a fin and axial deformation of a bar
EN

shown in fig. Find 𝑢(𝑥) that satisfies the second – order differential equation and boundary
D

conditions.
U

−𝑑 𝑑𝑢
𝑎 + 𝑐𝑢 = 𝑓 for 0 < 𝑥 < 𝐿
ST

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢
𝑢 𝑜 = 𝑢0 , 𝑎 = 𝑞0
𝑑𝑥 𝑥=𝐿

i) Bending of elastic beams under Transverse load : find 𝑢 𝑥 that satisfies the fourth order
differential equation and boundary conditions.
𝑑2 𝑑2𝑢
𝑏 + 𝑐𝑢 = 𝐹 for 0 < 𝑥 < −𝐿
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 2

𝑑𝑢
𝑢 𝑜 = 𝑢0 , = 𝑑0
𝑑𝑥 𝑥=0
𝑑 𝑑2𝑢 𝑑2𝑢
𝑏 𝑑𝑥 2 = 𝑚0 . 𝑏 𝑑𝑥 2 = 𝓋0
𝑑𝑥 𝑥=𝐿 0

x=0 Ω = (o, L) x=L

x
Initial value problems:-
i) A general first order equation:-
Find 𝑢 𝑡 that satisfies the first-order differential equation and initial condition.
Equation and initial condition:-
𝑑𝑢
𝑎 + 𝑐𝑢 = 𝐹 for 0 < 𝑡 ≤ 𝑇
𝑑𝑡

𝑢 0 = 𝑢0 .
ii) A general second order equation:-
Find 𝑢 𝑡 that satisfies the second – order differential equation and initial conditions:-
𝑑𝑢 𝑑2𝑢
𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐𝑢 = 𝐹 for 0 < 𝑡 ≤ 𝑇
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 2
𝑑𝑢
𝑢 𝑜 = 𝑢0 , 𝑏 = 𝑣0
𝑑𝑡 𝑡=0

Eigen value problems:-

M
(i) Axial vibration of a bar:

O
Find 𝑢 𝑥 and 𝑙 that satisfy the differential equation and boundary conditions.
C
S.
−𝑑 𝑑𝑢
𝑎 𝑑𝑥 − 𝜆𝑢 = 0 for 𝑜 < 𝑥 < 𝐿
U

𝑑𝑥
C

𝑑𝑢
FO

𝑢 𝑜 = 0, 𝑎 =0
𝑑𝑥 𝑥=𝐿
TS

(ii) Transverse vibration of a membrane:-

EN

Find 𝑢 (𝑥, 𝑦) and 𝜆 that satisfy the partial differential equation and
D

boundary condition.
U

𝑑 𝑑𝑢 𝑑 𝑑𝑢
ST

− 𝑎1 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦 𝑎2 𝑑𝑦 − 𝜆𝑢 = 0 in Ω
𝑑𝑥

𝑢 = 0 on Γq

The values of 𝜆 are called cigen values and the associated functions 𝑢 are called cigen functions.

b) A simple pendulum consists of a bob of mass 𝒎(𝒌𝒈)attached to one end of a rod of

length 𝒍(𝒎) and the other end is pivoted to fixed point 𝟎.

Soln:-
𝑑
𝐹= 𝑚𝑣 = 𝑚𝑎
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑣 𝑥
𝐹𝑥 = 𝑚. 𝑑𝑡

𝑑2 𝑄
−𝑚𝑔 sin 𝜃 = 𝑚𝑙
𝑑𝑡 2
 or
𝑑2 𝑄 𝑔
+ sin 𝑄 = 0
𝑑𝑡 2 𝑙

𝑑2 𝑄 𝑠
+ 𝑄=0
𝑑𝑡 2 𝑙

𝑑𝑄
+ (𝑜) = 𝑈0.
𝑑𝑡
𝑄 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝜆𝑡 + 𝐵 cos 𝜆 𝑡.

Where,
𝑠
𝜆= and 𝐴 and 𝐵 are constant to be determined using the initial condition we
𝑙

obtain.

M
𝜈0

O
𝐴− , 𝐵 = 𝜃0
𝜆 C
S.
the solution to be linear problem is
U

𝜈0
𝜃 𝑡 = 𝑆𝑖𝑛 ∧ 𝑡 + 0. 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝜆𝑡
C

𝜆
FO

for zero initial velocity and non zero initial position 𝜃0 , we have.
TS

𝜃 𝑡 = 𝜃0 cos 𝜆𝑡.
EN
D

7) A simply supported beam subjected to uniformly distributed load over entire span and
U
ST

it is subject to a point load at the centre of the span. Calculate the bending moment
and deflection at imdspan by using Rayleish – Ritz method. (Nov/Dec 2008).

Given data:-

To Find:

1. Deflection and Bending moment at mid span.

2. Compare with exact solutions.
Formula used

𝜋 = 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 − 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑒

Solution:

We know that,

πx 3πx
Deflection, y = a1 sin + a2 sin 1
l l
2
Total potential energy of the beam is given by,

π=U−H 2
2
Where, U – Strain Energy.

H – Work done by external force.

M
The strain energy, U of the beam due to bending is given by,

O
EI 1 d2y
2 C
U= dx 3
S.
2 0 dx 2
U

2
C

dy πx π 3πx 3π
= a1 cos × + a2 cos ×
FO

dx l l l l
TS

dy a 1 πx πx a 2 3πx 3πx
= cos + cos
dx l l l l
EN

d2y
D

a1 π πx π a 2 3π 3πx 3π
=− sin × − sin ×
U

dx 2 l l l l l l
ST

d2y a1 π2 πx a2 π2 3πx
=− sin − 9 sin 4
dx 2 l2 l l2 l

2
d2y
Substituting dx 2 value in equation (3),

2
EI l a1 π2 πx a2 π2 3πx
U= − sin − 9 sin dx
2 0 l2 l l2 l

2
EI l a1π2 πx a2 π2 3πx
= sin +9 sin dx
2 0 l2 l l2 l

EI π 4 l πx 3πx πx 3πx
= a21 sin2 + 81a22 sin2 + 2 a1 sin .9 a2 sin dx
2 l4 0 l l l l

2
[∴ a + b = a2 + b2 + 2ab]

EI π 4 l πx 3πx πx 3πx
= a21 sin2 + 81a22 sin2 + 18 a1 a2 sin . sin dx 5
2 l4 0 l l l l
 𝑙 2 πx l1 2πx 1−cos 2x
a
0 1
sin2 dx = a21 02
1 − cos dx ∴ sin2 x =
l l 2

1 l 2πx
= a21 2 0
1 − cos dx
l

a 21 𝑙 1 2πx
= 0
dx − 0
cos l dx
2

2𝜋𝑥 𝑙
𝑎 12 𝑙 sin
= 𝑥 0 − 2𝜋
𝑙
2
𝑙 0

𝑎 12 1 2𝜋𝑙
= 𝑙−0− sin − sin 0
2 2𝜋 𝑙

𝑎 12 1 𝑎 12 𝑙
= 𝑙− 0−0 = ∴ sin 2𝜋 = 0; sin 0 = 0
2 2𝜋 2

𝑙
πx 𝑎12 𝑙
a21 sin2 dx = 6
l 2

M
0
2

O
C
S.
Similarly,
U
C

𝑙 3πx 𝑙1 6πx 1−cos 2x

81 a22 sin2 dx = 81a22 1 − cos dx ∴ sin2 x =
FO

0 l 02 l 2
TS

1 𝑙 6πx
= 81a22 2 0
1 − cos dx
l
EN

81a 22
D

𝑙 𝑙 6πx
= dx − cos dx
U

2 0 0 l
ST

6𝜋𝑥 𝑙
81𝑎 22 𝑙 sin
= 𝑥 0 − 6𝜋
𝑙
2
𝑙 0

81𝑎 22 1 6𝜋𝑙
= 𝑙−0− sin − sin 0
2 6𝜋 𝑙

81𝑎 22 1 𝑎 12 𝑙
= 𝑙− 0−0 = ∴ sin 6𝜋 = 0; sin 0 = 0
2 6𝜋 2

𝑙
3πx 81𝑎22 𝑙
81a22 sin 2
dx =
0 l 2 7
2
𝑙 πx 3πx 𝑙 πx 3πx
0
18 a1 a2 sin . sin dx = 18 a1 a2 0
sin . sin dx
l l l l

𝑙 3πx πx
= 18 a1 a2 0
sin . sin dx
l l
 𝑙1 2πx 4πx
= 18 a1 a2 02
cos − cos dx
l l

cos 𝐴−𝐵 −cos 𝐴+𝐵

∴ sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵 = 2

18 a 1 a 2 𝑙 2πx 𝑙 4πx
= 0
cos l dx − 0
cos l dx
2

2𝜋𝑥 𝑙 4𝜋𝑥 𝑙
18 a 1 a 2 sin sin
= 2𝜋
𝑙
− 4𝜋
𝑙
2
𝑙 0 𝑙 0

= 9 a1 a 2 0 − 0 = 0 ∴ sin 2𝜋 = 0; sin 4𝜋 = 0; sin 0 = 0

𝑙
πx 3πx
18 a1 a2 sin . sin dx = 0
0 l l 8
2

M
O
Substitute (6), (7) and (8) in equation (5), C
S.
EI π 4 𝑎 12 𝑙 81𝑎 22 𝑙
U

U= + +0
2 l4 2 2
C
FO

EI π 4 𝑙
U= 𝑎12 + 81𝑎22
TS

4 l4
EN

𝐸𝐼𝜋 4 2
𝑎 + 81𝑎22
D

Strain Energy, U = 9
4𝑙 3 1
U

2
ST

Work done by external forces,

𝑙
𝐻= 0
𝜔 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑊 𝑦𝑚𝑎𝑥 10

𝑙
2𝜔𝑙 𝑎2
𝜔 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎1 + 11
0 𝜋 3

𝜋𝑥 3𝜋𝑥
We know that, 𝑦 = 𝑎1 sin + 𝑎2 sin
𝑙 𝑙

1
In the span, deflection is maximum at 𝑥 = 2

1 1
𝜋× 3𝜋×
𝑦𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑎1 sin 2
+ 𝑎2 sin 2
𝑙 𝑙

𝜋 3𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋
= 𝑎1 sin 2 + 𝑎2 sin ∴ sin 2 = 1; sin = −1
2 2

12
 𝑦𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑎1 − 𝑎2

Substitute (11) and (12) values in equation (8),

2𝜔𝑙 𝑎2
H= 𝑎1 + + 𝑊 (𝑎1 − 𝑎2 )
𝜋 3 13

Substituting U and H values in equation (2), we get

𝐸𝐼𝜋 4 2𝜔𝑙 𝑎2
𝜋= 𝑎12 + 81𝑎22 − 𝑎1 + + 𝑊 (𝑎1 − 𝑎2 )
4𝑙 3 𝜋 3

𝐸𝐼𝜋 4 2𝜔𝑙 𝑎2
𝜋= 𝑎12 + 81𝑎22 − 𝑎1 + − 𝑊 (𝑎1 − 𝑎2 ) 14
4𝑙 3 𝜋 3

For stationary value of 𝜋, the following conditions must be satisfied.

𝜕𝜋 𝜕𝜋
= 0and𝜕𝑎 = 0
𝜕𝑎 1 2

M
𝜕𝜋 𝐸𝐼𝜋 4 2𝜔𝑙
= 2𝑎1 − −𝑊 =0
O
𝜕𝑎 1 4𝑙 3 𝜋 C
S.
𝐸𝐼𝜋 4 2𝜔𝑙
𝑎1 − −𝑊 =0
U

2𝑙 3 𝜋
C

𝐸𝐼𝜋 4 2𝜔𝑙
FO

𝑎1 = +𝑊
2𝑙 3 𝜋
TS
EN

2𝑙 3 2𝜔𝑙 15
𝑎1 = +𝑊
𝐸𝐼𝜋 4 𝜋
D
U
ST

𝜕𝜋 𝐸𝐼𝜋 4 2𝜔𝑙 1
= 3
162𝑎2 − +𝑊 =0
𝜕𝑎2 4𝑙 𝜋 3

Similarly,

𝐸𝐼𝜋 4 2𝜔𝑙
162𝑎1 − +𝑊 =0
4𝑙 3 𝜋

𝐸𝐼𝜋 4 2𝜔𝑙
162𝑎1 = −𝑊
2𝑙 3 𝜋

2𝑙 3 2𝜔𝑙
𝑎2 = −𝑊 16
81𝐸𝐼𝜋 4 3𝜋

From equation (12), we know that,

 Maximum deflection, 𝑦𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑎1 − 𝑎2

2𝑙 3 2𝜔𝑙 2𝑙 3 2𝜔𝑙
𝑦𝑚𝑎𝑥 = + 𝑊 − 81𝐸𝐼𝜋 4 −𝑊
𝐸𝐼𝜋 4 𝜋 3𝜋

4𝜔 𝑙 4 2𝑊𝑙 3 4𝜔 𝑙 4 2𝑊𝑙 3
𝑦𝑚𝑎𝑥 = + − +
𝐸𝐼𝜋 5 𝐸𝐼𝜋 4 243𝐸𝐼𝜋 5 81𝐸𝐼𝜋 4

𝜔 𝑙4 𝑊𝑙 3
𝑦𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.0130 + 0.0207 17
𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼

We know that, simply supported beam subjected to uniformly distributed load, maximum deflection
5 𝜔 𝑙4
is, 𝑦𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 384 𝐸𝐼

Simply supported beam subjected to point load at centre, maximum deflection is,

𝜔 𝑙3
𝑦𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 48𝐸𝐼

M
5 𝜔 𝑙4 𝜔 𝑙3
𝑦𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 384 +
O
So, total deflection, 𝐸𝐼 48𝐸𝐼
C
S.
𝜔𝑙 4 𝑊𝑙 3
U

𝑦𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.0130 + 0.0208 18

C

𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼
FO
TS

From equations (17) and (18), we know that, exact solution and solution obtained by using
EN

Rayleigh-Ritz method are same.

D
U

Bending Moment at Mid span

ST

We know that,

d2y
Bending moment, M = EI dx 2 19

From equation (9), we know that,

d2y 𝑎1 𝜋 2 𝜋𝑥 𝑎 2 9𝜋 2 3𝜋𝑥
= − sin + sin
dx 2 𝑙2 𝑙 𝑙2 𝑙

Substitute 𝑎1 and 𝑎2 values from equation (15) and (16),

d2y 2𝑙 3 2𝜔𝑙 𝜋2 𝜋𝑥 2𝑙 3 2𝜔𝑙 9𝜋 2 3𝜋𝑥

= − +𝑊 × sin + 81𝐸𝐼𝜋 4 −𝑊 × sin
dx 2 𝐸𝐼𝜋 4 𝜋 𝑙2 𝑙 3𝜋 𝑙2 𝑙

𝑙
Maximum bending occurs at 𝑥 = 2
 1 1
2𝑙 3 2𝜔𝑙 𝜋2 𝜋×2 2𝑙 3 2𝜔𝑙 9𝜋 2 3𝜋 × 2
= − + 𝑊 × 2 sin + − 𝑊 × 2 sin
𝐸𝐼𝜋 4 𝜋 𝑙 𝑙 81𝐸𝐼𝜋 4 3𝜋 𝑙 𝑙

2𝑙 3 2𝜔𝑙 𝜋2 2𝑙 3 2𝜔𝑙 9𝜋 2
= − + 𝑊 × 2 (1) + − 𝑊 × 2 (−1)
𝐸𝐼𝜋 4 𝜋 𝑙 81𝐸𝐼𝜋 4 3𝜋 𝑙

𝜋 3𝜋
∴ sin 2 = 1; sin = −1
2

2𝑙 2𝜔𝑙 2𝑙 2𝜔𝑙
= − + 𝑊 − −𝑊
𝐸𝐼𝜋 2 𝜋 9𝐸𝐼𝜋 2 3𝜋

4𝜔𝑙 2 2𝑊𝑙 4𝜔 𝑙 2 2𝑊𝑙

=− + − +
𝐸𝐼𝜋 3 𝐸𝐼𝜋 2 27𝐸𝐼𝜋 3 9𝐸𝐼𝜋 2

3.8518 𝜔𝑙 2 2.222𝑊𝑙
=− +
𝐸𝐼𝜋 3 𝐸𝐼𝜋 2

M
d2 y 𝜔𝑙 2 𝑊𝑙
O
= − 0.124 + 0.225 C
dx 2 𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼
S.
U

d2y
C

Substitute dx 2 value in bending moment equation,

FO

d2y 𝜔 𝑙2
TS

𝑊𝑙
Mcentre = EI dx 2 = −𝐸𝐼 0.124 + 0.225
𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼
EN

Mcentre = − 0.124 𝜔𝑙 2 + 0.225 𝑊𝑙 20

D
U
ST

(∴Negative sign indicates downward deflection)

We know that, simply supported beam subjected to uniformly distributed load,

maximum bending moment is,
𝜔 𝑙2
Mcentre = 8
Simply supported beam subjected to point load at centre, maximum bending moment
is,
𝑊𝑙
Mcentre = 4

𝜔 𝑙2 𝑊𝑙
Total bending moment, Mcentre = +
8 4

21
Mcentre = 0.125 𝜔𝑙 2 + 0.25 𝑊𝑙
 From equation (20) and (21), we know that, exact solution and solution obtained by
using Rayleigh-Ritz method are almost same. In order to get accurate results, more terms in Fourier
series should be taken.

M
O
C
S.
U
C
FO
TS
EN
D
U
ST