Demand and Supply of Medicinal Plants in India 2008, National Medicinal Plants Board, New Delhi

List of 178 Medicinal Plant Species in High Volume Trade/ Consumption

S. No Name of the Species Trade Name API names Major Estimated Price Range
Supply Annual (Rs. per Kg)
Source Trade (MT)

1 Abelmoschus moschatus Medik. Mushakdana Kasturilatika C 200 - 500 60 - 100

[=Hibiscus abelmoschus L.]
2 Abies spectabilis (D.Don) Spach Talispatra Talisa HF 500 - 1000 30 - 50
3 Abrus precatorius L. Gunja Gunja W 200 - 500 10 - 15
4 Acacia catechu (L.f.) Willd. Katha TF 200 - 500 10 - 15
5 Acacia nilotica (L.) Willd. ex Del. Babul Babbula TF 200 - 500 150 - 250
6 Acacia sinuata (Lour.) Merr.
[=A. concinna (Willd.) DC.] Shikakai TF 200 - 500 20 - 30
7 Achyranthes aspera L. Apamarga Apamarga W 200 - 500 10 - 15
8 Aconitum ferox Wall. ex Ser.1 Vachnag HF 100 - 200 150 - 250
9 Aconitum heterophyllum Wall. ex Royle2 Atis Ativisa HF 200 - 500 2000 - 4000
10 Acorus calamus L. Vach Vaca C 500 - 1000 30 - 35
11 Adhatoda zeylanica Medic. Adusa Vasa C 2000 - 5000 10 - 15
[=A. vasica Nees; Justicia adhatoda L.]
12 Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa Bael Bilva TF 2000 - 5000 10 - 25
13 Aerva lanata (L.) Juss. Cheroola Pattura W 100 - 200 10 - 15
14 Albizia amara (Roxb.) Boivin Krishna shirish TF 200 - 500 5 - 10
15 Aloe barbadensis Mill.[=A. vera (L.) Burm.f. ] Kumari Kanyasara C 1000 - 2000 130 - 180
16 Alpinia calcarata (Haw.)oscoe Chittartha C 100 - 200 40 - 50
17 Alstonia scholaris (L.) R.Br. Saptaparni Saptaparna TF 100 - 200 15 - 25
18 Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Wall. ex Nees Kalmegh W 2000 - 5000 17 - 30

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Demand and Supply of Medicinal Plants in India 2008, National Medicinal Plants Board, New Delhi
List of 178 Medicinal Plant Species in High Volume Trade/ Consumption
S. No Name of the Species Trade Name API names Major Estimated Price Range
Supply Annual (Rs. per Kg)
Source Trade (MT)

19 Anogeissus latifolia (Roxb. ex DC.) Wall. ex Guill. & Perr. Dhawada TF 100 - 200 50 - 100
20 Aquilaria agallocha Roxb. Agar kala Agaru I 100 - 200 15 - 25
21 Asparagus racemosus Willd. Shatavari Satavari TF 2000 - 5000 40 - 70
22 Azadirachta indica A.Juss. Neem Nimba C 2000 - 5000 10 - 15
23 Bacopa monnieri (L.) Wettst. Brahmi Brahmi W 2000 - 5000 30 - 35
24. Baliospermum montanum (Willd.)Muell.-Arg.
[=B. solanifolium (Geiseler) Suresh] Dantimool Danti TF 100 - 200 20 - 30
3
25 Berberis aristata DC. Daruhaldi Daruharidra HF 500 - 1000 15 - 35
26 Bergenia ciliata (How.) Sternb. Pashanabheda Pasana-bhedha HF 200 - 500 15 - 20
27 Boerhavia diffusa L. Punarnava Punarnava rakta, W 2000 - 30 - 40
Rakta-punarnava 50000
28 Bombax ceiba L.[=B. malabaricum DC.] Mochrus Salmali TF 100 - 200 50 - 60
29 Boswellia serrata Roxb. Salai guggul Kunduru TF 500 - 1000 40 - 55
30 Buchanania lanzan Spreng. Chironji Priyala TF 5000 - 5 - 10
10000
31 Butea monosperma (Lam.) Taub. [=B. frondosa Willd.] Tesu phool Palasa, Palasah TF 200 - 500 15 - 20
32 Caesalpinia sappan L. Pathimugam Pattanga C 200 - 500 125 - 175
33 Cardiospermum halicacabum L. Mudakkathan Karnasphota W 200 - 500 10 - 20
34 Careya arborea Roxb. Vaari kumbha Kumbhikah TF 100 - 200 10 - 20
35 Cassia absus L. Chaksoo W 100 - 200 40 - 60
36 Cassia angustifolia Vahl Sonamukhi Svarnapatri C 2000 - 5000 33 - 50
[=C. senna L.; Senna alexandrina Gars. ex Mill.]
37 Cassia fistula L. Amaltas Aragvadha TF 200 - 500 30 - 40
38 Cassia tora L. [=Senna tora (L.) Roxb.] Chakoda beeja Prapunnada W 5000 - 5 - 10
10000
39 Catharanthus roseus (L.) G.Don[=Vinca rosea L.] Sadabahar C 200 - 500 40 - 55

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Demand and Supply of Medicinal Plants in India 2008, National Medicinal Plants Board, New Delhi
List of 178 Medicinal Plant Species in High Volume Trade/ Consumption
S. No Name of the Species Trade Name API names Major Estimated Price Range
Supply Annual (Rs. per Kg)
Source Trade (MT)

40 Cedrus deodara (Roxb.) G.Don Devdar Devadaru HF 500 - 1000 25 - 35

41 Celastrus paniculatus Willd. Malkangani Jyotismati TF 200 - 500 48 -55
42 Centella asiatica (L.) Urban Brahmi booti Mandukaparni W 500 - 1000 30 - 35
43 Centratherum anthelminticum (L.)Kuntze
[=Vernonia anthelmintica L. ] Kali zeeri Vanyajiraka W 500 - 1000 70 - 75
44 Chlorophytum tuberosum Baker4 Safed musli TF 100 - 200 325 - 425
45 Cichorium intybus L. Kasani C 500 - 1000 20 - 25
5
46 Cinnamomum sulphuratum Nees Dalchini TF 100 - 200 30 - 35
6
47 Cinnamomum tamala (Buch.-Ham.) Nees & Eberm. Tejpatta Tvakapatra HF 500 - 1000 15 - 35
48 Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad. Indrayan Indravaruni W 2000 - 15 - 20
5000
49 Clerodendrum phlomides L.f. Arnimool Agnimantha TF 200 - 500 15 - 20
50 Commiphora wightii (Arn.) Bhandari Guggul Guggulu I 500 - 1000 140 - 160
[= C. mukul (Hook. ex Stocks) Engl.]
51 Convolvulus microphyllus Sieb. ex Spreng.7
[=C. prostratus Forssk.; C. pluricaulis Chois.] Shankhapushpi Sankapuspi W 1000 - 15 - 20
2000
52 Coscinium fenestratum (Gaertn.) Coleb. Maramanjal Kaliyaka TF 100 - 200 30 - 35
53 Croton tiglium L. Jamalghota Jayapala C 100 - 200 90 - 100
54 Curculigo orchioides Gaertn. Kali musli Talamuli W 200 - 500 35 - 45
55 Curcuma angustifolia Roxb. Thikhur C 200 - 500 90 - 100
56 Curcuma zerumbet Roxb.
[=C. zedoaria (Christm.) Roscoe] Kachur Karcura C 100 - 200 15 - 25
57 Cyclea peltata (Lam.) Hook.f. & Thomson Paadu kizhangu TF 100 - 200 120 - 135
58 Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. Durva Durva W 100 - 200 10 - 25

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Demand and Supply of Medicinal Plants in India 2008, National Medicinal Plants Board, New Delhi
List of 178 Medicinal Plant Species in High Volume Trade/ Consumption

S. No Name of the Species Trade Name API names Major Estimated Price Range
Supply Annual (Rs. per Kg)
Source Trade
(MT)
59 Cyperus esculentus L. Musta W 1000 - 10 - 15
2000
60 Cyperus rotundus L. Nagarmotha Musta W 2000 - 15 - 30
5000
61 Datura metel L. Duttura Dhattura W 200 - 500 10 - 15
62 Decalepis hamiltonii Wight & Arn. Magali TF 100 - 200 40 - 45
63 Desmodium gangeticum (L.) DC. Salparni Salaparni TF 1000 - 5 - 10
2000
64 Eclipta prostrata (L.) L. Bhringraj Bhrngaraja W 2000 - 15 - 20
5000
65 Embelia tsjeriam-cottam (Roem. & Schult.) DC.8
[=E. basaal sensu (Roem. & Schult.) A.DC., non Mez Vaividang TF 1000 - 40 - 45
2000
66 Emblica officinalis Gaertn. [=Phyllanthus emblica L.] Amla Amalaki TF 16000 30 - 35
67 Ephedra gerardiana Wall. ex J.A. Mey Somlata HF 200 - 500 25 - 35
68 Ficus benghalensis L. Vada chhal Nayagrodha jata, C 200 - 500 10 - 15
Nayagrodha
69 Ficus religiosa L. Lakh pippal Asvattha C 200 - 500 5 - 10
70 Fumaria indica (Hauskn.) Pugsley Shahtara Parpata W 100 - 200 10 - 15
71 Garcinia indica (Dup.) Choisy Kokam TF 1000 - 20 - 25
2000
72 Gardenia resinifera Roth Dikamali TF 100 - 200 20 - 25
73 Gloriosa superba L. Kalihari Langali C 100 - 200 600 - 750
74 Glycyrrhiza glabra L. Mulethi Yasti I 1000 - 35 - 50
2000
75 Gmelina arborea Roxb. Gambar chhal Gambhari TF 1000 - 10 - 20
2000
76 Gymnema sylvestre R.Br. ex Schult. Gudmar Mesarngi TF 500 - 1000 40 - 50
77 Hedyotis corymbosa (L.) Lam. Pitpapra W 200 - 500 10 - 20
[=Oldenlandia corymbosa L.]
78 Helicteres isora L. Marodphali TF 200 - 500 20 - 25

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Demand and Supply of Medicinal Plants in India 2008, National Medicinal Plants Board, New Delhi
List of 178 Medicinal Plant Species in High Volume Trade/ Consumption

S. No Name of the Species Trade Name API names Major Estimated Price Range
Supply Annual (Rs. per Kg)
Source Trade
(MT)
79 Hemidesmus indicus (L.) R.Br. Anatmool Sveta sariva W 500 - 1000 60 - 65
80 Holarrhena pubescens (Buch.-Ham.) Wall. ex G.Don
[=H. antidysenterica (Roxb. ex Fleming) Wall.] Kutja Indrayava, Kutaja TF 1000 - 75 - 100
2000
81 Holoptelea integrifolia (Roxb.) Planch. Aavithali Cirabilva TF 100 - 200 10 - 15
82 Holostemma ada-kodien Schult. Jeevanti TF 100 - 200 250 - 270
[=H. annulare (Roxb.) K.Schum.; H. rheedii Wall.]
83 Hygrophila schulli (Buch.-Ham.) M.R. & S.M.Almeida Tal makhana Kokilaksa W 200 - 500 10 - 20
[=H. auriculata (Schum.) Heine; H. spinosa T.And.]
84 Indigofera tinctoria L. Akika Nili C 100 - 200 30 - 35
85 Inula racemosa Hook.f. Pushkarmool Puskara C 200 - 500 150 - 160
86 Ipomoea mauritiana Jacq. Palmudhakkan Kshiravidari TF 500 - 1000 10 - 15
87 Ipomoea nil (L.) Roth Kaladana W 100 - 200 10 - 15
88 Ixora coccinea L. Thechippoovu TF 100 - 200 10 - 15
89 Jatropha curcas L. Nepalam seed C 200 - 500 15 - 30
90 Juniperus communis L. Hauber Hapusa HF 500 - 1000 35 - 45
91 Jurinea macrocephala DC. [=J. dolomiaea Boiss.] Dhoop HF 1000 - 60 - 150
2000
92 Kaempferia galanga L. Kachora C 100 - 200 80 - 90
93 Lannea coromandelica (Houtt.) Merr. Jingini TF 100 - 200 10 - 20
94 Lawsonia inermis L. Mehndi Madaynati C 200 - 500 30 - 35
95 Lepidium sativum L. Kurassani Candrasura C 100 - 200 30 - 50
96 Litsea glutinosa (Lour.) C.B. Rob. Maida chhal Medasakah TF 100 - 200 20 - 35
97 Lobelia nicotianaefolia Roth ex Roem. & Schult. Lobelia leaves TF 100 - 200 80 - 100
98 Madhuca indica J.F.Gmel.[=Bassia latifolia Roxb.] Madhuka Madhuka TF >10000 10 - 20

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Demand and Supply of Medicinal Plants in India 2008, National Medicinal Plants Board, New Delhi
List of 178 Medicinal Plant Species in High Volume Trade/ Consumption

S. No Name of the Species Trade Name API names Major Estimated Price Range
Supply Annual (Rs. per Kg)
Source Trade
(MT)

99 Merremia tridentata (L.) Hallier.f. Prasarani W 100 - 200 45 - 55

100 Mesua ferrea L.[=M. nagassarium (Burm.f.) Kosterm.] Nagekesar Nagakesar TF 200 - 500 50 - 60
101 Mimusops elengi L. Bakul TF 100 - 200 30 - 50
102 Morinda pubescens J.E.Sm. Manjanathi TF 100 - 200 15 - 20
103 Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC. Kaunch beej Atmagupta TF 1000 - 30 - 35
2000
104 Nardostachys grandiflora DC. Jatamansi Jatamansi HF 200 - 500 110 - 150
105 Nilgirianthus ciliatus (Nees) Bremek. Kurinji TF 200 - 500 15 - 20
[=Strobilanthes ciliatus Nees]
106 Ocimum americanum L. Ban tulasi W 500 - 1000 20 - 25
107 Ocimum basilicum L. Kali tulasi C 1000 - 20 - 25
2000
108 Ocimum tenuiflorum L. [=O. sanctum L.] Tulasi Tulasi C 2000 - 20 - 25
5000
109 Onosma hispidum Wall. ex G.Don Ratanjot HF 500 - 1000 50 - 60
110 Operculina turpethum (L.) J.Silva Manso Nishoth Trivrta TF 100 - 200 40 - 45
[=Merremia turpethum (L.) Shah & Bhat]
111 Oroxylum indicum (L.) Benth. ex Kurz. Tetu chhal Syonaka TF 1000 - 20 - 30
2000
112 Parmelia perlata (Huds.) Ach. Chadila Saileya HF 1000 - 80 - 90
2000
113 Peganum harmala L. Harmal W 200 - 500 40 - 45
114 Phyllanthus amarus Schumach. & Thenn.9 Bhumiamla Tamalaki W 2000 - 20 - 25
10
5000
115 Picrorhiza kurroa Royle ex Benth. Kutaki Katuka HF 200 - 500 220 - 230
116 Piper chaba Hunter Kabab chini Cavya I 500 - 1000 30 - 35
117 Piper longum L. Pippali Pippalimula, C 1000 - 90 - 100
Pippali 2000
118 Pistacia integerrima Stew. ex Brand. Kakar singi HF 150 - 200 90 - 110

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Demand and Supply of Medicinal Plants in India 2008, National Medicinal Plants Board, New Delhi
List of 178 Medicinal Plant Species in High Volume Trade/ Consumption

S. No Name of the Species Trade Name API names Major Estimated Price Range
Supply Annual (Rs. per Kg)
Source Trade (MT)
119 Plantago ovata Forssk. Isabgol C 1000 - 2000 70 - 80
120 Plectranthus barbatus Andrews Gandhira Gandira C 1000 – 2000 65 – 75
[=Coleus forskohlii (Poir.) Briq.]
121 Pluchea lanceolata (DC.) Oliver & Hiern. Rasna Rasna W 100 - 200 10 - 15
122 Plumbago zeylanica L. Chitrak Citraka W 2000 - 5000 20 - 25
123 Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre Karanji Karanja C 2000 - 5000 20 - 25
[=P. glabra Vent.; Derris indica (Lam.) Bennett]

124 Premna integrifolia L. Arnimool TF 500 - 1000 10 - 15

125 Prunus armeniaca L. Chuli C 200 - 500 15 - 30

126 Pseudarthria viscida (L.) Wight & Arn. Moorva W 200 - 500 30 - 40

127 Psoralea corylifolia L. Bawachi Bakuchi W 200 - 500 10 - 20

128 Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb. Damulakhwain Asana TF 500 - 1000 15 - 25

129 Pterocarpus santalinus L.f. Rakatachandan Raktacandana TF 200 - 500 65 - 80

130 Quercus infectoria G.Oliver Majuphal Mayakku I 500 - 1000 70 - 80

131 Rauvolfia serpentina (L.) Benth. ex Kurz Sarpagandha Sarpagandha TF 200 - 500 110 - 125

132 Rheum australe D.Don11[=R. emodi Wall. ex Meissn.] Revan chini HF 500 - 1000 25 - 30

133 Rhododendron anthopogon D.Don Talispatra HF 100 - 200 15 - 30

134 Rubia cordifolia L. Manjistha Manjistha TF 500 - 1000 60 - 70

135 Santalum album L. Chandan Svetacandana TF 200 - 500 700 - 850

136 Sapindus mukorossi Gaertn.12 Reetha TF 200 - 500 30 - 40

137 Saraca asoca (Roxb.) W.J. de Wilde Ashoka chhal Ashoka TF 2000 - 5000 20 - 25

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Demand and Supply of Medicinal Plants in India 2008, National Medicinal Plants Board, New Delhi
List of 178 Medicinal Plant Species in High Volume Trade/ Consumption

S. No Name of the Species Trade Name API names Major Estimated Price Range
Supply Annual (Rs. per Kg)
Source Trade (MT)

138 Saussurea costus (Falc.) Lipsch. Kuth Kustha C 100 - 200 200 -225
[=S. lappa (Decne.) Sch.Bip.]
139 Schrebera swietenioides Roxb. Ghanti phool TF 100 - 200 5 - 10
140 Semecarpus anacardium L.f. Balave Bhallataka TF 1000 - 2000 5 - 10
141 Shorea robusta Gaertn. Raal TF 100 - 200 40 - 60
13
142 Sida rhombifolia L. Bala Mahabala W 5000 - 5 - 10
10000
143 Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. Milk Thistle C 500
144 Simmondsia chinensis (Link) C.K. Schneid. Jojoba C 900
145 Sisymbrium irio L. Khubkalan Khubkalan W 200 - 500 70 - 80
146 Smilax glabra Roxb. Chopchini TF 100 - 200 150 - 200
147 Solanum anguivi Lam. Katheli badi Brhati W 1000 - 2000 5 - 10
[=S. indicum auct. non L.; S. violaceum Ortega]
148 Solanum nigrum L. Makoi Kakamaci W 2000 - 5000 40 - 45
149 Solanum virginianum L. Kateli Kantakari W 1000 - 2000 10 - 15
[=S. surattense Burm.f.; S. xanthocarpum H.Schrad. & Wendl.]

150 Soymida febrifuga (Roxb.) A.Juss. Rohan TF 100 - 200 10 - 15

151 Sphaeranthus indicus L. Gorakh mundi Munditika W 200 - 500 15 - 20
152 Sterculia urens Roxb. Karaya TF 500 - 1000 80 - 100
14
153 Stereospermum chelonoides (L.f.) DC. Patala Patalai TF 1000 - 2000 20 - 30
[=S. suaveolens (Roxb.) DC.]
154 Strychnos nux-vomica L. Kuchla Visamusti TF 2000 - 5000 40 - 50
155 Strychnos potatorum L. Nirmali Kataka TF 200 - 500 40 - 55
15
156 Swertia chirayita (Roxb. ex Fleming) H.Karst. Chiraiyata Kiratatikta HF 500 - 1000 200 - 225
16
157 Symplocos racemosa Roxb. Pathani Lodh Lodhra TF 500 - 1000 20 - 25

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Demand and Supply of Medicinal Plants in India 2008, National Medicinal Plants Board, New Delhi
List of 178 Medicinal Plant Species in High Volume Trade/ Consumption
S. No Name of the Species Trade Name API names Major Estimated Price Range
Supply Annual (Rs. per Kg)
Source Trade (MT)
158 Taxus wallichiana Zucc. Talispatra Sthauneya HF 100-200 75 - 90
159 Tephrosia purpurea (L.) Pers. Sarpankha W 500 - 1000 5 - 10
160 Terminalia arjuna (Roxb.ex DC.) Wight & Arn. Arjun Arjuna TF 2000 - 5000 10 - 15
161 Terminalia bellirica (Gaertn.)Roxb. Behra Bibhitaka TF 2000 - 5000 10 - 15
162 Terminalia chebula Retz. Harda Haritaki TF 5000 - 10 - 15
10000
163 Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers ex Hook.f. Giloy Guduci W 2000 - 5000 10 - 15
& Thomson17
164 Trachyspermum ammi (L.) Sprague Ajwain Yavani C 1000 - 2000 45 - 55
165 Tragia involucrata L. Barhanta Vrscikalli W 100 - 200 10 - 20
18
166 Tribulus terrestris L. Gokhru Goksura W 2000 - 5000 10 - 20
167 Trichosanthes cucumerina L. Patol panchang W 500 - 1000 15 - 20
168 Valeriana jatamansi Jones 19 Musakbala Tagara HF 100 - 200 95 - 100
169 Vateria indica L. Manda dhupa Saraja TF 500 - 1000 40 - 60
170 Vetiveria zizanioides (L.) Nash Lavancha Usira W 200 - 500 30 - 35
20
171 Viola pilosa Bi. Banafsha HF 200 - 500 300 - 350
172 Vitex negundo L. Neergundi Nirgundi, Renuka C 200 - 500 10 - 15
173 Withania coagulens Dunal Paneerdodi W 100-200 20 - 35
174 Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal Ashwagandha Asvagandha C 2000 - 5000 60 - 70
175 Woodfordia fruticosa (L.) Kurz Dhai phool Dhataki W 2000 - 5000 10 - 15
176 Wrightia tinctoria R.Br. Inderjau TF 200 - 500 100 - 120
177 Ziziphus jujuba (L.) Gaertn.[=Z. mauritiana Lam.] Ber Kola C 200 - 500 60 - 70
178 Ziziphus xylopyrus (Retz.) Willd. Ghonta phala Ghonta TF 100 - 200 5 - 10

TF = Tropical Forest; HF = Himalayan Forest; W = Wastelands; C = Largely Cultivated; I = Imported

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Demand and Supply of Medicinal Plants in India 2008, National Medicinal Plants Board, New Delhi
List of 178 Medicinal Plant Species in High Volume Trade/ Consumption

Notes:
1. Includes Aconitum chasmanthum
2. Includes Aconitum kashmericum, Delphinium denudatum, Chaerophyllum villosum, the probable ‘patis’ adulterants.
3. Includes other species of Berberis viz. B. lycium, B. asiatica, B. chitria, being traded as ‘daruhaldi’.
4. Includes Chlorophytum borivilianum and C.arundinaceum
5. Leaves of other species of Cinnamomum viz. C. zeylanica, C. malabathrum are also traded as ‘tejpatta’.
6. Bark of other species of Cinnamomum viz. C. cassia, C. zeylanica, C. malabathrum is also traded as ‘dalchini’
7. Includes Evolvulus alsinoides, Clitoria ternatea, Canscora decussata traded as ‘shankhapushpi’
8. Includes the fruits of Embelia ribes, the most accepted candidate for ‘Vaividang’.
9. Includes other herbaceous species of Phyllanthus viz. P. urinaria, P.reticulatus, P.virgatus, P.debilis & P. madraspatensis .
10. Also includes Picrorhiza scrophulariiflora.
11. Includes other species of Rheum viz. R. moorcroftianum & R. webbianum , being traded as ‘revandchini’.
12. Includes Sapindus emarginatus and Sapindus laurifolius
13. Includes Sida acuta, Sida cordifolia, Sida cordata, etc., being traded as ‘bala’
14. Includes Stereospermum colais.
15. Also includes other species of Swertia viz. S. angustifolia, S. alata, etc.
16. Includes Symplocos cochinchinensis and Symplocos paniculata.
17. Also includes Tinospora sinensis
18. Includes other species of Tribulus viz. T. lanuginosus, T. subramanyamii, T. alatus, being traded as ‘gokhru’.
19. Includes Valeriana hardwickii
20. Includes other species of Viola viz. V. odorata, V. canescens, V. biflora, V. betonicifolia etc. traded as ‘banafsha’.

This indicative list only provides an idea of accepted equivalents and substitutes and is not exhaustive.

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